The document summarizes an experiment that aimed to find the best household chemical to act as a natural herbicide. Several household items were tested on the weed Phyllanthus Urinaria L, including distilled white vinegar, citrus oil, salt solution, coke, lime, rootbeer, clove oil, boiled egg, water, soap, and toothpaste. The experiment involved applying each chemical to cups containing the weed, measuring initial and end lengths of the weed, soil pH, and whether the plant died. The hypothesis was that coke, vinegar, clove oil and lime would be effective herbicides. The results found that clove oil, citrus oil, toothpaste, salt solution and lemon
ROJoson PEP Talk: HEAD & NECK WELLNESS AWARENESSReynaldo Joson
The document discusses a zoom presentation on head and neck health and wellness awareness. The presentation aims to increase public awareness of head and neck cancers and disorders, promote prevention and early detection. It covers topics like the anatomy of the head and neck, common head and neck disorders and their causes, prevention methods, the importance of self-examination, and how to promote head and neck wellness. The presentation encourages the audience to understand basic head and neck health facts and consult specialists early about any concerning symptoms.
This document summarizes a student project that tested natural substances as potential herbicides. The project tested 15 common household substances on weeds to see their effects. Most acidic substances like vinegar and citrus oil killed the weeds. Alkaline substances like bleach and toothpaste also killed weeds. Clove oil killed weeds the fastest. The project concluded that using natural, non-chemical herbicides made from household substances could provide an environmentally-friendly alternative to commercial herbicides and reduce pollution.
This chemistry project aims to study common food adulterants. The introduction discusses how adulteration has become a serious problem, as adulterated food can cause diseases. Several experiments are described to test for common adulterants in foods like sugar, ghee, oil, chilly powder, and turmeric powder. The tests detect adulterants like chalk powder, washing soda, vanaspati ghee, and brick powder. A table lists common food products, their adulterants, and resulting diseases. The conclusion provides some precautions consumers can take to avoid adulterated products, such as only buying from reputed brands and shops.
Running Header WATER QUALITY6Water Quality and Co.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Header: WATER QUALITY 6
Water Quality and Contamination
Rebecca Garner
SCI 207 Dependence of Man on the Environment
Instructor: Freddie Perez-Arocho
December 23, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Our ground water is located below the surface of porous rocks. The ground water is susceptible to being contaminated by natural causes and our stupid mistakes. We, as humans, allow a huge amount of chemicals to get into our ground water. Some of the chemicals we allow into the water are things like laundry detergents, motor oil, fertilizer, pesticides, medicines and many others on a daily basis. All the chemicals and materials are allowed to soak into the ground and dissolve into our ground water. Chemicals and contaminates dissolve and become soluble at different rates and when they reach the water table underground either by flowing or rain water moving downward. Ground water can be contaminated by things like Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium, and many other things that are both organic and nonorganic. (Christensen et al, 2001) The medicines that get into our water can cause many health complications (e.g. cancer).
The objective of this experiment was to figure out how bad contaminates affect our water and the processes we have to go through to try to clear that water up.
The experiments reflect on how various items contaminate our ground water and the processes for treating that water to make sure our drinking water is bacteria and contaminate free.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in experiment one were (8) 250 ml beakers, 100 ml beaker, 100 ml cylinder (graduated), 10 ml graduated cylinder, 60 ml soil, vegetable oil, vinegar, and liquid laundry detergent. I put 100 ml of tab water in four of the 250 ml beakers. The first beaker was plain tap water, beaker two I added 10 ml of vegetable oil, beaker three added 10 ml vinegar, and in beaker four there was 10 ml of liquid laundry detergent added. They were all stirred up. Beaker five I funneled the tap water from beaker one through 60 ml of soil and then took the other three beakers and filtered through cheesecloth ( beaker two into beaker six, beaker three into beaker seven, and beaker 4 into beaker eight.
In experiment two the materials used was 100 ml potting soil, (2) 250 ml beakers, (2) 100 ml beakers, 100 ml graduated cylinder, 40 ml sand, 20 ml activated charcoal, 60 ml gravel, alum, funnel, cheesecloth and bleach. We started by taking 100 ml potting soil, putting it into a 250 ml beaker and filling to the 200 ml mark with tap water. Then poured the soil back and forth 15 times between 2 beakers. Put 10 ml into a clean 100 ml beaker. At this point added 10 grams of alum with the contaminated water and stirring it for 1-2 minutes and let it sit for 15 minutes. While the contaminated water with alum was sitting we lined the funnel with cheesecloth, 40 ml of sand, 20 ml of activated charcoal and 40 ml of gravel. To solidify this we poured clean tap water through.
This document contains an introduction to a student project on studying common food adulterants. It includes an aim, theoretical background on food adulteration issues in India, lists of common adulterated food items and their adulterants, descriptions of experiments conducted to test for adulterants in various foods, observations and results of the experiments, health effects of some adulterants, precautions consumers can take, government measures to prevent adulteration, and a conclusion.
Chemistry projecton adureants in food by animesh aryaAnimesh Arya
The document discusses a chemistry project on studying common food adulterants. It outlines experiments to test for adulterants in foods like ghee, sugar, chilli powder and turmeric powder. The results of the experiments show various adulterants like starch in ghee and brick powder in chilli powder that can cause health issues if consumed.
ROJoson PEP Talk: HEAD & NECK WELLNESS AWARENESSReynaldo Joson
The document discusses a zoom presentation on head and neck health and wellness awareness. The presentation aims to increase public awareness of head and neck cancers and disorders, promote prevention and early detection. It covers topics like the anatomy of the head and neck, common head and neck disorders and their causes, prevention methods, the importance of self-examination, and how to promote head and neck wellness. The presentation encourages the audience to understand basic head and neck health facts and consult specialists early about any concerning symptoms.
This document summarizes a student project that tested natural substances as potential herbicides. The project tested 15 common household substances on weeds to see their effects. Most acidic substances like vinegar and citrus oil killed the weeds. Alkaline substances like bleach and toothpaste also killed weeds. Clove oil killed weeds the fastest. The project concluded that using natural, non-chemical herbicides made from household substances could provide an environmentally-friendly alternative to commercial herbicides and reduce pollution.
This chemistry project aims to study common food adulterants. The introduction discusses how adulteration has become a serious problem, as adulterated food can cause diseases. Several experiments are described to test for common adulterants in foods like sugar, ghee, oil, chilly powder, and turmeric powder. The tests detect adulterants like chalk powder, washing soda, vanaspati ghee, and brick powder. A table lists common food products, their adulterants, and resulting diseases. The conclusion provides some precautions consumers can take to avoid adulterated products, such as only buying from reputed brands and shops.
