5 Generations of Mobile Networks
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It's a small presentation on the journey from 1G to 5G (i.e. 5 generations) of wireless mobile networks. Disclaimer: All the pictures and contents of the presentation has been collected from the publically available resources on the Internet.
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5 Generations of Mobile Networks
- 1. Photo: pinterest.com Presented by: Reduan Hasan Khan, PhD
- 3. The Breakthrough Statistical Multiplexing - More Users in the same channel Use of Digital Signal Processing – Low Cost, Smaller Devices Secure Communication - Authentication and Ciphering More than justVoice - Fax ,Data and Roaming Services Supplementary Services – Caller Line Identification,Call Forwarding, etc. VAS Applications - Prepaid Calls, SMS, USSD, etc. NyquistTheorem
- 4. 2G – ATale ofTwo Sons GSM (TDMA) CDMA (SS-CDMA) 3G/UMTS WCDMA
- 5. Secret of Higher Data Rates (1/2) Channel Coding
- 6. Secret of Higher Data Rates (2/2) GPRS/2.5G: MultipleTime Slots x 4 Coding Schemes (Max 114 Kbps) EDGE/2.75G: MultipleTime Slots x 2 Modulation Schemes x 4 Coding Schemes (Max 384 Kbps) Link Adaptation
- 7. 4G – Unity is Strength TDMA FDMA CDMA OFDMA Fig. Frequency Response of OFDM Subcarriers Fig. Two-D (Time-Frequency) Resource Allocation in OFDM and OFDMA Frames
- 8. Weapons of 4G ChannelCoding & Interleaving Higher MCS (up to 64 QAM) Faster LinkAdaptation Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining MIMO Beam Forming QoS Scheduling HSPA (3.5G): Hybrid ARQ + MIMO (Up to 21 Mbps) HSPA + (3.9G): Higher Order MIMO, Dual Carrier and Improved Signaling (– Up to 168 Mbps) Beam Forming MIMO Antennae
- 9. The Brave NewWorld of 5G Heterogeneous Network Multi RAT and Cognitive Radio Carrier Aggregation Virtualization and SDN Opportunistic Scheduling Energy Harvesting Internet ofThings
Editor's Notes
- AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System
- The Nyquist Theorem, also known as the sampling theorem, is a principle that engineers follow in the digitization of analog signals. For analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) to result in a faithful reproduction of the signal, slices, called samples, of the analog waveform must be taken frequently.
- An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. CDMA’s Near-Far problem was largely solved in 3G/WCDMA, due to improved processing capabilities of BS and Handset devices.
- Channel Coding/ Forward error correction (FEC) is a method of obtaining error control in data transmission in which the source (transmitter) sends redundant data and the destination (receiver) recognizes only the portion of the data that contains no apparent errors. FEC codes can detect and correct a limited number of errors without retransmitting the data stream. Coding rate increases with the decrease in Radio Channel Quality.
- Link adaptation is the ability to adapt the modulation scheme and the coding rate of the error correction according to the quality of the radio link. If the conditions of the radio link are good, a high-level efficient modulation scheme and a small amount of error correction is used.
- OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data[1] on several parallel data streams or channels. OFDMA can be described as a combination of frequency domain and time domain multiple access, where the resources are partitioned in the time-frequency space, and slots are assigned along the OFDM symbol index as well as OFDM sub-carrier index.
- High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), which provide improved data rates using fast link adaptation and scheduling along with fast hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ). Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) provides further enhancement via multiple input, multiple output (2x2 MIMO) technologies, higher order modulation (64 QAM). And carrier aggregation (e.g. Dual Carrier HSPA).
- May require more than one slide