The document provides information on various medical topics including: 1. The face is the most common site for skin cancer due to regular UV exposure. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. 2. Lipomas, benign fat tumors, are the most common soft tissue tumor. They are generally painless and movable under the skin. 3. Osteoarthritis most commonly affects the knee joint, where it causes pain, stiffness and impaired movement starting typically in one's 50s. This summarizes some of the key medical information provided in the multi-paragraph document regarding common sites and types of various medical conditions.

1. Sujata Devkota

2. Commonest Site Of Skin Cancer:
Face
• Most often, skin cancer develops in areas of the body that are
regularly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun
• Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin
cancer.
Sujata Devkota

3. Most Common Soft Tissue Tumor:
Lipoma
-A benign tumor made of fat tissue.
-Generally soft to the touch, movable, and painless.
-Usually occur just under the skin, but occasionally may be deeper.
-Most are less than 5 cm in size.
-Common locations include upper back, shoulders, and abdomen.
Sujata Devkota

4. Joint Most Commonly Affected By
Osteoarthritis(OA)
Knee joint
• AKA wear and tear arthritis.
• Long-term chronic disease characterized by the deterioration Of
Cartilage in joints which results in bones rubbing together and creating
stiffness, pain, and impaired movement.
• Commonly starts in the 50s .
• Affects women more than men.
Sujata Devkota

5. Most Affected Joint In Gout
Joint of big toe
• Gout is a form of arthritis
• Caused by excess uric acid in the bloodstream.
• The symptoms of gout are due to the formation of uric acid crystals in
the joints and the body's response to them.
Sujata Devkota

6. Most Used Muscle For Intramuscular
Injection
In Children: Vastus Lateralis Adults: Deltoid
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7. Most Common Site For Recording Pulse
Rate
Radial artery at wrist
• It's less invasive
• It is easier to maintain contact with a person's wrist for an extended
period than it is to keep hand on their neck.
• Due to the size of the radial artery, and its proximity to the surface of
the arm, this is the most common artery used to measure a patient's
pulse.
Sujata Devkota

8. Commonest Site For Recording Blood
Pressure
Brachial artery in the cubital fossa
The brachial artery is palpated on the
anterior aspect of the elbow by gently
pressing the artery against the underlying
bone.
Sujata Devkota

9. Most Used Vein For Venipuncture
Median cubital fossa
The median cubital vein in the antecubital
fossa is the most commonly used site due to
its accessibility and size, followed by the
neighboring cephalic and basilic veins
Sujata Devkota

10. Most Common Congenital Chromosomal
Abnormality
Down syndrome ,
• Trisomy of chromosome 21 is the
most common trisomy and the most
common cause of intellectual disability.
• An extra chromosome (trisomy) with
47 (i.e. 24 +23) chromosomes in the
cell.
Sujata Devkota

11. Commonest Site Of Ectopic Pregnancy
Tubal pregnancy
• The most common location in the fallopian tube for ectopic
pregnancies to occur is the ampulla (70.0%); other locations, such as
the isthmus (12.0%), the fimbria (11.1%) and the cornua (2.4%), are less
common
• The ampullar portion of the fallopian tube is more distendable than other
areas. Sujata Devkota

12. Commonest Site For Abdominal
Pregnancy
Rectouterine pouch
• Symptoms may include abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding during
pregnancy.
• It is a dangerous condition as there can be bleeding into the abdomen that
results in low BP and can be fatal.
• Other causes of death in people with an abdominal pregnancy
include anemia, pulmonary embolus, coagulopathy and infection.
Sujata Devkota

13. Commonest Congenital Anomaly Of GIT
Mackle’s diverticulum
• A vestigial remnant of the vitello-intestinal duct
• It can produce massive rectal bleeding in a child.
• It can, with associated vitello-intestinal bands, also cause volvulus.
• It can also cause intussusception or present like an acute appendicitis.
• If it causes problems it can be surgically resected.
Sujata Devkota

14. Commonest Congenital Anomaly Of
Kidney
Polycystic kidney
• An inherited disorder in which clusters of cysts develop primarily
within the kidneys, causing kidneys to enlarge and lose function over
time.
• Cysts are noncancerous round sacs
containing fluid.
Sujata Devkota

15. Most Common Site Of Intracranial
Aneurysm
Berry (saccular) aneurysms are the most common type of intracranial
aneurysm
Represents 90% of cerebral aneurysms.
there is a ballooning arising from a weak
-ened area in the wall of a blood vessel in
the brain.
Sujata Devkota