Running Header WATER QUALITY6Water Quality and Co.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Header: WATER QUALITY 6
Water Quality and Contamination
Rebecca Garner
SCI 207 Dependence of Man on the Environment
Instructor: Freddie Perez-Arocho
December 23, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Our ground water is located below the surface of porous rocks. The ground water is susceptible to being contaminated by natural causes and our stupid mistakes. We, as humans, allow a huge amount of chemicals to get into our ground water. Some of the chemicals we allow into the water are things like laundry detergents, motor oil, fertilizer, pesticides, medicines and many others on a daily basis. All the chemicals and materials are allowed to soak into the ground and dissolve into our ground water. Chemicals and contaminates dissolve and become soluble at different rates and when they reach the water table underground either by flowing or rain water moving downward. Ground water can be contaminated by things like Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium, and many other things that are both organic and nonorganic. (Christensen et al, 2001) The medicines that get into our water can cause many health complications (e.g. cancer).
The objective of this experiment was to figure out how bad contaminates affect our water and the processes we have to go through to try to clear that water up.
The experiments reflect on how various items contaminate our ground water and the processes for treating that water to make sure our drinking water is bacteria and contaminate free.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in experiment one were (8) 250 ml beakers, 100 ml beaker, 100 ml cylinder (graduated), 10 ml graduated cylinder, 60 ml soil, vegetable oil, vinegar, and liquid laundry detergent. I put 100 ml of tab water in four of the 250 ml beakers. The first beaker was plain tap water, beaker two I added 10 ml of vegetable oil, beaker three added 10 ml vinegar, and in beaker four there was 10 ml of liquid laundry detergent added. They were all stirred up. Beaker five I funneled the tap water from beaker one through 60 ml of soil and then took the other three beakers and filtered through cheesecloth ( beaker two into beaker six, beaker three into beaker seven, and beaker 4 into beaker eight.
In experiment two the materials used was 100 ml potting soil, (2) 250 ml beakers, (2) 100 ml beakers, 100 ml graduated cylinder, 40 ml sand, 20 ml activated charcoal, 60 ml gravel, alum, funnel, cheesecloth and bleach. We started by taking 100 ml potting soil, putting it into a 250 ml beaker and filling to the 200 ml mark with tap water. Then poured the soil back and forth 15 times between 2 beakers. Put 10 ml into a clean 100 ml beaker. At this point added 10 grams of alum with the contaminated water and stirring it for 1-2 minutes and let it sit for 15 minutes. While the contaminated water with alum was sitting we lined the funnel with cheesecloth, 40 ml of sand, 20 ml of activated charcoal and 40 ml of gravel. To solidify this we poured clean tap water through.
This document contains an introduction to a student project on studying common food adulterants. It includes an aim, theoretical background on food adulteration issues in India, lists of common adulterated food items and their adulterants, descriptions of experiments conducted to test for adulterants in various foods, observations and results of the experiments, health effects of some adulterants, precautions consumers can take, government measures to prevent adulteration, and a conclusion.
Chemistry projecton adureants in food by animesh aryaAnimesh Arya
The document discusses a chemistry project on studying common food adulterants. It outlines experiments to test for adulterants in foods like ghee, sugar, chilli powder and turmeric powder. The results of the experiments show various adulterants like starch in ghee and brick powder in chilli powder that can cause health issues if consumed.
Green Cleaning Recipes - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 ~ Alaska Community Action on Toxics - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This is an experiment to calculate the PH of food by natural forms like red cabbage. In this ppt we show what is the best form to make the cabbage juice to measure the PH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN).
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while meeting Indiana academic standards. The instructions explain that participants will need common household ingredients like white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint to create the slime. Detailed steps are provided to first make a borax solution and glue solution, then combine them in a ziplock bag to form the glowing slime. Participants are encouraged to leave feedback on their slime making experience.
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while meeting Indiana academic standards. The instructions explain that participants will need various household ingredients like white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint. Detailed steps are provided to first make a borax solution and glue solution, then mix them together in a ziplock bag to create the glowing slime. Families are encouraged to leave feedback on their slime making experience.
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while spending quality time together. The instructions explain that the needed supplies include white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint. Directions are given to first dissolve borax in water, add paint, mix glue and water, then combine the solutions in a ziplock bag to form slime. Families are encouraged to leave feedback on their experience.
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while meeting Indiana academic standards. The instructions explain that participants will need common household ingredients like white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint to create the slime. Detailed steps are provided to first make a borax solution and glue solution, then combine them in a ziplock bag to form the glowing slime. Participants are encouraged to leave feedback on their slime making experience.
1. The study investigated whether oregano leaves can be used as an air freshener or insecticide.
2. Different mixtures of oregano extract and water were tested to determine which lasted longest as an air freshener. The 100% oregano extract lasted the longest without dilution.
3. It was concluded that oregano leaves make an effective natural air freshener and the scent strength depends on the concentration of oregano extract used.
This document provides instructions for making a mixed vegetable pickle at home, including a list of ingredients and step-by-step instructions. It describes how to chop the vegetables and dry them, make a seasoning mixture, combine all the ingredients and mix well. The pickle may appear dry at first but will become semi-solid within a few days. Sensory tests by 5 panelists rated the appearance, taste, texture, aroma and overall acceptability on a 9-point hedonic scale. The cost to make 500g of the mixed vegetable pickle is estimated to be around 180 rupees.
Invitro Analysis of Phytochemicals and Investigation of Antimicrobial Activit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the phytochemical components and antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from the stems of Ferula assa-foetida. Four crude extracts (aqueous, methanol, chloroform, and acetone) were screened for the presence of phytochemicals like terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, proteins, tannins, and carbohydrates. The extracts were then tested for antibacterial activity against E. coli using the agar well diffusion method. Various phytochemicals were found to be present depending on the extract. All extracts showed antibacterial activity against E. coli in a concentration-dependent manner
This document discusses experiments to detect common food adulterants. It begins with introducing the objective to study food adulterants. It then describes three experiments to detect adulterants in oils/fats, sugar, and spices. The first experiment examines oils for paraffin wax, hydrocarbons, and dyes. The second tests sugar for insoluble substances. The third analyzes spices for lead salts, brick powder, and dried papaya seeds. Observations of each experiment are provided. The document concludes that selecting non-adulterated food is important for health and consumers should carefully examine foods.
This document presents research on an organic insecticide made from ginger and vinegar. The researchers tested different mixtures of ginger, vinegar, and water in 4 trials to determine the most effective formulation. Their findings showed that the trial with the highest ginger concentration killed insects the fastest, in under 20 seconds. The researchers concluded that this organic insecticide provides an effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. They recommend its use to reduce populations of disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes.
