This document provides an overview of stainless steel crowns for pediatric dentistry. It discusses the history, composition, indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of stainless steel crowns. It describes different types of crowns based on composition and morphology. The document outlines the armamentarium, techniques, adaptations and modifications for stainless steel crowns. It is intended to serve as a reference for using stainless steel crowns in treating pediatric dental patients.
The document discusses various types of full coverage restorations for primary anterior teeth including stainless steel crowns with composite facings, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, New Millennium crowns, Kudos crowns, Pedo jacket crowns, and Artglass crowns. It describes the materials, advantages, disadvantages, and placement techniques for each type of crown. Stainless steel crowns with composite facings combine strength, durability and improved aesthetics but take longer to place. Composite strip crowns provide good aesthetics but are technique sensitive. Polycarbonate crowns and Kudos crowns are more durable alternatives that are easier to place than composite strip crowns.
Zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teethSung-Ki Kim
1) The document discusses zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teeth. Zirconia is presented as a strong ceramic material that is biocompatible and esthetic.
2) Details are provided on the properties of zirconia, including its high strength, hardness, and fracture toughness compared to other dental materials. Advantages of zirconia crowns for primary teeth include esthetics, strength, and reduced chair time.
3) Guidance is given on tooth preparation, crown selection, cementation, and maintenance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth. Studies suggest zirconia crowns do not cause excessive wear to opposing teeth.
Early childhood dental caries occurs in all racial and socioeconomic groups; however, it tends to be more prevalent in children in families belonging to the low-income group, where it is seen in epidemic proportions. Dental caries results from an overgrowth of specific organisms that are a part of normally occurring human flora. Human dental flora is site specific, and an infant is not colonized until the eruption of the primary dentition at approximately 6 to 30 months of age. The most likely source of inoculation of an infant's dental flora is the mother, or another intimate care provider, shared utensils, etc. Decreasing the level of cariogenic organisms in the mother's dental flora at the time of colonization can significantly impact the child's redisposition to caries. To prevent caries in children, high-risk individuals must be identified at an early age (preferably high-risk mothers during prenatal care), and aggressive strategies should be adopted, including anticipatory guidance, behavior modifications (oral hygiene and feeding practices), and establishment of a dental home by 1 year of age for children deemed at risk.
Genetics- Principles & Disoreders in Paediatric DentistryDrSusmita Shah
The document discusses genetics principles and disorders relevant to pediatric dentistry. It begins with an overview of the history of genetics including discoveries by Mendel, Watson, Crick and others. It then covers basic genetics terminology, DNA structure, karyotyping, chromosomal abnormalities, inheritance patterns, genetic disorders and genetic counseling. Specific topics discussed in more depth include trisomies, Klinefelter syndrome, chromosomal deletions, duplications and other structural abnormalities. The document provides foundational information on genetics and inheritance patterns important for pediatric dentistry.
This document discusses occlusal development from birth through adulthood. It begins by describing the gum pads present at birth, noting their segmentation and relationships. It then outlines the four periods of occlusal development: neonatal, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. For each period, it details the typical eruption sequence and characteristics. The mixed dentition period is subdivided into three phases focusing on molar relationships and shifts. Factors that facilitate the transition between primary and permanent incisors are also explained.
The document discusses the development of occlusion from birth through adulthood. It begins by defining occlusion and describing an ideal occlusion. It then outlines the major periods of occlusal development: the neonatal period involving gum pads in infants; the primary dentition period when baby teeth erupt; the mixed dentition period involving both primary and permanent teeth; and the permanent dentition period when all adult teeth erupt. Key processes discussed include tooth eruption sequences, transitions between dentition periods, and changes to the dental arches that allow proper alignment of teeth.
This document provides an overview of regenerative endodontics, which aims to regenerate dental tissues through biologically-based procedures using stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Key elements for pulp regeneration include reliable stem cell sources, such as dental pulp stem cells, growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and appropriate scaffolds. Potential regenerative therapies include revascularization, stem cell therapy, scaffold implantation, and gene delivery. Measuring clinical outcomes and further applications are areas of future focus to develop regenerative endodontic therapies.
The document discusses various types of full coverage restorations for primary anterior teeth including stainless steel crowns with composite facings, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, New Millennium crowns, Kudos crowns, Pedo jacket crowns, and Artglass crowns. It describes the materials, advantages, disadvantages, and placement techniques for each type of crown. Stainless steel crowns with composite facings combine strength, durability and improved aesthetics but take longer to place. Composite strip crowns provide good aesthetics but are technique sensitive. Polycarbonate crowns and Kudos crowns are more durable alternatives that are easier to place than composite strip crowns.
Zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teethSung-Ki Kim
1) The document discusses zirconia crowns for primary anterior and posterior teeth. Zirconia is presented as a strong ceramic material that is biocompatible and esthetic.
2) Details are provided on the properties of zirconia, including its high strength, hardness, and fracture toughness compared to other dental materials. Advantages of zirconia crowns for primary teeth include esthetics, strength, and reduced chair time.
3) Guidance is given on tooth preparation, crown selection, cementation, and maintenance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth. Studies suggest zirconia crowns do not cause excessive wear to opposing teeth.
Early childhood dental caries occurs in all racial and socioeconomic groups; however, it tends to be more prevalent in children in families belonging to the low-income group, where it is seen in epidemic proportions. Dental caries results from an overgrowth of specific organisms that are a part of normally occurring human flora. Human dental flora is site specific, and an infant is not colonized until the eruption of the primary dentition at approximately 6 to 30 months of age. The most likely source of inoculation of an infant's dental flora is the mother, or another intimate care provider, shared utensils, etc. Decreasing the level of cariogenic organisms in the mother's dental flora at the time of colonization can significantly impact the child's redisposition to caries. To prevent caries in children, high-risk individuals must be identified at an early age (preferably high-risk mothers during prenatal care), and aggressive strategies should be adopted, including anticipatory guidance, behavior modifications (oral hygiene and feeding practices), and establishment of a dental home by 1 year of age for children deemed at risk.
Genetics- Principles & Disoreders in Paediatric DentistryDrSusmita Shah
The document discusses genetics principles and disorders relevant to pediatric dentistry. It begins with an overview of the history of genetics including discoveries by Mendel, Watson, Crick and others. It then covers basic genetics terminology, DNA structure, karyotyping, chromosomal abnormalities, inheritance patterns, genetic disorders and genetic counseling. Specific topics discussed in more depth include trisomies, Klinefelter syndrome, chromosomal deletions, duplications and other structural abnormalities. The document provides foundational information on genetics and inheritance patterns important for pediatric dentistry.
This document discusses occlusal development from birth through adulthood. It begins by describing the gum pads present at birth, noting their segmentation and relationships. It then outlines the four periods of occlusal development: neonatal, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. For each period, it details the typical eruption sequence and characteristics. The mixed dentition period is subdivided into three phases focusing on molar relationships and shifts. Factors that facilitate the transition between primary and permanent incisors are also explained.
The document discusses the development of occlusion from birth through adulthood. It begins by defining occlusion and describing an ideal occlusion. It then outlines the major periods of occlusal development: the neonatal period involving gum pads in infants; the primary dentition period when baby teeth erupt; the mixed dentition period involving both primary and permanent teeth; and the permanent dentition period when all adult teeth erupt. Key processes discussed include tooth eruption sequences, transitions between dentition periods, and changes to the dental arches that allow proper alignment of teeth.
This document provides an overview of regenerative endodontics, which aims to regenerate dental tissues through biologically-based procedures using stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Key elements for pulp regeneration include reliable stem cell sources, such as dental pulp stem cells, growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and appropriate scaffolds. Potential regenerative therapies include revascularization, stem cell therapy, scaffold implantation, and gene delivery. Measuring clinical outcomes and further applications are areas of future focus to develop regenerative endodontic therapies.
This document provides information about stainless steel crowns (SSCs), including their history, objectives, indications, contraindications, types, composition, clinical procedure, and references. Some key points:
- SSCs were first described in the 1950s and became commonly used in the 1960s to restore primary and permanent teeth.