16. Most Fatal Brain Tumor
Glioblastoma multiforme
• GBM also called glioblastoma
• is a fast-growing glioma that develops from star-shaped glial cells
(astrocytes and oligodendrocytes).
• GBM is often referred to as a grade IV astrocytoma.
• S/S: headaches, personality changes, nausea and symptoms similar to
those of a stroke.
Sujata Devkota

17. Commonest Tumor Of Spinal Cord
Schwannoma
• A schwannoma is a type of nerve tumor of the nerve sheath.
• It is the most common type of benign peripheral nerve tumor in
adults.
Sujata Devkota

18. Most Common Brain Tumor
Glioma
• A glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of
the brain or the spine.
• Gliomas comprise about 30 percent of all central nervous
system tumors, and 80 percent of all malignant brain tumors
Sujata Devkota

19. Most Commonly Fractured Bone In
Upper Limb
Clavicle
• Collarbone connects shoulder to sternum.
• Commonly broken in contact sports ,
During falls and during impact injuries.
• Fracture is usually due to a fall onto
The shoulder.
Sujata Devkota

20. Commonest Fracture Of Radius
In adult: Colle’s fracture
• Fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is
bent backwards
• It typically occurs as a result of a fall on an outstretched hand.
In children: shaft of radius
• Follows a simple fall – most common mechanism.
Sujata Devkota

21. Most Common Joint For Frequent
Dislocation In Upper Limb
Shoulder joint
• Ball and socket joint
• Joints which are more mobile tend
to be at greater risk of dislocation
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22. Most Common Type Of Birth Paralysis
Erb’s palsy
• Form of obstetric brachial plexus palsy.
• Occurs when there's an injury to the
Brachial plexus, specifically the upper
brachial plexus at birth.
Sujata Devkota

23. Most Common Nerve Affected By Leprosy
In Upper Limb
Ulnar nerve
Leprosy is the most common treatable cause of neuropathy in
the world with the ulnar nerves most often involved.
Sujata Devkota

24. Most Common Site For Rib Fracture
Angle of rib
They are the weakest
point in ribs.
Sujata Devkota

25. Most Preferred Site For Pleural Fluid
Aspiration
Mid axillary line
• Done in 6th intercostal space in
Mid-axillary line
• To avoid injury to liver.
Sujata Devkota

26. Most Important Bony Landmark Of Thoracic
Region From Clinical Point Of View
Sternal angle/Angle of louis
• Ribs are counted from this level
downward. 2nd costal cartilage and
rib lies here. It helps to identify border
and apex of heart, pleura, upper border
of liver, etc.
Sujata Devkota

27. Cont’d…
• Ascending aorta ends at this level.
• Arch of aorta begins and ends here.
• Descending aorta begins here.
• Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries from
here.
• Upper border of heart lies here.
Sujata Devkota

28. Most Common Type Of Bronchogenic
Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
• Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC).
• Most adenocarcinomas arise in the outer, or peripheral, areas of
the lungs.
• They also have a tendency to spread to the lymph nodes and beyond
Sujata Devkota

29. Commonest Site Of Tuberculosis In Lung
Apical region of the lungs
High oxygen pressure induced a higher bacillary growth than a low
oxygen pressure most cases of lung TB develop at the apex of the
lungs, where oxygen concentrations are higher.
Sujata Devkota

30. Apex Of The Lung
• The apex of each lung is its
most superior point where
both costal and mediastina
surfaces merge.
• It is situated 2-3cm superior
to the medial third of the
clavicle
Sujata Devkota

31. Most Common Site Of Lung Abscess
Right lower lobe
• Lung abscess is a necrotizing lung infection characterized by a
pus-filled cavitary lesion.
• It is most commonly caused by aspiration of oral secretions by
patients who have impaired consciousness.
Sujata Devkota

32. Con’td…
• In general, the right main stem
bronchus appears to be a more
direct continuation of the trachea
than the left, which may partially
explain why the right lung is
more prone to infection
Sujata Devkota

33. Most Common Cyanotic Heart Disease
Tetralogy of Fallot
Sujata Devkota

34. Commonest Congenital Defect Of Heart
Ventricular septal defect(VSD)
• Common heart defect that's present at birth (congenital).
• The hole occurs in the wall (septum) that separates the ventricles and
allows blood to pass from the left to the right side of the heart.
• The oxygen-rich blood then gets pumped back to the lungs instead of
out to the body, causing the heart to work harder.
Sujata Devkota