Introduction to Soapmaking - A Guide for Making your own Soap v2zq
This document provides instructions for making soap at home using readily available ingredients. It begins with an introduction that lists the essential materials needed - fats/oils and an alkali such as lye. It then provides details on preparing the fats and lye, mixing them together, adding optional ingredients, and molding and curing the soap. Specific recipes are also included, such as a basic recipe using canned lye that yields 9 pounds of soap. The document concludes with some regional soapmaking recipes from the U.S. that use local ingredients like cracklings or lime instead of canned lye.
Food adulteration and detection in relation to physical, chemical, microbiolo...SukhveerSingh31
Food is essential for life. It should be pure, nutritious and free from any type of adulteration for proper maintenance of human health.Guilt will be punished with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months and up to 3 years and with fine up to one thousand rupees.
Concentrated Laundry Powder Comparison.
Which on the best to buy.
Based on 6 most popular laundry detergents in Sydney, Australia, 2001.
http://www.cleaningproducts.net.au/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=8_11&products_id=22
1. The document provides instructions for making various household and personal care products including antiseptics, soaps, air fresheners, hair care products, disinfectants, and more. It includes lists of chemicals needed and step-by-step procedures.
2. Specific instructions are given for making products like Dettol, Izal, aftershave, bleach, bar soap, liquid soap, medicated soap, detergent, Vaseline, and body cream. Chemical quantities, tools required, and production steps are detailed.
3. The document aims to educate readers on formulating different types of cleansers, disinfectants and cosmetic items found in homes.
7 easy steps to growing organic weed at homeJean Sinclair
Growing organic weed at home is possible using 7 easy steps: 1) understand organic weed means growing without chemicals, 2) gather organic soil and nutrients, 3) use 5-gallon buckets with drainage holes to grow plants, 4) make compost from organic materials to feed soil, 5) properly plant seeds by soaking then in water, 6) fertilize plants with compost tea, 7) use neem oil as an organic pesticide. Following these steps allows one to grow high quality weed naturally without chemicals.
Food adulteration refers to adding unwanted substances or removing valuable ones from food. Major incidents in India found high levels of adulteration in milk, eggs, and Maggi noodles. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) found violations in Maggi including excessive lead and misleading labeling. Many food products are commonly adulterated such as milk, spices, honey, and oils. The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954 aims to protect public health from harmful adulterated food. The FSSAI regulates food safety and standards in India.
The document contains an English lesson on food and health. It includes questions about daily habits like exercise, sleep, hygiene and diet. It also has vocabulary words and sentences to match pictures. There are recipes for green papaya salad, carrot raisin salad and mango yogurt. The lesson explains countable vs uncountable nouns and using "more" and "more than".
Hitler implemented several economic policies to reduce unemployment and strengthen the German military. He banned trade unions, arrested union leaders, and established the German Labour Front to control workers. While unemployment fell from 6 million to 1 million, wages did not increase and workers faced longer hours. New jobs were created through public works projects and rearmament, but the economy remained dependent on war preparation and did not achieve self-sufficiency. Overall, Hitler reduced unemployment in the short term but failed to improve the overall German economy.
The document discusses research done on the cuisines of Singapore, Myanmar, Chinese, Malay and Indian cultures. It includes key ingredients used in each cuisine such as chicken stock, vegetables, soy sauce for Chinese; curry powder, ghee for Indian; and coconut milk, shrimp paste for Malay. The document also discusses definitions of terms like healthy, appealing, fusion dish. It provides pictures of dishes from each culture and details on spices commonly used in a Malay cuisine.
Green Cleaning Recipes - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 ~ Alaska Community Action on Toxics - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This is an experiment to calculate the PH of food by natural forms like red cabbage. In this ppt we show what is the best form to make the cabbage juice to measure the PH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN).
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while meeting Indiana academic standards. The instructions explain that participants will need common household ingredients like white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint to create the slime. Detailed steps are provided to first make a borax solution and glue solution, then combine them in a ziplock bag to form the glowing slime. Participants are encouraged to leave feedback on their slime making experience.
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while meeting Indiana academic standards. The instructions explain that participants will need various household ingredients like white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint. Detailed steps are provided to first make a borax solution and glue solution, then mix them together in a ziplock bag to create the glowing slime. Families are encouraged to leave feedback on their slime making experience.
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while spending quality time together. The instructions explain that the needed supplies include white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint. Directions are given to first dissolve borax in water, add paint, mix glue and water, then combine the solutions in a ziplock bag to form slime. Families are encouraged to leave feedback on their experience.
This document provides instructions for a fun family activity to make glow in the dark slime. The activity allows families to learn about the science behind slime making while meeting Indiana academic standards. The instructions explain that participants will need common household ingredients like white glue, water, borax, and glow in the dark paint to create the slime. Detailed steps are provided to first make a borax solution and glue solution, then combine them in a ziplock bag to form the glowing slime. Participants are encouraged to leave feedback on their slime making experience.
1. The study investigated whether oregano leaves can be used as an air freshener or insecticide.
2. Different mixtures of oregano extract and water were tested to determine which lasted longest as an air freshener. The 100% oregano extract lasted the longest without dilution.
3. It was concluded that oregano leaves make an effective natural air freshener and the scent strength depends on the concentration of oregano extract used.
This document provides instructions for making a mixed vegetable pickle at home, including a list of ingredients and step-by-step instructions. It describes how to chop the vegetables and dry them, make a seasoning mixture, combine all the ingredients and mix well. The pickle may appear dry at first but will become semi-solid within a few days. Sensory tests by 5 panelists rated the appearance, taste, texture, aroma and overall acceptability on a 9-point hedonic scale. The cost to make 500g of the mixed vegetable pickle is estimated to be around 180 rupees.
Invitro Analysis of Phytochemicals and Investigation of Antimicrobial Activit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the phytochemical components and antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from the stems of Ferula assa-foetida. Four crude extracts (aqueous, methanol, chloroform, and acetone) were screened for the presence of phytochemicals like terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, proteins, tannins, and carbohydrates. The extracts were then tested for antibacterial activity against E. coli using the agar well diffusion method. Various phytochemicals were found to be present depending on the extract. All extracts showed antibacterial activity against E. coli in a concentration-dependent manner
This document discusses experiments to detect common food adulterants. It begins with introducing the objective to study food adulterants. It then describes three experiments to detect adulterants in oils/fats, sugar, and spices. The first experiment examines oils for paraffin wax, hydrocarbons, and dyes. The second tests sugar for insoluble substances. The third analyzes spices for lead salts, brick powder, and dried papaya seeds. Observations of each experiment are provided. The document concludes that selecting non-adulterated food is important for health and consumers should carefully examine foods.