- Objectives are to achieve a biologically compatible restoration that maintains tooth form and function.
- Indications include restoring teeth after pulpotomy/pulpectomy, with large/deep caries, or when 3+ surfaces need restoration.
- Clinical procedure involves evaluating occlusion, selecting correct crown size, tooth preparation to provide space and remove caries, and cementing the crown
The document discusses modifications that can be made to class II cavity preparations in primary molars to decrease stresses. This includes using concave pulpal floors and rounded internal line angles. It also recommends a relatively wider isthmus width that is one-third the intercuspal distance, and conservative proximal extensions that cannot pass an explorer tip. The document provides details on techniques for class II cavity preparations, such as using a #330 bur then switching to a #245 bur for extensions. Matrices, bases, condensation, and carving of amalgam restorations are also outlined.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the efficacy of the Hall Technique for managing carious primary molars. The Hall Technique involves cementing preformed metal crowns over primary molars with caries extending into the dentine, without local anesthesia, caries removal, or tooth preparation. The study involved over 300 children aged 5-9 years old and found that 230 parents were happy with the technique for being quick, easy, comfortable, and avoiding needles. However, 24 objected to aesthetics, 39 reported discomfort, and 7 had crown displacement. The conclusion is that the Hall Technique provides a minimal intervention and child-friendly approach for managing carious primary molars.
This document discusses different types of space maintainers used to preserve arch length and space following premature loss of primary teeth. It describes fixed and removable space maintainers, including specific appliances like band and loop, crown and loop, Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, lingual holding arch, distal shoe, and Hawley appliance. For each type, it covers indications, contraindications, and fabrication process. The key purpose of space maintainers is to maintain space and prevent adverse tooth movement following early primary tooth loss.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
This document discusses different types of full coverage restorations for anterior primary teeth in pediatric dentistry. It begins with an introduction describing the shift from extracting decayed primary teeth to restoring them. It then covers indications for full coverage of anterior teeth and contraindications. The main types discussed are stainless steel/open faced crowns, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, pre-veneered crowns, and zirconia crowns. For each type, the document describes advantages and disadvantages. It concludes that esthetics are now important in pediatric dentistry and different full coverage options allow restoring decayed anterior primary teeth while considering function, durability and aesthetics.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
This document discusses the scope of pedodontics. It begins by defining pedodontics as the branch of dentistry concerned with providing comprehensive dental care to children. It then discusses the stages of childhood and aims/objectives of pedodontics, which include a focus on overall health, prevention over treatment, and comprehensive oral healthcare. The document outlines the various areas and specialties within the scope of pedodontics, including restorative dentistry, oral surgery, preventive dentistry, and others. It also discusses behavior management techniques, treating special patients, diagnosis/treatment planning, preventive dentistry procedures, operative procedures, traumatic dental injuries, and the father of pediatric dentistry in India.
Anomalies of tooth formation and eruption, MISSING TEETH, EXTRA TEETH, ABNORMALITY OF TOOTH SIZE, Crown size, Root size, Abnormality of crown form, ABNORMALITY OF ROOT FORM, All tissues, Cementum defects, Dentine defects, enamel defects, DISTURBANCES OF ERUPTION & EXFOLIATION,
Regenerative endodontics aims to regenerate damaged pulp and root structures through biologically-based procedures. Historically, studies in the 1960s-70s showed blood clots could induce tissue formation in root canals. Current methods include placing stem cells on scaffolds with growth factors in the root canal to regenerate the pulp-dentin complex. Triple antibiotic paste, calcium hydroxide, and MTA are used as antimicrobial medicaments. The protocol involves inducing bleeding into the root canal to form a blood clot which triggers regeneration. The goal is periradicular health and evidence of vital regenerated tissue through radiographic and clinical measures.
This document discusses dentin hypersensitivity. It defines dentin hypersensitivity as short, sharp pain from exposed dentin in response to stimuli like heat, cold, tactile pressure or osmotic changes. It discusses the prevalence, distribution, etiology and theories of the condition. The key theory proposed is the hydrodynamic theory, which suggests that fluid movement in dentinal tubules in response to stimuli activates nerve endings and causes pain. Proper management of dentin hypersensitivity aims to occlude dentinal tubules to block this fluid movement.
Stainless steel crowns are indicated for restoring primary teeth with extensive decay, fractures, or other defects. They provide a durable and cost-effective restoration. Contraindications include situations where esthetics is a primary concern. Crowns can be modified as needed for individual clinical situations, such as space loss, deep lesions, or bruxism. Proper tooth preparation and crown adaptation are essential for optimal fit and function.
This document discusses prognosis in periodontal disease. Prognosis is the prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease based on knowledge of pathogenesis and risk factors. It is determined before treatment based on disease characteristics and previous experience. Prognosis can be excellent, good, fair, poor, questionable or hopeless depending on factors like bone loss, furcation involvement, and patient compliance. Systemic factors like smoking and diabetes can affect prognosis. Anatomical root characteristics also influence prognosis. The relationship between diagnosis and prognosis is discussed.
This document describes and compares various obturation techniques that can be used for filling root canals in primary teeth. It begins by defining obturation and describing the goal of creating a fluid-tight seal to prevent reinfection. It then provides details on 12 different techniques: endodontic pressure syringe, Lentulo spiral, mechanical syringe, incremental filling technique, Jiffy tube, tuberculin syringe, reamer technique, insulin syringe technique, disposable injection technique, NaviTip, bi-directional spiral, and Pastinject. For each technique, it discusses advantages such as ease of use and ability to fully fill canals, as well as disadvantages like difficulty with placement and increased risk of voids
This document discusses dental trauma classifications and management of avulsed teeth. It outlines 9 classes of dental injuries from fractures to tooth displacement. Avulsion, the complete displacement of a tooth, is most common in maxillary teeth of children ages 7-9 years. Prompt reimplantation within 15-20 minutes maximizes success. Complications of reimplantation include ankylosis and inflammatory root resorption. Splinting and antibiotics can reduce complications and promote healing of pulp and periodontal ligament. Regular follow up is needed to monitor healing and detect any issues.
The document discusses prenatal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It begins by providing definitions of growth, development, and the correlation between the two. It then describes the prenatal embryology and ossification of the maxilla, including the development of the palate and maxillary sinus. For the mandible, it discusses the pharyngeal arches, Meckel's cartilage, ossification centers, and endochondral bone formation including the condylar and coronoid processes.
Ferrule refers to a band of metal that encircles the external surface of a tooth. It strengthens root-filled teeth by resisting various stresses. A minimum ferrule height of 1.5-2mm is recommended. Factors like ferrule height, width, location, tooth type, post type, and core material affect its functionality. Ferrule promotes better fracture resistance and allows for repairable fractures versus non-repairable fractures without it. When ferrule cannot be created, crown lengthening or forced eruption can help generate tooth structure for ferruling.
Smart materials are materials that change their properties in response to environmental stimuli like stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields. Recent advances in smart materials have created opportunities for their use in biomedical applications like dental restoratives. One example is glass ionomer cement, which is considered a smart material because it releases fluoride ions that can recharge over time to help remineralize tooth structure and inhibit decay. Another example is shape memory alloys used in orthodontics, which apply gentle forces over long periods to move teeth with minimal discomfort. Smart composites containing amorphous calcium phosphate release ions that help neutralize acid and reinforce the tooth's natural defenses against decay.
Space regaining involves moving a displaced permanent tooth into its proper position after premature loss of a deciduous tooth. Methods include fixed appliances like open coil springs and removable appliances like Hawley's retainers. Removable appliances are activated gradually over weeks to exert light distal force on molars and regain up to 2mm of space. Fixed appliances can regain space faster but require proper cementation. Space regaining is best done between ages 7-10 years when tooth roots are still developing.
