4) A muscle enzyme called ME1 is produced by transcription and transla.pdf
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4) A muscle enzyme called ME1 is produced by transcription and translation of the ME1 gene in several muscles during mouse development, including heart muscle, in a highly regulated manner. Production of ME1 appears to be turned on and turned off at different times during development. To test the possible role of enhancers and silencers in ME1 transcription, a biologist creates a recombinant genetic system that fuses the ME1 promoter, along with DNA that is upstream of the promoter, to the bacterial lacZ ( -galactosidase) gene. The lacZ gene is chosen for the ease and simplicity of assaying production of the encoded enzyme. The diagram shows the structure of the recombinant, as well as bars that indicate the extent of six deletions the biologist makes to the ME1 promoter and upstream sequences. The table displays the percentage of R -galactosidase activity in each deletion mutant in comparison to the recombinant gene system without any deletions. Does this information indicate the presence of enhancer and/or silencer sequences in the ME1 upstream sequence? If so, where is/are the sequences located? (2 points).
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1. Gene insertion: The desired gene is isolated and inserted into the plant's genome using recombinant DNA technology. Common methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or direct DNA delivery via particle bombardment.
2. Promoter selection: The inserted gene is regulated by selecting an appropriate promoter that controls the timing and location of gene expression. Constitutive promoters allow continuous expression in all tissues, while tissue-specific promoters restrict expression.
3. Protein expression: The inserted gene is transcribed and translated inside the plant cell, resulting in the production of a novel protein or trait. For example, Bt crops express insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuring
Regulation of gene expression (1).ppt ars
The document discusses the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It explains that in prokaryotes, gene regulation occurs through operons, such as the lac operon. The lac operon demonstrates repression and derepression based on the presence of lactose. In eukaryotes, gene regulation involves chromatin remodeling, enhancers, transcription factors, and post-transcriptional modifications. Mechanisms include alternative splicing, RNA editing, gene amplification, and gene rearrangement. Overall, gene regulation allows for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, and organism adaptability.
Gene expression
Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated through various mechanisms including histone modification, DNA methylation, enhancers, and combinations of regulatory proteins. Gene regulation occurs through positive and negative elements that increase or decrease expression. Key examples are the lac and tryptophan operons in prokaryotes, which are regulated by repressors and inducers to control metabolic pathways in response to environmental conditions.
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Epithelial vs.docx
Epithelial to Mesenchymal
Transition
Epithelial vs Mesenchymal cells
(A) Epithelial cells are inter-
connected through tight junctions
(gray), E-cadherin-based junctions
(red), which are connected to the
actin cytoskeleton, gap junctions
(red/blue), and hemidesmosomes
(cyan), which are connected to
the cytokeratin-based intermediate filament cytoskeleton.
Epithelial cells also have specialized cell-ECM interactions
for adhesion to the laminin-rich basement membrane.
CSHL collection
Epithelial vs Mesenchymal cells
(B) Mesenchymal cells show a shift
to a vimentin-based intermediate
filament cytoskeleton and altered
composition of cell-ECM
interactions optimized for adhesion
to the collagen-rich interstitial matrix.
Mesenchymal cells also produce abundant TGFb, growth
factors (GF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as
well as components of the extracellular matrix.
CSHL collection
Epithelial vs Mesenchymal cells
Use this slide to practice describing the differences between
these two types of cells
Cell phenotypes in early mouse embryo.
(A) Gastrulating mouse embryo.
(C') Scanning electronic
micrograph of a transverse
section through a mouse embryo
showing the different cell
phenotypes: columnar
epithelium, mesenchyme and
squamous epithelium. (B)
Diagram of the embryonic part
of a mouse embryo. Dashed box
outlines the three germ layers.
(C) Scanning micrograph shown
in C' color-coded for the three
germ layers.
EMT and its reverse MET
.
Diagrammatic representation
of EMT, its reverse MET
(mesenchymal to Epithelial
Transition), egression and
ingression. (A) Epithelial cells
undergo EMT to assume
mesenchymal characteristics.
Conversely, mesenchymal
cells undergo MET to epithelialize. (B) In an ingression, cells
undergo EMT and leave an epithelium, while in an egression
cells undergo MET and join a preexisting epithelium as in
endoderm formation in birds and mammals.
Rear-front to apico-basal polarity
Categories of EMT
Three types of EMT can
be discerned depending
on the physiological tissue
context.
Type1 EMT occurs in
embryogenesis and organ development,
type2 EMT is important for tissue regeneration and organ
fibrosis, and type 3 EMT is associated with cancer
progression and cancer stem cell properties.
EMT and MET
The process of MET
(mesenchymal–epithelial
transition) enables cells that
have undergone EMT to revert
to the epithelial state. MET also
contributes to development and the generation of metastatic
carcinomas. Consecutive rounds of EMT and MET occur
during development. In 1ary EMT, epithelial cells without
prior history of EMT differentiate into mesenchymal cells. In
2ary EMT, cells that have already undergone EMT and MET
initiate a new EMT process, e.g. following dissemina ...
Genetic fine structure
This document discusses the structure of genes at the molecular level. It begins by defining a gene and describing genes' physical structures in DNA and RNA. It then explains the functional structures of genes, including promoters, introns, and exons. The document contrasts the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes, noting that eukaryotic genes often contain introns while prokaryotic genes do not. It concludes by defining genetic fine structure as the analysis of genes at the nucleotide level.
thesis body to print pdf
- The document discusses the establishment of polarity in the C. elegans zygote through the localization of proteins like PAR proteins, MEX-5, and PIE-1. PAR proteins first localize asymmetrically and then MEX-5 forms an anterior gradient dependent on PAR-1, while PIE-1 forms a posterior gradient. These gradients determine the fate of daughter cells after the first division.