This document presents research on an organic insecticide made from ginger and vinegar. The researchers tested different mixtures of ginger, vinegar, and water in 4 trials to determine the most effective formulation. Their findings showed that the trial with the highest ginger concentration killed insects the fastest, in under 20 seconds. The researchers concluded that this organic insecticide provides an effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. They recommend its use to reduce populations of disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes.
Introduction to Soapmaking - A Guide for Making your own Soap v2zq
This document provides instructions for making soap at home using readily available ingredients. It begins with an introduction that lists the essential materials needed - fats/oils and an alkali such as lye. It then provides details on preparing the fats and lye, mixing them together, adding optional ingredients, and molding and curing the soap. Specific recipes are also included, such as a basic recipe using canned lye that yields 9 pounds of soap. The document concludes with some regional soapmaking recipes from the U.S. that use local ingredients like cracklings or lime instead of canned lye.
Food adulteration and detection in relation to physical, chemical, microbiolo...SukhveerSingh31
Food is essential for life. It should be pure, nutritious and free from any type of adulteration for proper maintenance of human health.Guilt will be punished with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months and up to 3 years and with fine up to one thousand rupees.
Concentrated Laundry Powder Comparison.
Which on the best to buy.
Based on 6 most popular laundry detergents in Sydney, Australia, 2001.
http://www.cleaningproducts.net.au/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=8_11&products_id=22
1. The document provides instructions for making various household and personal care products including antiseptics, soaps, air fresheners, hair care products, disinfectants, and more. It includes lists of chemicals needed and step-by-step procedures.
2. Specific instructions are given for making products like Dettol, Izal, aftershave, bleach, bar soap, liquid soap, medicated soap, detergent, Vaseline, and body cream. Chemical quantities, tools required, and production steps are detailed.
3. The document aims to educate readers on formulating different types of cleansers, disinfectants and cosmetic items found in homes.
7 easy steps to growing organic weed at homeJean Sinclair
Growing organic weed at home is possible using 7 easy steps: 1) understand organic weed means growing without chemicals, 2) gather organic soil and nutrients, 3) use 5-gallon buckets with drainage holes to grow plants, 4) make compost from organic materials to feed soil, 5) properly plant seeds by soaking then in water, 6) fertilize plants with compost tea, 7) use neem oil as an organic pesticide. Following these steps allows one to grow high quality weed naturally without chemicals.
Food adulteration refers to adding unwanted substances or removing valuable ones from food. Major incidents in India found high levels of adulteration in milk, eggs, and Maggi noodles. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) found violations in Maggi including excessive lead and misleading labeling. Many food products are commonly adulterated such as milk, spices, honey, and oils. The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954 aims to protect public health from harmful adulterated food. The FSSAI regulates food safety and standards in India.
The document contains an English lesson on food and health. It includes questions about daily habits like exercise, sleep, hygiene and diet. It also has vocabulary words and sentences to match pictures. There are recipes for green papaya salad, carrot raisin salad and mango yogurt. The lesson explains countable vs uncountable nouns and using "more" and "more than".
Hitler implemented several economic policies to reduce unemployment and strengthen the German military. He banned trade unions, arrested union leaders, and established the German Labour Front to control workers. While unemployment fell from 6 million to 1 million, wages did not increase and workers faced longer hours. New jobs were created through public works projects and rearmament, but the economy remained dependent on war preparation and did not achieve self-sufficiency. Overall, Hitler reduced unemployment in the short term but failed to improve the overall German economy.
The document discusses research done on the cuisines of Singapore, Myanmar, Chinese, Malay and Indian cultures. It includes key ingredients used in each cuisine such as chicken stock, vegetables, soy sauce for Chinese; curry powder, ghee for Indian; and coconut milk, shrimp paste for Malay. The document also discusses definitions of terms like healthy, appealing, fusion dish. It provides pictures of dishes from each culture and details on spices commonly used in a Malay cuisine.
This document discusses heat transfer by radiation and provides examples. Heat transfer by radiation occurs when an object transfers heat in the form of waves to another place without directly touching it. Common examples of heat radiation in real life include the sun emitting less heat when covered by clouds and hot objects like photocopiers radiating heat.
The document discusses various topics in science including nanotechnology, fingerprints, forensic science, frog dissection, and human DNA extraction. It mentions "magic" sand and cloth using nanotechnology and different types of fingerprints like loops, whorls, arches. It also briefly covers AquaJet technology and performing a frog dissection. The document concludes with thanks.
The document is the lyrics to the song "Girlfriend" by Avril Lavigne. It expresses the singer's dissatisfaction with her love interest's current girlfriend and her desire for him to break up with his girlfriend so that she can become his new girlfriend instead. The lyrics repeatedly convey the message that the singer would make a better girlfriend for him than his current one.
The document is a song encouraging a lover named Juliet to run away with the singer forever. It tells her to sneak out without saying goodbye, as they will be together from now on. It warns that others will try to separate them if given the chance, so they must run away together without looking back.
This document provides information about avocados, including:
1) Avocados are high in nutrients like vitamin E, fiber, and potassium. They contain healthy fats and can be part of a calorie-controlled diet.
2) Avocados contain lutein which is good for eye health, and beta-sitosterol which can help maintain healthy cholesterol levels.
3) The document describes how to select, store, ripen, and prepare avocados. Avocados should be gently handled and can be kept in the refrigerator.
The document provides a reference list of websites about things to do in Bangkok over 72 hours. The list includes websites about Damnoen Saduak floating market, Dream World amusement park, CentralWorld shopping mall, currency exchange rates, JJ Mall, Princess Hotel, Bangkok National Museum, Siam Square, Mah Boon Krong shopping center, Grand Palace, transportation in Thailand, Wat Mahathat temple, Pantip Plaza, booking flights with Jetstar, and background information on Bangkok and Thai transportation.
This document summarizes different types of quadrilaterals and polygons. It describes the key properties that define squares, rectangles, rhombi, parallelograms, trapezoids, and other uncommon quadrilaterals. It then discusses properties of regular polygons like pentagons, hexagons, octagons, and decagons, including their interior angles, areas, and constructability.
This document provides tips for acing the Additional Mathematics (AM) and Elementary Mathematics (EM) exams. It summarizes key statistics on topics that are highly tested, such as differentiation and integration making up 27.8% of the AM exam. It recommends focusing on the 11 chapters that make up 74.6% of the exam. Sample questions are provided for topics like trigonometry, logarithms, linear laws, and matrices. Strategies are outlined for solving different types of questions on these topics.