This document provides an overview of stainless steel crowns used in pediatric dentistry. It discusses the history and development of stainless steel crowns, their composition, indications and contraindications for use. The document outlines the armamentarium, techniques and modifications for placing stainless steel crowns. It also addresses advantages like longevity and protection of tooth structure, and disadvantages such as appearance. Overall, the document presents stainless steel crowns as an effective treatment for restoring severely decayed primary teeth.
This document provides an overview of stainless steel crowns used in pediatric dentistry. It discusses the history and development of stainless steel crowns, their composition, indications and contraindications for use. The document outlines the armamentarium, techniques and modifications for placing stainless steel crowns. It summarizes that stainless steel crowns provide effective long-term restoration of primary molars and protection of tooth structure, with the advantages of easy placement and low failure rates, though they can appear unsightly.
This document provides information about stainless steel crowns (SSCs), including their history, objectives, indications, contraindications, types, composition, clinical procedure, and references. Some key points:
- SSCs were first described in the 1950s and became commonly used in the 1960s to restore primary and permanent teeth.
- Objectives are to achieve a biologically compatible restoration that maintains tooth form and function.
- Indications include restoring teeth after pulpotomy/pulpectomy, with large/deep caries, or when 3+ surfaces need restoration.
- Clinical procedure involves evaluating occlusion, selecting correct crown size, tooth preparation to provide space and remove caries, and cementing the crown
The document discusses modifications that can be made to class II cavity preparations in primary molars to decrease stresses. This includes using concave pulpal floors and rounded internal line angles. It also recommends a relatively wider isthmus width that is one-third the intercuspal distance, and conservative proximal extensions that cannot pass an explorer tip. The document provides details on techniques for class II cavity preparations, such as using a #330 bur then switching to a #245 bur for extensions. Matrices, bases, condensation, and carving of amalgam restorations are also outlined.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the efficacy of the Hall Technique for managing carious primary molars. The Hall Technique involves cementing preformed metal crowns over primary molars with caries extending into the dentine, without local anesthesia, caries removal, or tooth preparation. The study involved over 300 children aged 5-9 years old and found that 230 parents were happy with the technique for being quick, easy, comfortable, and avoiding needles. However, 24 objected to aesthetics, 39 reported discomfort, and 7 had crown displacement. The conclusion is that the Hall Technique provides a minimal intervention and child-friendly approach for managing carious primary molars.
This document discusses different types of space maintainers used to preserve arch length and space following premature loss of primary teeth. It describes fixed and removable space maintainers, including specific appliances like band and loop, crown and loop, Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, lingual holding arch, distal shoe, and Hawley appliance. For each type, it covers indications, contraindications, and fabrication process. The key purpose of space maintainers is to maintain space and prevent adverse tooth movement following early primary tooth loss.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
This document discusses different types of full coverage restorations for anterior primary teeth in pediatric dentistry. It begins with an introduction describing the shift from extracting decayed primary teeth to restoring them. It then covers indications for full coverage of anterior teeth and contraindications. The main types discussed are stainless steel/open faced crowns, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, pre-veneered crowns, and zirconia crowns. For each type, the document describes advantages and disadvantages. It concludes that esthetics are now important in pediatric dentistry and different full coverage options allow restoring decayed anterior primary teeth while considering function, durability and aesthetics.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
This document discusses the scope of pedodontics. It begins by defining pedodontics as the branch of dentistry concerned with providing comprehensive dental care to children. It then discusses the stages of childhood and aims/objectives of pedodontics, which include a focus on overall health, prevention over treatment, and comprehensive oral healthcare. The document outlines the various areas and specialties within the scope of pedodontics, including restorative dentistry, oral surgery, preventive dentistry, and others. It also discusses behavior management techniques, treating special patients, diagnosis/treatment planning, preventive dentistry procedures, operative procedures, traumatic dental injuries, and the father of pediatric dentistry in India.
Anomalies of tooth formation and eruption, MISSING TEETH, EXTRA TEETH, ABNORMALITY OF TOOTH SIZE, Crown size, Root size, Abnormality of crown form, ABNORMALITY OF ROOT FORM, All tissues, Cementum defects, Dentine defects, enamel defects, DISTURBANCES OF ERUPTION & EXFOLIATION,
Regenerative endodontics aims to regenerate damaged pulp and root structures through biologically-based procedures. Historically, studies in the 1960s-70s showed blood clots could induce tissue formation in root canals. Current methods include placing stem cells on scaffolds with growth factors in the root canal to regenerate the pulp-dentin complex. Triple antibiotic paste, calcium hydroxide, and MTA are used as antimicrobial medicaments. The protocol involves inducing bleeding into the root canal to form a blood clot which triggers regeneration. The goal is periradicular health and evidence of vital regenerated tissue through radiographic and clinical measures.
This document discusses dentin hypersensitivity. It defines dentin hypersensitivity as short, sharp pain from exposed dentin in response to stimuli like heat, cold, tactile pressure or osmotic changes. It discusses the prevalence, distribution, etiology and theories of the condition. The key theory proposed is the hydrodynamic theory, which suggests that fluid movement in dentinal tubules in response to stimuli activates nerve endings and causes pain. Proper management of dentin hypersensitivity aims to occlude dentinal tubules to block this fluid movement.
Stainless steel crowns are indicated for restoring primary teeth with extensive decay, fractures, or other defects. They provide a durable and cost-effective restoration. Contraindications include situations where esthetics is a primary concern. Crowns can be modified as needed for individual clinical situations, such as space loss, deep lesions, or bruxism. Proper tooth preparation and crown adaptation are essential for optimal fit and function.
This document discusses prognosis in periodontal disease. Prognosis is the prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease based on knowledge of pathogenesis and risk factors. It is determined before treatment based on disease characteristics and previous experience. Prognosis can be excellent, good, fair, poor, questionable or hopeless depending on factors like bone loss, furcation involvement, and patient compliance. Systemic factors like smoking and diabetes can affect prognosis. Anatomical root characteristics also influence prognosis. The relationship between diagnosis and prognosis is discussed.
This document describes and compares various obturation techniques that can be used for filling root canals in primary teeth. It begins by defining obturation and describing the goal of creating a fluid-tight seal to prevent reinfection. It then provides details on 12 different techniques: endodontic pressure syringe, Lentulo spiral, mechanical syringe, incremental filling technique, Jiffy tube, tuberculin syringe, reamer technique, insulin syringe technique, disposable injection technique, NaviTip, bi-directional spiral, and Pastinject. For each technique, it discusses advantages such as ease of use and ability to fully fill canals, as well as disadvantages like difficulty with placement and increased risk of voids
This document discusses dental trauma classifications and management of avulsed teeth. It outlines 9 classes of dental injuries from fractures to tooth displacement. Avulsion, the complete displacement of a tooth, is most common in maxillary teeth of children ages 7-9 years. Prompt reimplantation within 15-20 minutes maximizes success. Complications of reimplantation include ankylosis and inflammatory root resorption. Splinting and antibiotics can reduce complications and promote healing of pulp and periodontal ligament. Regular follow up is needed to monitor healing and detect any issues.
The document discusses prenatal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It begins by providing definitions of growth, development, and the correlation between the two. It then describes the prenatal embryology and ossification of the maxilla, including the development of the palate and maxillary sinus. For the mandible, it discusses the pharyngeal arches, Meckel's cartilage, ossification centers, and endochondral bone formation including the condylar and coronoid processes.
Ferrule refers to a band of metal that encircles the external surface of a tooth. It strengthens root-filled teeth by resisting various stresses. A minimum ferrule height of 1.5-2mm is recommended. Factors like ferrule height, width, location, tooth type, post type, and core material affect its functionality. Ferrule promotes better fracture resistance and allows for repairable fractures versus non-repairable fractures without it. When ferrule cannot be created, crown lengthening or forced eruption can help generate tooth structure for ferruling.
Smart materials are materials that change their properties in response to environmental stimuli like stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields. Recent advances in smart materials have created opportunities for their use in biomedical applications like dental restoratives. One example is glass ionomer cement, which is considered a smart material because it releases fluoride ions that can recharge over time to help remineralize tooth structure and inhibit decay. Another example is shape memory alloys used in orthodontics, which apply gentle forces over long periods to move teeth with minimal discomfort. Smart composites containing amorphous calcium phosphate release ions that help neutralize acid and reinforce the tooth's natural defenses against decay.