Gene regulation
assignment (ppt.) on Gene Regulation: its mechanism,levels and types (gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
operon and its components.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapy
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapySwami Viekananda Institute of Modern Sciences
This presentation aims at giving a vivid knowledge about Nucleoli, a sub organelle of Nucleus, its role in protein formation. control, localization ad how specifically it is involved in Single Nucleotide polymorphism. The slide also discusses about the involvement of SNPs in Alzheimer’s Disease.
CSBJ-9-e201401001
This document discusses how proper gene expression is maintained throughout complex genomes. While individual gene regulation is understood, genome-wide patterns are less clear. The key regulatory elements of promoters, enhancers, and insulators are described. Promoters contain core sequences that recruit transcription machinery. Enhancers are distal elements that positively regulate genes through looping. Insulators organize chromatin into domains and prevent inappropriate enhancer-promoter interactions. The roles of core promoters, enhancer transcription, and differences in insulator-binding proteins are highlighted. Understanding local genomic context, including interactions of multiple elements, is argued to be important for fully explaining genome-wide gene regulation.
Control of gene expression ppt
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
Evolution of a Drug Target BACE1
The document summarizes research on the evolution of beta amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which is a drug target for Alzheimer's disease. BACE1 plays a role in the formation of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's. The research found evidence that BACE1 emerged from a single ancestral enzyme in early chordates and later duplicated, with one copy becoming BACE2. BACE1 has been under stronger purifying selection compared to BACE2, suggesting it maintains the original neuronal function while BACE2 may have taken on new roles. Comparing BACE1 and BACE2 across species could provide insights into their functions and the effects of inhibiting BACE1.
Hematopoiesis
The document discusses several studies that examined the bone marrow niche which houses hematopoietic stem cells. Key findings include:
1. Combined single-cell and spatial transcriptomics revealed that CXCL12 abundant reticular (CAR) cells differentially localize around sinusoids and arterioles and establish perivascular micro-niches through cytokine secretion.
2. Deletion of the transcription factor Foxc1 in mesenchymal cells depleted hematopoietic stem cells and reduced niche factors, occupying marrow with adipocytes. Inducible deletion in adults also depleted stem cells.
3. Deletion of Ebf3 in CAR cells impaired niche function and led to osteosclerosis with increased bone
basic of oncology awreness to general public for .ppt
Growth and differentiation are complex biological processes regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Growth involves an increase in size through cellular processes like cell multiplication, growth of components, and accretion of material. Differentiation is the process by which cells develop specialized phenotypes through regulated gene expression. Key aspects of growth and differentiation include organismal growth, morphogenesis, cell number control, and disorders that arise from deregulation like neoplasia. The precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression underlying differentiation and morphogenesis is critical for proper development and maintenance of tissues and organs.
Inmuno .pdf
1) The study investigated microparticles (MPs), specifically lymphocyte-derived MPs (LMPs), in packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusions which may modulate immune responses.
2) LMPs from pRBCs expressed various immunomodulatory molecules and cytokines in variable amounts between donors. TGFβ+ LMPs expressed high levels of regulatory and proinflammatory cytokines.
3) In vitro, TGFβ+ LMPs enhanced lymphocyte proliferation at low concentrations but inhibited it at high concentrations. MPs also upregulated antibody production by B cells in a dose-dependent manner.
4) In vivo, transfusing mice with antigen and allogeneic MPs led
Similar to 4) A muscle enzyme called ME1 is produced by transcription and transla.pdf (20)
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes- An over view
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes- An over view
Eukaryoses regulate gene expression by malt ple mechanums- One inpedan.pdf
Eukaryoses regulate gene expression by malt ple mechanums- One inpedan.pdf
Silencing of the lncRNA Zeb2-NAT facilitates reprogramming of aged fibroblast...
Silencing of the lncRNA Zeb2-NAT facilitates reprogramming of aged fibroblast...
Soal dan Pembahasan Farmakologi Molekular - PPAR dan Reseptor Estrogen
Soal dan Pembahasan Farmakologi Molekular - PPAR dan Reseptor Estrogen
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Epithelial vs.docx
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Epithelial vs.docx
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapy
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapy
basic of oncology awreness to general public for .ppt
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
4) A muscle enzyme called ME1 is produced by transcription and transla.pdf
- 1. 4) A muscle enzyme called ME1 is produced by transcription and translation of the ME1 gene in several muscles during mouse development, including heart muscle, in a highly regulated manner. Production of ME1 appears to be turned on and turned off at different times during development. To test the possible role of enhancers and silencers in ME1 transcription, a biologist creates a recombinant genetic system that fuses the ME1 promoter, along with DNA that is upstream of the promoter, to the bacterial lacZ ( -galactosidase) gene. The lacZ gene is chosen for the ease and simplicity of assaying production of the encoded enzyme. The diagram shows the structure of the recombinant, as well as bars that indicate the extent of six deletions the biologist makes to the ME1 promoter and upstream sequences. The table displays the percentage of R -galactosidase activity in each deletion mutant in comparison to the recombinant gene system without any deletions. Does this information indicate the presence of enhancer and/or silencer sequences in the ME1 upstream sequence? If so, where is/are the sequences located? (2 points)