2. • A branch of philosophy dealing with values pertaining to
human conduct, considering the rightness wrongness of
actions and the goodness or badness of the motives and
ends of such actions
• “Our concern for good behavior. We feel an obligation to
consider not only our own personal well-being, but also
that of other human being”.
• Nursing Ethics: the values and ethical principles and
governing nursing practice, conduct and relationship
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thics
3. thics
Ethics is”
The discipline نظام of dealing with what is
good and bad, and with moral duty and
obligation
A set of moral principles or values
The principles of conduct governing an
individual or group
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4. Ethical Behavior
• “Ethical behavior is not the displayعرض of one’s
moral rectitude – correct- in times of crisis; it is the
day-to-day expression of one’s commitment to other
persons and the ways in which human beings relate to
one another in their daily interactions"
1. Respect the uniqueness and dignity of each person, self and
others – Protect patient privacy –
2. Act to remove harm or promote benefit – Improve unsafe
conditions
3. Treat individuals equally – Extend equal respect and courtesy
لطف to all individuals you encounter
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5. Moral decision
• Each day nurses deal with human events such as birth
death and suffering
• Nurses should decide the morality of their own actions
when they face ethical issues that surrounds sensitive
areas
• Ethical dilemmas arise when more than one, sometimes
opposite, actions arise because those involved in the
situation have different perspectives. And because the
ethical principles may suggest different courses of action.
• Ethical dilemmas frequently arise in end-of-life situations
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6. Factors Influencing Moral Decisions
1) Values: ―One‘s principles or standards; one‘s judgments of
what is valuable or important in life.
2) Morality and ethics
3) Nursing ethics
4) Advocacy: What is the overall good of being a patient's advocate
5) Cognitive development
6) Professional experience.
7) The ability to deal with uncertainty: best cope with
uncertainty, we need to stop complaining. When we drop our
fixation on the problem, we can focus on the outcomes we desire
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7. Values to Advocacy
• Client is a holistic, autonomous being who has the
right to make choices and decisions
• Clients have the right to expect a nurse-client
relationship that is based on shared trust, respect and
collaboration
• It is a nurse's responsibility to ensure client has access
to health care services that meet their health care
needs
• Assess the client’s point of view
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8. Values Basic to Advocacy
• Three core values help form the basis of nursing
advocacy: preserving human dignity; patient
equality; and freedom from suffering
• Supports clients in their decision
• Remain objective
• Accepting and respecting the client’s right to
decide, even if the nurse believes the decision to
be wrong
• Why is advocacy so important?
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9. Effective Client Advocates
• Being assertiveحازم
• Recognizing that the rights and values of clients
and families must take precedenceاألولوية when
they conflict with those of health care providers
• Being aware that conflicts may arise over issues
• Working with community agencies and lay
practitioners
• Know that advocacy may require political action
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10. Values
• Enduringثابته beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a
person, object, idea, or action
• May be unspoken or even unconsciously held
• Underlie all moral dilemmas
• Not all values are moral values(money, work & families)
• Values are often taken for granted
• Value Beliefs Perception Attitudes Behavior
interest and personality
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11.
12. Value System
•Values provide the basic foundation for understanding
a person’s personality perception & attitudes. القيم
:
شخصية مواقف لفهم األساس
• Nursing values help ensure the safety of patients & protection of
their rights, they may have negative consequences. These
typically relate to the pressures placed on nurses to achieve high
standards of care for every patient and to engage in
individualized, evidence-based practice, with an ever-increasing
level of responsibility and accountability.
• Basic to a way of life
– Give direction to life
– Form the basis of behavior
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13. Beliefs
• A belief is an idea that a person holds as being true.
• Beliefs (or opinions) are interpretations or conclusions
people accept as true
• Based more on faith ( (
ايمان than facts (traditional
practices)
e.g. if I study hard I will get good grade.
e.g. Good grades are really important to me. I must study
hard to obtain good grades
• A belief can come from different sources, including:
a person’s own experiences or experiments
the acceptance of cultural and societal norms (e.g. religion)
what other people say (e.g. education or mentoring).
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14. Attitudes
• Attitudes are mental positions or feelings toward a person, object, or
idea (acceptance, compassion, openness)
• Last over time
• Judged as bad or good, positive or negative beliefs are judged as
correct or incorrect
• Vary among individuals
• Four major components of attitude are (1) Affective: emotions or
feelings(e.g. I am scared of spiders”.). (2) Cognitive: belief /
knowledge or opinions held consciously)(e.g. I believe spiders
are dangerous”.. (3) Conative/ behavior: inclination for action, the
way the attitude we have influences on how we act or behave(e.g I
will avoid spiders and scream if I see one”.). (4) Evaluative:
positive or negative response to stimuli.
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15. Values Transmission
• Learned by observation and experiences
• Influenced by religion, ethnic, family, peer groups
and culture e.g. family demonstrate honesty , children
learned to be honest
• 40% value is genetically determined
Balance is given by the environmental factors
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16. Personal Values
• People's personal standards and rules of behavior. These
rules deal with behaviors they feel good about and find
reinforcing as proper kinds of conduct.
• Social values needed to be accepted in the society
• Personal values needed to have sense of individuality
• Personal values denote a sense of right or wrong, good
or bad, and other judgmental criteria based on our strong
sense of what the ideal ought to be
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17. Formation of Personal Ethics
Persons ethics are formulated through the
operation of five key forces in the individual’s
environment.
Family influences
Peer influences
Experiences
Value and Morals
Situational factors
Mass media
Law
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18. Professional Values
• Norms and rules thought best for activities and behaviors by the
prevailing professional group generally. Professional values are
a word used to describe professional‘ moral knowledge.
• Acquired during socialization into nursing from code of
ethics, nursing experiences, teachers, and peers
• American Association of Colleges of Nursing five values
– Altruism-التضحية-
– Autonomy
– Human dignity
– Integrity
– Social justice
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20. Values Clarification
Is a process by which people identify, examine and
develop their own individual values
The following steps can help clarify values:
List alternatives
Examine possible consequences of choices
Choose freely
Feel good about the choice
Affirm the choice
Act with a pattern
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21. Morality and Ethics
• Ethics has several meanings in common use
– A method of inquiry that helps people to understand
the morality of human behavior
– The practice or beliefs of a certain group( nursing
ethics)
– Expected standards of moral behavior of a particular
group as described in the group’s formal code of
professional ethics
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22. Morality Issues قضايا
أخالقيه
• Refers to private, personal standards of what is
right and wrong in conduct, character & attitude
• Concerned with important values & norms evoke
words such as good, bad, wrong, should & ought
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23. Moral Principles
• Statements about broad, general concepts such
as autonomy and justice.
• Provide the foundation for moral rules which
are specific prescriptions for actions
• Useful in ethical discussions
• May serve as a basis for the solution that is
acceptable to all parties
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25. Code of Ethics for Nursing
• Elements Of The Code
1. Nurses and People
2. Nurses and Practıce
3. Nurses and the Professıon
4. Nurses and Co-Workers
• Accountability means answerableمسؤول to oneself and others
for one’s own actions/Happens after a situation occurs/ results-focused
• means that the person is liable to face consequences from some authority if
the task isn’t completed successfully
• Responsibility refers to specific accountability or liability or
associated with the performance of duties of a particular role
the duty to compete task; Task focus
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26. Common Ethical Issues
• HIV/AIDS clients
• Abortions
• Organ or tissue transplantation
• End-of-life decisions
• Cost-containment issues (resource allocation)
• Breaches of client confidential
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