Space regaining involves moving a displaced permanent tooth into its proper position after premature loss of a deciduous tooth. Methods include fixed appliances like open coil springs and removable appliances like Hawley's retainers. Removable appliances are activated gradually over weeks to exert light distal force on molars and regain up to 2mm of space. Fixed appliances can regain space faster but require proper cementation. Space regaining is best done between ages 7-10 years when tooth roots are still developing.
This document provides an overview of stainless steel crowns used in pediatric dentistry. It discusses the history and development of stainless steel crowns, their composition, indications and contraindications for use. The document outlines the armamentarium, techniques and modifications for placing stainless steel crowns. It also addresses advantages like longevity and protection of tooth structure, and disadvantages such as appearance. Overall, the document presents stainless steel crowns as an effective treatment for restoring severely decayed primary teeth.
This document provides an overview of stainless steel crowns used in pediatric dentistry. It discusses the history and development of stainless steel crowns, their composition, indications and contraindications for use. The document outlines the armamentarium, techniques and modifications for placing stainless steel crowns. It summarizes that stainless steel crowns provide effective long-term restoration of primary molars and protection of tooth structure, with the advantages of easy placement and low failure rates, though they can appear unsightly.
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses stainless steel crowns, which are semi-permanent restorations used in primary and young permanent teeth. It describes the history, types, indications, advantages, disadvantages, composition, placement procedure, modifications, and complications of stainless steel crowns. Stainless steel crowns provide full tooth coverage and are effective for restoring extensively decayed or malformed primary teeth. They are durable, economical restorations that can improve function and aesthetics for young patients.
Stainless steel crowns are prefabricated crown forms that are adapted to individual teeth and cemented with a biocompatible luting agent. “The SSC is extremely durable, relatively inexpensive, subject to minimal technique sensitivity during placement, and offers the advantage of full coronal coverage.”
Stainless steel crowns are semi-permanent restorations used for primary and young permanent teeth. They provide superior longevity compared to other restorative materials. Stainless steel crowns require minimal tooth preparation and can be placed in a single appointment, making them efficient. They are indicated for restoring teeth with extensive decay, following pulpotomies, in patients with poor oral hygiene, and as a space maintainer. Proper tooth preparation, crown adaptation, cementation, and follow up are important for success.
Stainless steel crowns in pediatric dentistry pptdrvinodini
This document provides an overview of stainless steel crowns (SSCs), including their history, composition, indications, contraindications, placement procedure, and modifications. SSCs were first described in 1950 as a semi-permanent restoration option for primary and young permanent teeth. They are made of stainless steel or nickel-chromium alloys. SSCs are indicated for restoring teeth with extensive decay, fractures, pulpotomies, or as a space maintainer. Placement involves tooth preparation, selection and fitting of the crown, contouring, crimping, cementation, and finishing. Modifications include altering crown size or adding material to accommodate deep caries or spacing issues. Studies have found SSCs to have low microleakage and
This document discusses semi-permanent crowns used in pediatric dentistry. It begins by introducing the author and defining semi-permanent crowns. It then covers the indications and contraindications for full coverage restorations. Five different types of crowns are described in detail: 1) preformed metal crowns, 2) stainless steel crowns with composite facings, 3) composite crowns, 4) preveneered stainless steel crowns, and 5) zirconia crowns. The conclusion reiterates that various crown options exist for restoring carious primary teeth, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the use of stainless steel crowns in restorative pediatric dentistry, including their history, indications and contraindications, comparison to other restoration methods, and the Hall technique involving placement of stainless steel crowns. Stainless steel crowns provide durable restorations for primary teeth with extensive decay and have survival times over 40 months, making them an economical option despite initial higher costs compared to other materials like glass ionomer cement. Case examples are presented to illustrate when stainless steel crowns are suitable or not suitable for carious primary molars.
This document provides information on tooth preparation for full veneer crowns. It begins with an introduction stating that tooth preparation is an important phase that everything following, like vitality, health, esthetics, and longevity depend on. It then discusses the history of crowns dating back to 300-400 BC and developments over time. Principles of tooth preparation according to Rosenstiel and Shillingburg are outlined focusing on biologic factors, mechanical retention and resistance form, esthetics, and the periodontium. Terminologies are defined. The different crowns types - complete cast metal, anterior/posterior metal-ceramic, porcelain jacket, and all-ceramic crowns are described along with their indications, advantages, disadvantages
Stainless Steel Crown (Department of pedodontics)shebin_1992
This document discusses stainless steel crowns, including different types, their objectives and uses, composition, indications, clinical procedure, modifications, and complications. There are three main types of stainless steel crowns - untrimmed, pretrimmed, and precontoured. Stainless steel crowns are used to restore primary and young permanent teeth with extensive decay or other defects. The clinical procedure involves tooth preparation, initial crown adaptation, contouring, crimping, and cementation. Complications can include ledges, crown tilt, or poor margins.
The document discusses the progression of early childhood caries (ECC) leading to poor quality of life. It then summarizes the use of stainless steel crowns in pediatric dentistry, including their introduction, classification based on morphology and composition, indications, advantages, disadvantages, modifications, and complications. Prefabricated stainless steel crowns provide a superior restoration to multi-surface fillings and can help prevent further dental problems if used for extensive decay, following pulp therapy, or as a preventive restoration in primary teeth.
This document discusses stainless steel crowns. It begins with an introduction and history of stainless steel crowns. It then discusses definitions, classifications, indications, contraindications and armamentarium. The main body describes the clinical procedure for stainless steel crowns in detail, including tooth preparation, crown selection, adaptation, contouring, crimping and cementation. It concludes with modifications for special clinical situations and causes of failure.
Stainless steel crowns have been used since the 1940s to restore primary teeth. They provide full coverage of badly broken down teeth and can be placed quickly and economically compared to other restorative materials. SSCs are durable and help prevent further decay by fully covering the tooth. They are indicated for restoring teeth with large or multi-surface cavities, following pulpal therapy, or for high-risk patients. Placement involves preparing the tooth with rounded line angles and occlusal reduction before selecting the correct sized preformed crown and adapting it over the tooth margins.
Stainless steel crowns in paediatric dentistryDr Ravneet Kour
Stainless steel crowns are commonly used in pediatric dentistry to restore heavily decayed primary molars. They have a long history of use dating back to the 1940s. There are different types based on composition and morphology. Indications include restoring teeth with extensive decay involving multiple surfaces. Contraindications include teeth with advanced root resorption. Placement involves tooth preparation, crown selection, adaptation and cementation. Potential complications include aspiration during placement and nickel allergy in some patients.
This document discusses stainless steel crowns which are preformed metal crowns used to restore primary teeth. It provides background on their history, classification based on material and form, composition, indications and contraindications. The key advantages are their longevity, protection of tooth structure and low failure rate. The main disadvantage is their metallic appearance.
This document discusses stainless steel crowns which are preformed metal crowns used to restore primary teeth. It provides background on their history, classification based on material and form, composition, indications and contraindications. The key advantages are their longevity, protection of tooth structure and low failure rate. The main disadvantage is their metallic appearance.
Restoration of endodontically treated teeth.Anish Amin
provides an overview of restoring endodontically treated teeth using posts and cores. It discusses the historical background of posts and describes characteristics of teeth that have undergone endodontic treatment. Key points include that these teeth often have reduced strength and require special considerations for retention and resistance. The document outlines indications for posts and cores, principles of preservation of tooth structure and providing retention and resistance. It also describes methodologies for various steps of the post and core procedure.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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4. INTRODUCTION
Maintenance of the primary dentition in a healthy condition is important for the
overall well being of the child.