Fertilizers can stimulate plant growth. A group of students investigated the effects of natural versus chemical fertilizers on green bean plants. They studied how each type of fertilizer impacted green bean plant growth to determine which was more effective.
The document summarizes an experiment conducted by students to investigate whether natural or chemical fertilizers are more effective at stimulating the growth of green bean plants. They tested various natural substances like bread crust, carrot pulp, and dried leaves as well as chemical fertilizers like potassium bromide and magnesium sulfate. The results showed that magnesium sulfate and distilled water led to the greatest increase in plant growth, while dried leaves and sodium sulfate led to the smallest increase. Overall, the carrot pulp natural fertilizer was most effective, indicating that natural substances may generally promote more green bean plant growth than chemicals.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. Testing For Natural Herbicide, Eliminating The Weeds
Fabian Ho Kai Bin(Leader) , Benson Quah , Myra Koh, Amelia Jane Lim and Lee
Hui xin
Pasir Ris secondary school
The purpose of this experiment is about finding out the best household
chemical that can act as a good herbicide. Household item is tested is to prevent use
of artificial herbicides, 2-4,d. Herbicide is substance that has 2,4-
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid which is used to kill unwanted plants but research has
shown that one of the most widely used herbicides, Atrazine, which contain 2,4-d,
has been linked to cancers in humans, and sexual deformities in frogs so chemicals
that are used are a combination of household and convenience item as they are less
harmful to the environment as compared to artificial herbicides. The materials used
are household item like distilled white vinegar, citrus oil, salt solution, coke, lime,
rootbeer, clove oil, half-boiled egg, boiled water, tap water, soap, toothpaste, bleach,
juglans which is commonly known as walnut and corn gluten meal which is also
known as cornflakes. Tap water is used for as the control for this experiment. The
other measuring materials are 100 milliliters of measuring cylinder, 200 milliliters
of beaker, filter funnel, filter paper, soil, electronic balance, universal indicator,
lighter, styrofoam cups and the weeds, Phyllantus Urinaria L. The hypothesis made
is that coke is the best household item that can act as herbicides while the other
substance that can act as herbicides are distilled white vinegar, clove oil and lime.
For alkali, soap and toothpaste are the one thought to be acting as herbicides. As
alkaline stuff had not been proven as herbicides, this became one of the aims of this
experiment. When the clove oil was substituted as the herbicide, the weeds used took
no longer than 30 minutes for it to fully become discolored, before dying. This same
result occurred for other similar tests conducted on the clove oil. Several factors
had been taken into consideration, such as cost, eco-friendliness and the speed
which the plant is killed. While bleach, half boiled egg, clove oil, citrus oil, salt
solution and toothpaste can all kill weeds, the item that is concluded as the best
herbicide is the clove oil.
The purpose of this experiment is has shown that one of the most widely
about finding out the best household used herbicides, Atrazine, which contain
chemical that can act as a good 2,4-d, has been linked to cancers in
herbicide. The reasons for the purpose humans, and sexual deformities in frogs
are as listed. Firstly, household items are so chemicals that are used are a
tested is because it is inexpensive, combination of household and
commonly found and it also serve as an convenience item as they are less
alternative for artificial herbicides. harmful to the environment as compared
Secondly, household item is tested is to to artificial herbicides. Thirdly,
prevent use of artificial herbicides, 2-4,d. preventing the use of “ugly” herbicides.
Herbicide is substance that has 2,4- Glyphosate, the ingredient in Roundup,
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid which is is toxic to amphibians. Glyphosate is
used to kill unwanted plants but research safe for use near mammals, but there is
2. some debate as to whether it is an contaminated with the Monsanto
endocrine disruptor. Monsanto genetically modified canola blown in by
Corporation, makers of roundup, created the wind. According to the Monsanto
a genetically modified canola. The patent, farmers who use their canola
modified canola is resistant to roundup, seed must buy it every year. They cannot
making it easier to treat weeds. This store seed. The chemical will be tested
genetically modified canola can cross on a weed named Phyllanthus Urinaria
pollinate with weeds, making them L, also known as Meniran. Phyllanthus
resistant to roundup. No one knows the Urinaria L is a kind of weeds that has
possible effects of genetically modified small alternate leaves resembling those
food crops intermingling with native of the mimosa tree, disposed in two
plants. As well, Monsanto sued a ranges. The leaves are large at the tip
Canadian farmer whose canola field was and smaller towards the petiole.
Material and Methods
vinegar is 2.86, citrus oil is 4.36, salt
The materials used are household solution is 7.00, coke is 2.54, lime is
item like distilled white vinegar, citrus 2.66, rootbeer is 4.75, clove oil is 6.12,
oil, salt solution, coke, lime, rootbeer, half-boiled egg is 7.90, boiled water is
clove oil, half-boiled egg, boiled water, 7.00, tap water is also 7.00, soap is 6.74,
tap water, soap, toothpaste, bleach, toothpaste solution is 6.84, bleach
juglans which is commonly known as solution is 9.76, walnut is 6.31 in is
walnut and corn gluten meal which is powdery form, diluting with water and
also known as cornflakes. Tap water is cornflakes is 5.55 in its powder form
used for as the control for this after diluting with water.
experiment. The other measuring
materials are 100 milliliters of The pH-value of the soap,
measuring cylinder, 200 milliliters of toothpaste and the half-boiled egg will
beaker, filter funnel, filter paper, soil, be discussed later. The method used is
electronic balance, universal indicator, applying the household item to the
lighter, styrofoam cups and the weeds, weeds after putting the weeds in cups.
