4. Compare the signs/symptoms of cystitis and pyelonephritis. 7. Compare the pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure. 18.6A Explain the presence of the abnormal constituents of urine. 18.10. List the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis that indicate infection is present and mark those indicating that kidney involvement (local or systemic) exists. 18.13 Explain how decreased fluid intake or dehydration predisposes to calculi in the urinary tract. Describe the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. .