Treatment of the severely destructed teeth poses a challenge for the pediatric
dentist as 3 important FACTORS have to be kept in mind,
1. Patient’s behavioural management,
2. Preservation of the tooth structure and
3. Parental satisfaction.
5. The technological advances in dental materials in children make constant re
evaluation of our treatment philosophies and techniques a necessity because
what was an acceptable treatment approach in the past may not necessarily
be the best treatment option for our young patients today.
Dental decay in children’s teeth is a significant public health problem, affecting
60% to 90% of school children in industrialized countries (WHO Report 2003)
INTRODUCTION…
6. Many options exist to repair carious teeth in paediatric patients, from
stainless steel crowns to its various modifications to other esthetic crowns like
strip crowns and zirconium crowns which are rising in their popularity.
INTRODUCTION…
7. STAINLESS STEEL CROWNS (SSCS)
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main
function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
7
8. STAINLESS STEEL CROWNS
The preformed metal crown (PMC), more commonly known as the stainless
steel crown (SSC), has been used for approximately 50 years.
Preformed metal crowns (PMCs) for primary molar teeth were first described
in 1950 by Engel, followed by Humphrey.
9. THE SSC STORY…!!
Dr. William Humphrey of Denver,
Colorado.
Relation with Rocky Mountain
Orthodontic company.
10. It began as a fairly crude metal tube closed on one end with a prestamped
facsimile of a molar occlusal surface.
It required a significant amount of time and skill to trim, festoon, crimp and
harden the margins to custom fit the tooth.
Today’s crown is much easier to place and often requires minimal
modifications from its manufactured form.
THE SSC STORY…!!
11. CLASSIFICATION: BASED ON COMPOSITION
1. Stainless Steel crown ( Unitek and Rocky Mountain crowns)
2. Nickel-Base crowns (Ion Ni-chro from 3M)
3. Tin –base crowns
4. Aluminum -base crowns
12. COMPOSITION
Iron (67%), carbon, chromium (17-19%), nickel (10-13%), manganese and
other metals (4%).
Chromium oxidizes - “passivating film”
The term “stainless steel” is used when the chromium content exceeds 11%
and is generally in the range of 12 to 30%.
SSC contain about 18% chromium and 8% nickel as well as small amounts of
other elements and are considered as 18-8 stainless steel.
13. Composition
Stainless steel crowns (18-
8) Austenitic type (Rocky
mountain)
• 17-19%chromium
• 10-13% nickel
• 67% iron
• 4% minor elements
Nickel base crowns
(InConell 600 alloy)
• 72% nickel
• 14% chromium
• 6-10% iron
• 0.04% carbon
• 0.35% manganese
• 0.2% silicon
13
14. Manufacturer Iron Chromium Nickel Carbon,
Manganese,
Silicon
Unitek 67 17 12 4
3M 10 16 72 2
Chemical Composition of Two types of Crowns Expressed as Percentages
Brook & King. Dent Update 9:25, 1985. 14
15. CLASSIFICATION: BASED ON MORPHOLOGY
According to form and contour:
1. Uncontoured/ untrimmed crowns
(Rocky mountain, Unitek)
2. Pretrimmed crowns
(Unitek stainless steel crowns,3M,De novo crowns)
3. Precontoured crowns
( Ni-chro ion crowns 3m Crowns and Unitek)
16. Classification
16
Untrimmed crowns (e.g. Rocky
Mountain)
• neither trimmed nor contoured
• longer
• lot of adaptation
• time consuming
Pre trimmed crowns (e.g. Unitek
stainless steel crowns, 3M and
Denovo crowns)
• straight, non-contoured sides
• but shorter
• festooned
• require contouring
17. Pre contoured crowns (e.g.
Ni-Cr Ion crowns , Unitek
stainless steel crowns,3M)
• Festooned, Pre Contoured & Pre
trimmed
• minimal amount of adjustment
necessary
• more difficulty in adaptation since
trimming will result in removal of
manufacturers gingival crimp
Preveneered SSC
• Aesthetic posterior crowns
• Resin based composite bonded
to the buccal and occlusal
surfaces
• Allow only minimal crimping
17
18. AUSTENITIC V/S FERRITIC
Increased ductility and ability to be cold worked without fracturing
Strengthening during cold working
Greater ease of welding
Ability to overcome sensitization (> 6500C)
18
19. INDICATIONS FOR USE IN PRIMARY MOLAR TEETH
1. After pulp therapy;
2. Multisurface caries
3. Pt’s at high caries risk;
4. Where a restoration is likely to fail (eg, proximal box Extended beyond the
anatomic line angles;
5. Fractured teeth;
6. Teeth with extensive wear (bruxism);
7. Abutment for space maintainer.
20. INDICATIONS FOR PERMANENT MOLAR TEETH
1.Interim restoration of a broken-down or traumatized tooth
2. When financial considerations are a concern,
3. Teeth with developmental defects (dentin dysplasia, sensitivity).
4. Restoration of a permanent molar which requires full Coverage but is
only partially erupted.
21. INDICATIONS
1.Restoration of carious primary molars where more than two surfaces are
affected, or where one or two surface carious lesions are extensive.
2.If restoration is needed to last >2 yrs
21
22. 3. Child < 6yrs SS crown preferable to restorations
4. Following pulpotomy or pulpectomy procedures. (Kindelan 2008)
22
INDICATIONS
23. 23
5.Localized or generalized developmental problems,
e.g.:Enamel hypoplasia,
Amelogenesis imperfecta,
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
6. Restoration of fractured primary molars.
INDICATIONS
24. 24
7. Extensive tooth surface loss due to
Eg : Attrition
: Abrasion/erosion
: Bruxism
8. In patients with a
high caries susceptibility
9. As an abutment for certain
appliances, such as
space maintainers.
INDICATIONS
25. 25
10. In patients where routine oral hygiene measures are
impaired.
11.In patients undergoing restorative care under general
anaesthesia if two or more surfaces are involved
12. In patients with infra-occluded primary molars
13. Single tooth cross bite
INDICATIONS…
26. 26
14. As an “emergency” measure to reduce the sensitivity of these
teeth
15. For :temporary restoration of permanent teeth
:fractured permanent anterior teeth and
:young permanent molars following endodontic treatment.
16. Recurrent caries around existing restorations
INDICATIONS…
27. CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Non restorable and severely broken down teeth
2. As a permanent restoration in a permanent teeth
3. Primary teeth exhibiting more than ½ of root resorption
4. If the primary molar is close to exfoliation with more than half the roots resorbed or exfoliation within 6-
12 months
5. Clinical or radiographical evidence of radicular pathology
6. Tooth exhibits excessive mobility
27
28. CONTRAINDICATIONS
6. Primary posterior teeth - conservative restorations can be placed
7. Partially erupted teeth
8. Esthetically unappealing
9. Where conservative restorations can be placed
10. In a patient with a known nickel allergy or sensitivity
-ESPE SSC consists of a chromium-nickel
steel of surgical quality.
- Incidence of Ni allergy due to orthodontic
treatment 1 in 100 (Hensten& Petersen 1992)
-Conventional SS crowns do not aggravate hypersensitivity (Janson 1998) 28
29. ADVANTAGES
1. Their lifespan is the same as that of an intact primary tooth.
2. They provide protection to the residual tooth structure that may have been
weakened after excessive caries removal.
3. The technique sensitivity or the risk of making errors during their application
is low.
4. Their long-term cost effectiveness is good.
5. They have a low failure rate.
31. SIZE FOR SSC TOOTH SIZES AVAILABLE WIDTH RANGE
(MM)
Upper 1st primary molar 2- 7 7.2 to 9.2
Upper 2nd primary molar 2-7 9.2 to 11.2
Lower 1st primary molar 2-7 7.4 to 9.4
Lower 2nd primary molar 2-7 9.4 to 11.4
Upper 1st permanent molar 2-7 10.7 to 12.8
Lower 1st permanent molar 2-7 10.8 to 12.8
Sizes 4 & 5 are most often
used
Supplied in kit form with
user
needing to reorder only
those
sizes frequently used.