35. Common etiology of gastric ulcer
Bacterial infection with helicobacter pylori.
• Causes chronic inflammation (gastritis) of the inner lining of the stomach
• Common symptoms of H. Pylori infection are occasional abdominal
discomfort, bloating, belching or burping, and nausea and vomiting.
Sujata Devkota

36. Commonest Site Of Duodenal Ulcer
1st part of duodenum(>95%)
• Located with in 3cm of pylorus.
• Pylorus connects stomach to duodenum.
Note: Gastric ulcers are most frequently seen on the lesser curve of the
stomach at the junction of the body and antrum.
Sujata Devkota

37. Most Commonly Injured Intra-abdominal
Organ in blunt injury
Spleen
• Spleen is the most common cause of massive bleeding in blunt
abdominal trauma to a solid organ
• Note: The liver, the most vulnerable abdominal organ to all forms of
injury because of its size and location (in the upper right quadrant
of the abdomen)
Sujata Devkota

38. Commonest Site Of Hernia
Inguinal hernia
• A protrusion of abdominal-cavity
Contents through the inguinal canal.
• This may include pain or discomfort
Especially with coughing, exercise, or
Bowel movements.
Sujata Devkota

39. Commonest Cause Of Obstructive
Jaundice
Obstruction of Common Bile Duct(CBD) by gall stone
• Obstructive jaundice is a condition in
which there is blockage of the flow of
bile out of the liver.
• This results in redirection of excess
bile and its by-products into the blood,
and bile excretion from the body is
incomplete.
Sujata Devkota

40. Most Tender Site In Appendicitis
McBurney’s point
• Point over the right side of the
Abdomen that is one-third of the
Distance from the anterior superior
Iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel).
• This point roughly corresponds to
The most common location of the
Base of the appendix where it is
Attached to the cecum. Sujata Devkota

41. Most Probable Cause Of Urinary
Retention In Elderly Male
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
• As the prostate enlarges, it presses against the urethra.
• The bladder wall becomes thicker.
• One day, the bladder may weaken and may not be able to empty fully,
leaving some urine in the bladder.
Sujata Devkota

42. Commonest Cause Of Liver Cirrhosis
Chronic alcoholism
Alcoholic liver disease is a result of overconsuming alcohol that
damages the liver, leading to a buildup of fats, inflammation, and
scarring.
Sujata Devkota

43. Commonest Site Of Cancer In Uterus
Cervix of uterus
Almost all cervical cancer cases (99%) are linked to infection with high-
risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), an extremely common virus
transmitted through sexual contact.
Sujata Devkota

44. Commonest Cancer Of Colon
Adenocarcinoma(98%)
• "Adeno" is a prefix meaning glands.
• "Carcinoma" is a type of cancer that grows in epithelial cells that
line the surfaces inside and outside the body.
• Adenocarcinomas of the colon or rectum develop in the lining of
the large intestine.
Sujata Devkota

45. Commonest Cause Of Cancer In Kidney
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the
lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, responsible for approximately
90–95% of cases.
Sujata Devkota

46. Major Electrolyte In ECF
Major cation= Sodium
Major anion= Chloride
Sujata Devkota

47. Major Electrolyte In ICF
Major cation= Potassium
Major anion= Phosphate
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48. Chvostek's sign
Tapping over facial nerve causes twitching or spasm of angle of
mouth
Seen in Hypocalcaemia
Normal value 9-10.5mg/dl
Sujata Devkota

49. Trousseau's Sign
Raising blood pressure in the cuff above the systolic blood pressure
for 3 minutes produce characteristics carpopedal spasm.
Sujata Devkota

50. Blood pH scale
pH <6.8 <7.35 7.35-7.45 >7.45 >7.8
Death Acidosis Normal Alkalosis Death
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51. Tips
Acidosis of any origin causes CNS depression, coma
Alkalosis of any origin causes CNS stimulation, convulsion
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52. WBC- Differential Count Mnemonics
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53. Screening Protocol For Carcinoma Of
Cervix
• Age: 30-60 years
• Rescreen every 5 years(anytime except during heavy menstrual
bleeding, severe infection of vagina/cervix, discharge obscuring
vision)
• Post partum: after 6 weeks
• Post abortion: after 2 weeks
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54. Screening Tool For Ca. Cervix
• VIA( Visual inspection with acetic acid 5%)
• PAP smear
HPV vaccination
For girls: 9-26 years
For boys: 13-21 years
C/I in pregnancy
Sujata Devkota

55. Sujata Devkota