Phyllantus Urinaria L. This means that five grams of the
respective chemical will be poured into
The materials that are acidic are the cup that is labelled with the chemical
distilled white vinegar, citrus oil, clove name.
oil, walnut, coke, lime, rootbeer,
cornflakes. The materials that are alkali The procedure for the experiment
are soap, toothpaste and soap. Salt, goes. Firstly, hypothesis is created
boiled water and tap water are neutral before anything is done to have a rough
substance. Most of the substances are idea of what the result of the experiment
either in powdery form, diluting it with would be like. The hypothesis made is
water or it is a solution. that coke is the best household item that
can act as herbicides while the other
The pH-value of the items listed substance that can act as herbicides are
is also tested and the values respectively distilled white vinegar, clove oil and
are as listed below. Distilled white Lime. For alkali, soap and toothpaste are
3. the one thought to be acting as weeds could photosynthesise thus light
herbicides. As alkaline stuff had not is not the factor why the weeds died.
been proven as herbicides, this became
one of the aims of this experiment. Fifthly, the weeds are watered at
Secondly, one hundred gram of mixed a frequency of two days as the weeds
burnt soil is poured into cups of 15. This need it to stay alive also making sure
is to ensure that the amount of soil is the water is not one of the factor why the
same to ensure that the experiment weeds dead. Observations of the weed
would not be affected thus having a fair are recorded before and after the three
test is needed. days as to see the differences thus
having a clear eye of the changes. Last
Thirdly, one Household chemical but not least, the results are recorded on
is pour into each cup with each cup a small booklet to have a reference of the
having the same amount of chemical. result. As to minimise the experimental
This ensures that the experiment would errors that is made, the experiment is
be a fair one. Fourthly, the cups are left repeated for four times using the same
for three days facing the window at the procedures repeatedly, taking the
science lab. This is to make sure the average results in the end of the
experiment.
substances Initial length End length of pH of Did the plant
of weeds weeds soil(acidic die?
/alkaline)
Half boiled 5.0 cm 4.5 cm 7.90 No
egg
Clove oil 5.7 cm 4.9 cm 6.12 Yes
Citrus oil 5.5 cm 6.5 cm 4.36 Yes
Cornflakes 6.5 cm 4.9 cm 5.55 No
Walnuts 5.5 cm 5.7 cm 6.31 No
Toothpaste 5.1 cm 6.1 cm 6.84 Yes
lime 4.9 cm 3.2 cm 2.66 No
Coke 4.9 cm 4.9 cm 2.54 No
Boiled water 6.2 cm 6.7 cm 7.00 No
Tap water 5.5 cm 3.9 cm 7.00 No
Salt solution 4.5 cm 5.0 cm 7.00 Yes
Bleach 4.5 cm 5.6 cm 9.76 Yes
Rootbeer 4.9 cm 3.2 cm 4.75 No
Distilled 5.2 cm 5.5 cm 2.86 Yes
White
Vinegar
Lemon 4.5 cm 4.7 cm 6.74 Yes
flavored soap
Table 1
4. Results at the end of the experiment .Lime,
This table is formed from the average acting as herbicide, killed the weed once
result of all the experiment done. The out of three experiment, thus it may not
results collected have shown that there prove to be an effective herbicide. When
are some convenience items that can also soap acted as herbicide, the weed was
be used as effective herbicides, such as killed in every experiment, thus it is
salt and toothpaste. It also shows that proving to be a quite effective herbicide.
some items have positive effects on the The cornflake did not proved to be a
growth of the plant. All of the good herbicide. Through all the
carbonated drinks used in this experiments, the cornflake succeeded in
experiment aid the growth of plant , also kill one weed.
cornflakes and walnuts are also agents
that promotes growth of the plant. With This table also shows that the
half boiled egg as the herbicide, the weeds might have grown by a little
weed died once out of three experiments before it is dead.
and mould can also be seen growing on
the egg. The clove oil kills the weed In conclusion, research shown
quickly and the weed that died leaves of that acidic substance like lime, walnut
a deep brown colour. and cornflakes is not as effective as
alkaline substance like toothpaste, soap
The rootbeer does not kill the and bleach. So this research shown that
weed but instead it helps it to grow not all acidic substance is herbicides.
better, at the end of the experiment, the The table shows that Clove oil, Citrus
weed did not wilt but remain healthy. oil, Toothpaste, Salt Solution, Bleach,
The salt solution did kill the weed. The Distilled white vinegar and Lemon
weed has wilt and dehydrated .Also flavored soap are substance that killed
some of its leaves fell off. The bleach the weeds.
effectively killed the weed which wilts
quickly but also the bleach increase the Discussion
pH value of the soil by an undesirable
amount. The toothpaste killed the weeds After conducting the experiment
twice out of three experiments, the weed for four weeks, the results observed can
wilt at the end of two experiments. be categorized into 2 different groups,
namely weeds that die after 3 days,
The vinegar changed the pH weeds that are still surviving and have
value of the soil, making it more acidic, grown. However through the various
thus creating an unfavorable experiments, certain trends observed
environment for the germination of remain constant.
plant. The weed that was applied vinegar
died. The weed that was applied with When the clove oil was
coke grew well and did not die at any of substituted as the Herbicide, the weeds
the experiment. The same can be said of used took no longer than 30 minutes for
the weed that was applied with it to fully become discolored, before
cornflake. The citrus is proving to be an dying. This same result occurred for
effective herbicide, it kill the weed in other similar tests conducted on the
every experiment. The weed always wilt clove oil.
5. most likely the cause of the wilted look
Juglans nigra, more commonly and discoloration.
known as walnuts have also displayed
trends that remained constant through When coke, root beer, lime, was
the tests conducted. The walnuts when added, the leaves remained green with
grounded and applied on the soil shows some discoloration at the edges as it
no change at first, but 3 days later, a grew to an average of 10cm. it is most
layer of mold and fungi can be observed likely due to the nutrients added from
at the top of this layer of juglan the drink to the soil that the plant needs.
herbicide. This phenomenon is similar to As the coke and root beer are both
that of the cornflakes although the consumer items, it could have contained
cornflakes promote the growth of weed more amounts of nutrients as compared
rather than stunning its growth. to the level of acidity, hence caused
more growth rather than elimination of
The tooth paste and soap when the weeds.
applied on the plant caused it to wilt
downwards presumably due to the As water, (control) and boiled
weight. The same reaction happened to water was substituted as herbicides, no
the plant poured with bleach. However, visible signs of elimination happened,
in both cases, it is once again possible but rather it grew to an average of
for the 2 substances to raise the PH value 9-10cm. the most likely reason is due to
of the soil to an alkalinity that the weeds the fact that water has proven to be a
are not able to survive in, causing it to necessary essential, and that the plant
wilt before dying. would not survive without it.