39. PLIER NAME NO. OF
PLIER
USE
Gordon plier no 137 Contouring gingival third of crown
Ball & socket plier no 112 Exaggerating interproximal contour in
open contacts, for bell shaped contouring
Howe plier no 110 Flattening interproximal contour of crown
Howe Plier
40. OTHERS:
•Rough or whitening polish wheels.
•Sharp scalers or instruments
•Cement medium
-Glass slab
- Spatula/ Agate spatula
- Luting cement
•Dental floss
•Rubber dam armamentarium
•Sharp explorer- for marking gingival extension of crown margin
41. TECHNIQUE
1. Evaluate the preoperative occlusion:
2. Selection of crown
3. Tooth preparation
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
4. Final adaptation of the crown
5. Finishing
6. Polishing
7. Crown fit
8. Cementation
42. Crown selection
Determine the mesiodistal width of the crown from premeasured chart or measure it using boley
gauge or vernier calipers.
STEPS FOR CLINICAL PROCEDURE
43. STEPS
Pre-operative occlusion evaluation
By visual examination and transfer this relation on
the wax-sheet by asking the patient to bite.
Local anaesthesia administration.
As minimal amount of gingival tissue is
manipulated during crown cutting.
Caries removal
Occlusal reduction -1.5 -2mm (Keneddy)
44. Rubberdam application.
Placement of wedges.
They are placed in interproximal space
which act as tooth seprators and also
protects the underlying soft tissues.
45. Tooth preparation.
Occlusal reduction
Uniform occlusal reduction of 1.0- 1.5 mm which
follows the anatomy of occlusal surface.
46. FOR TOOTH REDUCTION:
Occlusal reduction
Uniform occlusal reduction of 1 to 1.5mm using a 1mm bur to make grooves in the occlusal surface
to guide the reduction.
Proximal reduction
Tapered fissure bur is used to reduce the trauma to soft tissues.
Bur is moved buccolingual direction starting at the occlusal surface 1-2 mm away from occlusal
surface.
Mesial and distal clearance and a smooth taper obtained free of ledges and shoulders.
Buccal and lingual reduction
Minimal reduction is necessary.
Line angles rounded
47. Trial fitting, trimming and contouring the crown.
To leave the crown margins in the gingival sulcus.
To reproduce tooth morphology.
Finishing the crown.
It is done with stone and rubber wheel to remove scratches.
48. EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR TOOTH PREPARATION:
1. The occlusal clearance should be 1.5 to 2mm.
2. Proximal slices converge toward the occlusal and lingual, following the
normal proximal contour. (Mathewson)
3. An explorer can be passed between the prepared tooth and the proximal
tooth at the gingival margin of preparation.
4. The buccal and lingual surface if required
are reduced at least 0.5 mm which the reduction ending in a feather edge 0.5
to 1mm into the gingival sulcus.
49. 5. The buccal and lingual surfaces converge slightly towards the occlusal.
6. All the line angles in the preparation are rounded and smoothened.
7. The occlusal third of buccal and lingual surfaces are gently rounded.
50. ADAPTATION OF CROWN
Initial adaptation of crown
Two principles of Spedding (1984)
Correct occluso-gingival crown length
Crown margins should follow tooth’s marginal gingiva
51. A. Gingival contour of 2nd molar- ‘smile’
B. Gingival contour of 1st molar –
‘stretched s’
C.Proximal gingival contour of molars –
‘frown’
52. Seat the lingual side first
Friction should be felt
Gingival blanching- long crown
Crown does not seat-
- Inadequate occlusal reduction
- Proximal ledge
- Contact not broken
SEATING THE CROWN
53. CONTOURING THE CROWN
Johnson 114 plier (ball and socket pliers)
Middle 1/3rd of crown-belling effect.
Dentarum 112 plier (Abell plier)-proximal surface.
137 Gordan pliers- gingival 1/3rd of crown.
54. Unitek 800-412 pliers
Groper crimper #230-750
Tight marginal fit aids in
- Mechanical retention of the crown
- Protection of the cement from exposure to oral fluids
- Maintenance of gingival health
CROWN CRIMPING
55. Final Adaptation Of The Crown:
Crown must snap into place, should not be able to be removed with finger
pressure.
The crown should fit so that there is no rocking on the tooth.
Moderate occlusal displacement forces at the margin should not displace the
crown.
The properly seated crown will correspond to the marginal height of the
adjacent tooth and is not rotated on the tooth.
56. Crown is in proper occlusion and should not interface with the eruption of teeth.
There should be no high points when checked with an articulating paper.
The crown margin extends about 1mm gingiva to gingival crest.
57. No opening exists between the crown and the tooth at the cervical
margins.
Crown margins closely adapted to the tooth and should not cause
gingival irritation.
The crown seats without cutting or blanching the gingiva.
58. TITLE Comparison of Marginal Circumference of Two Different Pre-crimped Stainless Steel
Crowns for Primary Molars After Re-crimping
AUTHORS
JOURNAL
Hossein Afshar, Mehdi Ghandehari, Banafsheh Soleimani
Journal of Dentistry, Iran 2015. LEVEL: 4
AIM To assess the changes in the circumference of 3M ESPE and MIB pre-crimped stainless
steel crowns (SSCs) for primary maxillary and mandibular first and second molars following
re-crimping
METHOD Initial photographs were obtained from the margins of 3M and MIB SSCs for the upper and
lower primary molars using a digital camera. Crown margins were crimped by applying 0.2N
force using 114 and
137 pliers. Post-crimping photographs were also obtained and the changes in crown
circumference after crimping were calculated using AutoCad software. The percentage of
reduction in the circumference of crowns for each tooth was statistically analyzed. The effect
of crown design and the associated teeth on the decreased circumference percentage was
statistically analyzed.
59. CONCLUSION Considering the significant reduction in the marginal circumference of precrimped
SSCs following re-crimping, it appears that this manipulation must be necessarily
performed for MIB and 3M pre-crimped SSCs. By using 3M SSCs, higher marginal
adaptation can be achieved following crimping.
RESULT The percentage of reduction in lower E SSC circumference was 3.71±0.39% in MIB and
6.29±0.62% in 3M crowns. These values were 3.55±0.55% and 7.15±1.13% for the lower
Ds, and 3.95±0.43 and 6.24±0.85% for the upper Ds, respectively. For the upper Es,
these values were found to be 3.12±0.65% and 5.14±0.94%, respectively. For each
tooth, a significant difference was found between MIB and 3M SSCs in terms of the
percentage of reduction in crown circumference following crimping. The magnitude of
this reduction was smaller in MIB compared to 3M SSCs (P<0.001).
60. Finishing and Polishing :
While polishing the crown, margins should be blunt since knife edge finish
produces sharp ends which act as areas of plaque retention.
A broad stone wheel should run slowly, in light brushing strokes, across the
margins, towards the center of the crown. This will draw the metal closer to
the tooth without reducing the crown height and thus improves the adaptation
of the crown.
61. Radiographic Confirmation of Gingival Fit
Crown too long-reduce the length.
Crown short- orthodontic band or adaptation of another crown.
62. CEMENTATION
Rinse and dry the crown.
Cements used are ZnOE, ZnPO4,
Polycarboxylate, glassionomer
cement, self curing resin-RMGI
preferable
When the cement is half set , the
occlusion is rechecked
Excess cement should be removed
using explorer tip, dental floss.
63. POST CEMENTATION INSTRUCTION
Avoid heavy chewing with the crown for 24 hours.
Maintain oral hygiene.
Recalled after 6 months.
64. Interproximal ledge.
Crown tilt.
Poor margins.
Inhalation or ingestion of crown.
Under extension of crown.
Over extension of crown.
COMPLICATIONS
65. The gingival finishing line should be a feather edge.
A taper mesially and distally will help to achieve this.
The Buccal and Lingual surfaces if required are reduced 0.5mm, with the
reduction ending in a featheredge, 0.5 to 1mm into the gingival sulcus
68. ADJACENT CROWNS (DAVID NASH, 1981)
When restoring multiple primary molars in the same quadrant, it is advisable to
reduce the adjacent proximal surface of the teeth being restored more than
when only one tooth is restored.
The greater reduction will ease the placement of crowns and the interproximal
approximation.
The more severe tooth reduction is necessitated by the loss of arch
circumference, which occurs when the proximal surfaces of two adjacent teeth
are affected. 7/9/2019 68
MATHEWSON.: FUNDAMENTAL OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. 3RD ED. QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO. SHICAGO, 1995
69. ADJACENT TO CLASS II AMALGAM (MC EVOY, 1985)
First crown reduction is completed and crown is adapted.
Cementation of crown.
Next do amalgam restoration with matrix band in place.
Remove the matrix band.
Final carving of amalgam.
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MATHEWSON.: FUNDAMENTAL OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. 3RD ED. QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO. SHICAGO, 1995
69
70. INAPPROPRIATE SIZE OF CROWN AVAILABLE
In 1971 Mink and Hill reported several ways of modification of stainless steel crown when the crowns
are either too large or too short.
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MATHEWSON.: FUNDAMENTAL OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. 3RD ED. QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO. SHICAGO, 1995
70
71. OVERSIZED
CROWN
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MATHEWSON.: FUNDAMENTAL OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. 3RD ED. QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO.
SHICAGO, 1995
Check the crown for marginal adaptation, contour,
crimp and the cement the crown
Polish the soldered area
The cut edges can then be repositioned and spot-
welded
Again try the crown on the tooth
Pinch the crown together in effect reducing the
crown size
Use a pair of scissors to cut the crown from the
gingival to the occlusal surface, either buccally or
lingually
Try the crown on the tooth
72. UNDERSIZED
CROWN
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MATHEWSON.: FUNDAMENTAL OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. 3RD
ED. QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO. SHICAGO, 1995Polish the soldered area and cement the crown
solder, adapt, contour and crimp the crown
Retry the crown on the tooth
Spot weld a strip of orthodontic band material over
the v shaped groove in the crown
Try the crown on the tooth for fit
Cut a v shaped groove in the crown on the buccal
or lingual side
Check the crown on the tooth
73. DEEP PROXIMAL LESIONS
Solder and polish the area and cement the crown
Spot weld the piece to crown and check the
adaptation and extent
Cut a piece of orthodontics band conforming to the
lesion
Prepare the crown for the tooth
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MATHEWSON.: FUNDAMENTAL OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. 3RD
ED. QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO. SHICAGO, 1995
73
74. CROLL MODIFICATION
Patients with tooth grinding habits may tend to wear through the occlusal
surfaces of stainless steel crowns.
A technique is described which prevents this problem by increasing metal
occlusal surface thickness of the crown.
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75. HALLS TECHNIQUE
It is a novel method of managing carious primary molars by cementing
preformed metal crowns over them.
The technique does not require local anesthesia, caries removal or any tooth
preparation.
It requires careful case selection, a high level of clinical skill, and excellent
patient management
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INNES, N.P.T., STIRRUPS, D.R., EVANS, D.J.P., HALL, N. AND LEGGATE, M., 2006. A NOVEL
TECHNIQUE USING PREFORMED METAL CROWNS FOR MANAGING CARIOUS PRIMARY
MOLARS IN GENERAL PRACTICE – A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS. BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL,
200(8), PP. 451-454.
75
76. The technique is named after Dr Norna Hall, a general dental practitioner
from Scotland, who developed and used the technique for over 15 years
until she retired in 2006.
With the Hall Technique, the process of fitting the crown is quick and
non-invasive.
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INNES, N.P.T., STIRRUPS, D.R., EVANS, D.J.P., HALL, N. AND LEGGATE, M., 2006. A NOVEL TECHNIQUE USING
PREFORMED METAL CROWNS FOR MANAGING CARIOUS PRIMARY MOLARS IN GENERAL PRACTICE – A
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS. BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL, 200(8), PP. 451-454.
76
77.
78. INDICATIONS OF HALLS TECHNIQUE :
Class I lesions, non-cavitated
if patient unable to accept fissure sealant, or conventional restoration
Class I lesions, cavitated
if patient unable to accept partial caries removal technique, or conventional
restoration
Class II lesions, cavitated or non-cavitated
79. CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR FITTING HALL CROWNS
Irreversible pulpal involvement
Insufficient sound tissue left to retain the crown
Patient co-operation where the clinician cannot be confident that the crown
can be fitted without endangering the patient’s airway
A patient at risk from bacterial endocarditis.
Parent or child unhappy with aesthetics.
80. TITLE The success of stainless steel crowns placed with the Hall technique: a retrospective
study.
AUTHOR
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
J Am Dent Assoc. 2014 Dec;145(12):1248-53.
Ludwig KH, Fontana M, Vinson LA, Platt JA, Dean JA
Ic
AIM In this retrospective study, the authors evaluated the clinical and radiographic success of stainless steel
crowns (SSCs) used to restore primary molars with caries lesions, placed by means of both the
traditional technique (involving complete caries removal and tooth reduction before placement of the
SSC) and the Hall technique (involving no caries removal, no crown preparation and no use of local
anesthetic before placement of the SSC).
MATERIALS AND METHOD The authors conducted a retrospective chart review by using the patient records at a
private pediatric dental practice at which the Hall technique had been introduced in June 2010 as an
alternative treatment to traditional SSC placement. The inclusion criteria were caries lesions on a primary
molar with no clinical or radiographic evidence of pulpitis, necrosis or abscess, as well as follow-up of at
least six months or until failure, whichever came first. They graded restoration success by using a four-
point scale based on presence or loss of the SSC, and whether or not the patient needed further
treatment associated with pulpal pathology or secondary caries. They collected and summarized patient
demographic information. They used a Kaplan-Meier survival curve along with 95 percent confidence
intervals to evaluate clinical success.
81. RESULT The authors found that 65 (97 percent) of 67 SSCs placed with
the Hall technique (mean observation time, 15 months; range, four-37 months) and
110 (94 percent) of 117 SSCs placed with the traditional technique (mean observation
time, 53 months; range, four-119 months) were successful.
CONCLUSION Findings of this study show a similar success rate for SSCs placed with the
traditional technique or the Hall technique.
82. TITLE The use of stainless steel crowns: a systematic literature review.
AUTHORS
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Pediatr Dent. 2015 Mar-Apr;37(2):145-60
Seale NS, Randall R
Ia
AIM The purpose was to review the published literature on stainless steel crowns (SSCs) from 2002 to the
present as an update to an earlier review published in 2002
METHOD Included were published papers on clinical studies, case series, and laboratory testing on SSCs
(including esthetic SSCs and the Hall technique) in peer-reviewed journals. Study quality and strength of
evidence presented were assessed for papers reporting clinical results for SSCs as a primary study
outcome using a list of weighting criteria.
RESULT Sixty-one papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria (24 papers on 22 clinical studies, three case reports, 21
reviews and surveys, and 13 laboratory testing reports on SSCs and esthetic preformed
metal crowns for primary and permanent molar teeth). Ten clinical studies achieved weighting scores
ranging from 68 percent to 26 percent, with the two highest scoring studies (68 percent and 63 percent)
considered good quality.
CONCLUSION Within the confines of the studies reviewed, primary molar esthetic crowns and SSCs had superior
clinical performance as restoratives for posterior primary teeth, and the Hall technique was shown to
have validity. No clinical studies were available on zirconia crowns. Further well-designed prospective
studies on primary molar esthetic crowns and the Hall technique are needed.
83. B
TITLE A randomized clinical trial investigating the performance of two commercially available posterior pediatric
preveneered stainless steel crowns: a continuation study.
AUTHOR
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Kratunova E1, O'Connell AC2
Pediatr Dent. 2014 Nov-Dec;36(7):494-8
Ib
AIM This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic success of preveneered posterior NuSmile® and Kinder
Krowns® over one year and to assess the level of parental satisfaction with their esthetics.