The half boiled egg and citrus The agent can be split into two
oil, although killed the weed several groups, the one that promote growth or
days later had also attracted an the one that stunt growth. In between
increasingly large amount of pests, these two groups, it can be split into
hence is advisable to either use it with smaller groups to further understand
pesticide or avoid using it. what is common in the ingredient that
causing the chemical to fell into the
The salt and white distilled category after research and comparison.
vinegar also caused the weed to wilt and
turn brown. This could be because of the Firstly, the one that promotes
dehydrating agents found in both growth. Nitrogen (N) , phosphorus (P) ,
substances. Because water is a very vital potassium (K) , calcium (Ca) ,
component of what the weed needs to magnesium (Mg) , sulphur (S) , boron
survive, without it, the plant would wilt. (B) , copper (Cu) , iron (Fe) , chloride
As there is a higher concentration of (Cl) , manganese (Mn) , molybdenum
water present in the cell as compared to (Mo) and zinc (Zn) are the nutrients
the soil contents added the salt or found in soil needed for a plant to grow
vinegar herbicide substitute, water from well. But firstly, it must be noted that the
the plant cells are lost through osmosis, 13 nutrients which come from the soil,
causing the plant cell to dehydrate and are dissolved in water, and absorbed
therefore become flaccid. Hence, it is through the roots. However, there are
6. mostly insufficient amounts of these
nutrients. This is also the reason why Other chemical such as lime which also
most farmers and gardeners use has acidic properties is instead used in
fertilizers to add nutrients to the soil. maintaining the soil’s PH value. When a
soil has too much acidity, maybe due to
The mineral nutrients can be fertilizers, irrigation of acidic water or
divided into 2 groups, macronutrients decomposition of soil organic matter,
and micronutrients. liming is a common garden term to
reduce the PH value of the soil. It is
Macronutrients can then be necessary as nutrients, needed by plants
further subdivided into 2 more groups, to grow well lessens as the PH value of
known as primary and secondary the soil drops below 6.0 on the PH scale.
nutrients. The primary nutrients, Some of these nutrients include nitrogen,
consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus and phosphorus, potassium, sulphur,
potassium, are major nutrients that lack calcium, magnesium and molybdenum.
the first as large amounts of it is used by As the amount of these nutrients
plants for survival and growth. decrease, the plant will be affected in
terms of its colour, vigour, and ability to
The secondary nutrients, resist and recover from heat, drought and
consisting of calcium, magnesium and traffic stress. By adding lime to increase
sulphur, are much more abundant as the PH value above 6.0, the amount of
compared to the primary nutrients. these nutrients is also, in turn, increased.
Because it can replenish itself through However do note that an excessive
natural and non harmful ways, it is not amount of lime can cause high alkaline
necessary to add fertilizers. Through PH in the soil. If the soil PH exceeds 8.0,
liming, calcium and magnesium are important nutrients such as nitrogen,
largely produced. Sulphur is produced phosphorus, iron, manganese, boron,
during the slow decomposition of soil copper and zinc becomes lesser,
organic matter. resulting in an unhealthy less vigorous
plant.
Micronutrients are the elements
essential to a plants growth although it is In addition, by just looking at the
only used in small quantities as its name components in a raw lime juice, traces of
(micro) suggests. The remainder of the calcium (14mg) , copper (0.027mg) ,
nutrients fell under this category. It is iron (0.09mg) , manganese (0.018mg) ,
also produced by recycling grass magnesium (8mg) , phosphorus (14mg) ,
clippings or tree leaves. potassium (0.1mg) and zinc (0.08mg)
which is needed for plants to grow can
From the previous statement, it can be be found.
concluded that not all acids are able to
kill weeds such as coke and rootbeer. 11 According to researches, water
grams of phosphoric acid, And 30 grams has proven to be a necessary need for
of lime juice can be found on the plants to survive, let alone grow. As
ingredients used to make coke. Modern water acts as a solvent for minerals and
rootbeer has also shown common food, as it cannot be absorbed by the
components as coke. plant in a solid form. Another reason is
7. that the Water is used to transport the hydroxide creating soap and glycerol.
metabolic products from one part to the For bleach, chlorine gas is passed into
other where they are needed. Thirdly, for sodium hydroxide for the bleaching of
the plant to photosynthesize, water is clothing. As for toothpaste, sodium
one of the raw materials that are needed. hydroxide is use as a tooth whitening
And water lost through the stomata agent.
through transpiration actually helps to
cool the plant, in a similar way that Soap itself is a good herbicide because it
humans do through perspiration. This will destroy the weeds surface which
evaporation process also helps the will not allow the plant to photosynthesis
stomata to remain open for the intake of and thus killing it. It also helps to control
carbon dioxide. Finally, water also helps weeds due to the potassium salt of fatty
the plant cells to remain turgid rather acid
than flaccid, resulting in a healthy From the research, it says that
upright plant look rather than a wilted fluometuron; an aryl fluoride herbicide
look. is use to kill weeds in grain and cotton
fields. Therefore, it is inferable that
Cornflakes on the other hand fluoride which is found in toothpaste can
have been known to contain iron, also be named as a weed killer. As for
another essential mineral that plants bleach, due to it being highly alkaline it
require to grow. will detoriate the soil condition and thus
resulting in the death of the weeds.
In conclusion to these
comparisons, it is possible to conclude From an article, it says that using of
that water is the most important factor bleach as an herbicide is not a good idea.
for a plant’s growth but lime actually It is sodium hypochlorite and that its pH
provides the plant with the most is 11.When bleach is added, it will
nutrients it requires to grow. increase the pH value of the soil on the
PH scale, and add sodium in to the soil
However, anti-growth means that it does through the run-offs. In fact, it will be
not provide growth for the weed thus providing an undesirable condition for
making it a good herbicide. The plant to germinate.
following groups are those that are anti-
growth- Soap, bleach and toothpaste, Also another common ingredient found
vinegar and salt, half-boiled egg and in soap, bleach and toothpaste is sodium
walnut, lastly, clove oil and citrus oil. lauryl sulphate which is able to kill
weeds. In most commercial herbicide,
For soap, bleach and toothpaste, they all this is usually one of the active
contain a common ingredient of sodium ingredients used.
hydroxide also known as caustic soda or
lye. Sodium hydroxide is a register Salt and vinegar are also commonly seen
herbicide which helps to control tree as a cheap and abundant herbicide in
roots in sewage system which in turn households. As commercial vinegar
will kill the plant. Preparation of soap contains about 5% acidity, the acid
through a process called saponification, present there affects the weed growth.
where fatty acid reacts with sodium The acetic acid, found in vinegar, is not
8. absorbed into root systems, hence Next for the group of clove oil and citrus
vinegar will eliminate surface growth, oil, they are both known as essential oil.
but perennial plants (plants that live for For clove oil, it contains eugenol which
more than two years) will reshoot. Note is a type of biocide. It is also a type of
though, that commercial vinegar does phenol which is found in citrus oil too.
not exceed 5% acidity whereas vinegars Therefore, the similar substance is
sold as herbicides have at least 10% phenol.
acidity.
The disadvantage of having vinegar as Clove oil kills weed by desiccating the
herbicide is that vinegar can indirectly plant shoot, also from a research it states
kill the plants that are desirable. It is also that since it does not move into perennial
not a hundred percent control over the weeds, none of the substances will
weeds. directly kill the root system. Another
source says that due to the presence of
One of the reasons why salt is used as an eugenol it will kill weeds by disrupting
herbicide is due to the fact that the cells cell membranes and thus causing content
of plants contain a certain amount of like electrolyte to leak out resulting in
water and other dissolved substances. the cell death.
When surrounded by water that contains As for the citrus oil, in most organic
a larger amount of salt, there is a general based herbicide there will be a certain
rule, called osmosis, which water will try concentration of citrus oil being added to
to move through the plasma membrane it. An example is the combination of
to make the concentration of dissolved vinegar and citrus oil. As this product
substances equal. Hence, if there is a tends to be foliar spray which kills most
higher concentration of salt outside the broad leaf weed on contact and many
cell, water from the cell is lost to its other well established weeds that may
surroundings through osmosis. This need a stronger formula like the
same theory applies to how salt can be combination of vinegar and citrus oil.
substituted as an herbicide.
Lastly, it is the group of walnut.
Another reason can be due to A black walnut produce a substance
dehydration. Salt, applied to the ground called juglone (5 hydroxy-1, 4-
around the weed will soak in and the salt napthoquinone). Juglone kills and
will interact with the roots. Water will be reduces plant growth like those found
drawn out to equalize the osmotic under the tree canopies. Juglone is also a
pressure, and the plants will die of toxin, which exerts its effect by
dehydration. inhibiting certain enzymes needed for
metabolic function. In a research article,
However, the disadvantage is that it can it says that plants growing near the black
remain in the soil as run-offs and affect walnut tree exhibits systems such as
distant plant. It also affects the growth of foliar yellowing, wilting and eventually
desirable plant other than the weeds that death. Juglone is present in all parts of
should be eliminated. Salt also defeats the plant.
the purpose of developing a healthy soil.
The experiment for the walnut
generally did not succeed was probably
9. due to the fact that the walnut used was for our experiment, it resulted in
baked. But in researches it is the black substituting baked walnuts as the
walnut and not baked walnut. Being herbicide instead.
unsure of the species of walnuts used
and due to unavailability of the species
Plants Sensitive to Juglone Plants Tolerant of Juglone
Vegetables: cabbage, eggplant, pepper, potato, Vegetables: lima beans; snap beans; beets;
tomato corn; onions; parsnips
Fruits: apple, blackberry, blueberry Fruits: cherry; black raspberry
Landscape plants: black alder (Alnus); azalea; Landscape plants: red cedar; crabapple*;
basswood; white birches; Hopa crabapple*; elm; winged euonymus; forsythia;
hackberry; Amur honeysuckle; Japanese larch; hawthorn; hemlock; hickories; black
lespedeza; lilac; saucer magnolia; silver maple; locust; most maples; oaks; autumn olive;
mountain laurel; loblolly pine; red pine; scotch pachysandra; pawpaw; persimmon; wild
pine; white pine; potentilla; privet; rhododendron; rose; sycamore; most viburnums; Virginia
Norway spruce creeper
Flowers & herbaceous plants: bluebells;
Kentucky bluegrass; daffodil; daylily;
Flowers & herbaceous plants: autumn crocus
ferns; fescue; iris; Jack-in-the-pulpit;
(Colchichum); peony
liriope; narcissus; phlox; poison ivy;
Shasta daisy; trillium
Field crops: white clover; red top grass;
Field crops: alfalfa; crimson clover; tobacco
orchard grass; soybean; timothy; wheat
Table 2 Water is crucial to all lives, including the
plant. If there is not enough entry of
The third experiment was water in a plant, the plant could not get
counted as a failure because no results of the nutrients it needs to survive. Water
the weeds growth can be extracted and helps a plant by transporting important
all weeds have died. It is believed that nutrients through the plant. Nutrients are
the lack of water was the essential cause drawn from the soil and used by the
for the plant to die because all the plants plant. Without enough water in the cells,
that are used for this experiment, even the plants wilt, so water helps a plant
the plant used as a control had died. stand. Water carries the dissolved sugar
Another reason why lack of water was and other nutrients through the plant. So
regarded as the essential reason for the without the proper balance of water, the
plants is due to the fact that the fourth plant not only is malnourished, but it is
experiment, which was carried out after also physically weak and cannot support
the third experiment was a success when its own weight.
the plants were watered, even though the
other variables from the third experiment Photosynthesis is the process by which
was left unchanged to the fourth green plants, in the presence of
experiment. chlorophyll and light energy,
manufacture carbohydrates (glucose)
from carbon dioxide and water. While
10. carbon dioxide is considered essential the half boiled egg thus creating another
for this process, water is also counted as problem, to clean up the fungi. The
critical raw materials that are needed for vinegar changed the pH of the soil thus
photosynthesis. Without photosynthesis, killing the weed, but it may also affect
plants will die. surrounding wanted plants. The soap
effectiveness as an herbicide is not as
Hence, from the third experiment, we good as clove oil. Thus, the conclusion
can conclude that other than the different that has been arrived is that clove oil,
agents (vinegar, salt solution, distilled among all the other tested household
water, etc.) that are used to test the best item is the best herbicide. This has to be
herbicide; water is also an important further research and proven to confirm
agent that affects the growth of the the results.
plants. Particularly for this experiment,
lack of water is believed to be the main Acknowledgements
cause for the plants to die and water is
proved to be an important agent in order We are thankful to Mdm Mok for
for the plants to survive. helping us in the experiment. We are
also grateful to Mr.Kelvin Chee and
While bleach, half boiled egg, Ms.Jasmine Goh in helping us in this
clove oil, citrus oil, salt solution and report and relevant matters in the
toothpaste can all kill weeds, the item experiment.
that is concluded as the best herbicide is
the clove oil. Several factors had been
taken into consideration, such as cost,
eco-friendliness and the speed which the
plant is killed. Clove oil is mass
manufactured; also, it can be easily
bought from most shops. While salt can
also be an effective herbicide, the time
taken for salt to kill the plant is much
longer than clove oil’s. In comparison to
clove oil, the time taken for toothpaste to
kill the weed is much longer. Citrus oil
may be another option as the best
herbicide but due to the cost, and also, it
will attracts ants and other pest and thus
worsen the situation of the numbers of
unwanted pest present. Bleach is also
another very effective herbicide, but as it
is harmful human being and also it will
harm the environment and affect other
plants or crops by increasing the pH
value of the soil, and thus creating an
undesirable environment for any plant
germination. Half boiled egg also can act
as herbicides, but fungus will grow on
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