METHOD Three trained operators placed 120 crowns in a split-mouth design with a random allocation for 36 participants
(mean age: 5.8 years) who received two, four, six, or eight crowns. Blind assessment of the clinical and
radiographic performance of the restorations was performed by four calibrated examiners after one year. Results
were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and McNemar test. Examiner reliability was determined by Cohen's kappa
score. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the level of parental satisfaction.
RESULT All crowns but one were retained, and the majority (83 percent) had no facing fractures. Parental satisfaction was
high (9.4/10 on the VAS). Primary maxillary first molar crowns had more occlusal facing fractures than their
mandibular counterparts (P=.02). Primary mandibular second molar crowns showed more facing fractures than
their maxillary counterparts (P=.008). Both types showed no statistical difference in most categories, but Kinder
Krowns had more facing fractures (P<.02).
CONCLUSION Posterior preveneered crowns have predictable durability at 12 months while offering natural appearance to
restored teeth.
84. TITLE Assessment of oral hygiene and periodontal health around posterior primary molars after their
restoration with various crown types.
AUTHOR
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Beldüz Kara N1, Yilmaz Y
Int J Paediatr Dent. 2014 Jul;24(4):303-13. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12074. Epub 2013 Oct 28
IIc
AIM To compare the time-dependent changes in oral hygiene and periodontal health after restoring
primary posterior molars with a traditional stainless steel crown (SSC) or an aesthetic crown using
various measures of periodontal health and oral hygiene.
METHOD This investigation was a randomized, non-blinded prospective controlled clinical trial in which
264 crowns of different types were fitted onto the first and/or second primary molars of 76 children. The
oral hygiene and the gingival health of the restored teeth and the antagonistic teeth were evaluated
clinically and radiographically at 3- and 6-month intervals for 18 months after fitting the crowns.
RESULT The periodontal health of the control teeth was better than that of the remaining 215 restored teeth. The
oral hygiene, as measured by the simplified oral hygiene index, and gingival health, as measured by the
gingival index and the volume of gingival crevicular fluid, of the restored teeth, irrespective of crown type,
progressively increased during the 18-month study period.
CONCLUSION Oral hygiene and gingival health around a restored primary tooth deteriorate with time. Our results
suggest that SSC, an open-faced SSC, or a NuSmile(®) pediatric crown should be the
preferred crown type for restoring posterior primary teeth.
85. PRE-VENEERED STAINLESS STEEL CROWNS
These combine the durability of a stainless steel crown with the esthetics of a
resin facing.
The primary issues with these crowns are the need to reduce additional
coronal tooth structure, limitations in the ability to crimp the margins prior to
cementation, and loss of the esthetic acrylic facing, among others.
These crowns are available from various manufacturers: Cheng Crowns,
NuSmile, and Kinder Krowns.
86. Lopez-Loverich et al.(2015):- evaluated the retention of SSC vs. preveneered
crowns on primary anterior teeth & concluded that there was “good crown
retention rates for both crown types with no statistically significant difference
between them.”
O’Connell et al.(2014):- the clinical performance of two brands of stainless steel
veneered molar crowns after three years (NuSmile crowns and Kinder Krowns).
The study found that the primary problem with resin-veneered crowns used in
posterior primary molars was facing fracture.
In addition, when the adjacent tooth was missing, fracture was more likely to
occur, possibly due to the increased force of occlusion on the veneered crown.
87. TITLE SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF PREVENEERED POSTERIOR SSC
AUTHORS
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Nihal BELDÜZ, 2006
AIM To evaluate the shear bond strength of veneer material of posterior preveneered
stainless steel crowns (SSCs).
METHOD 32 preveneered SSCs (lower first primary molar=8, upper first primary molar=8, lower
second primary molar=8 and upper second primary
molar=8) were used for this study. Specimens were kept in humid environment at 370C
for thirty days and exposed to thermocycling. Then, each veneered crown was cemented
on one of the cast dies. After twenty-four hours, force was applied on the occlusal
surfaces of the crowns according to primary molar occlusal relationship. The fractured
specimens were photographed under X10 magnification with a stereomicroscope.
Characterizations of the failure modes and fracture extents of the veneer material were
scored. Data were analyzed statistically.
88. RESULT For bond strength, there was a statistically difference between crown groups
(P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between both failure
modes and fracture extents of the crown groups (P>0.05).
CONCLUSION Both lower and upper second molar crown groups showed higher shear bond strengths
than first primary molar crown groups. Veneer material was observed to fracture
commonly.
89. TITLE A clinical and radiographic evaluation of stainless steel crowns for primary molars
AUTHORS Aly A. Sharaf, Najat M. Farsi
Journal of Dentistry (2004), LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b
AIM To evaluate clinically and radiographically the effect of stainless steel crowns placed on
primary molars on gingival and bone Structures
METHOD 254 crowns were evaluated in a sample of 177 children aged 3.5–12 years old with a mean
age of 7 years. The crown marginal extension, crown marginal adaptation, intact proximal
contact, gingival index and the duration of presence of the crowns, together with the oral
hygiene index of the child. Bitewing radiographs were used for evaluation.
RESULT Interproximal bone resorption was not significantly affected by either crown marginal
extension or adaptation, preserving tight proximal contact between molars, oral hygiene level
or duration of presence of the crown. On the other hand, there was significant bone
resorption when the crown was judged radiographically as non-satisfactory. While oral
hygiene level had a significant effect on the gingival index, presence or absence of proper
proximal contact did not have an effect on the gingival index.
CONCLUSION SSC are still a valuable procedure that has no harmful effect on the gingiva and bone
provided that good oral hygiene level was maintained.
90. AIM Multi-surface composite vs stainless steel crown restorations after mineral trioxide aggregate
pulpotomy: a randomized controlled trial.
AUTHORS
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Hutcheson C1, Seale NS, McWhorter A, Kerins C, Wright J.
Pediatr Dent. 2012 Nov-Dec;34(7):460-7.
1a
AIM Parents increasingly request esthetic restorations for their children's teeth. This split mouth,
randomized controlled trial compared primary molars treated with white MTA pulpotomies and restored
with either multi-surface composites (MSC) or stainless steel crowns (SSC).
METHOD Forty matched, contra-lateral pairs of molars received MTA pulpotomies and were randomly assigned
to MSC or SSC restorations and evaluated clinically and radiographically at 6 and 12 months. Two
calibrated, blinded examiners evaluated and scored radiographs.
RESULT Thirty-seven matched pairs were evaluated at 6 months, and 31 were available at 12 months. All teeth
in both groups were radiographically and clinically successful at 6 and 12 months. Dentin bridge
formation was noted in 20% of the primary molars by 12 months. Although not significant, the
composite group exhibited fewer intact clinical margins than the SSC group. The vast majority (94%) of
teeth restored with composite displayed gray discoloration at follow-up exams, which did not appear to
affect the quality of the restoration and is believed to be associated with the white MTA.
91. CONCLUSION The white MTA pulpotomies succeeded over 12 months regardless of the
restoration; however, the teeth restored with composite were not as durable
nor considered an esthetic alternative to the SSC.
92. TITLE The survival of resin modified glass ionomer and stainless steel crown restorations in
primary molars, placed in a specialist paediatric dental practice.
AUTHOR
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Roberts JF1, Attari N, Sherriff M.
Br Dent J. 2005 Apr 9;198(7):427-31.
IIb
AIM To prospectively report on the survival of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), photac-fil
and pre-formed stainless steel crown (SSC) restorations in primary molar teeth placed over a
seven-year period in a specialist paediatric dental practice under private contract of remuneration.
METHOD All primary molar restorations placed by a specialist paediatric dentist over a seven-year period
were reviewed and the outcome results recorded. Data were recorded at review visits until June 30,
2003. Data recorded included Class I restorations, Class II restorations and SSC. The Class II
cavities were either mesial or distal, with or without buccal/palatal extensions. If both proximal
surfaces were decayed or if after cavity preparation the resultant outline form was significantly larger
than the minimal classical form, RMGIC was not used; an SSC was placed instead. Stainless steel
crown preparation followed conventional guidelines. The crowns were cemented with reinforced zinc
oxide and eugenol (Kalzinol). The status was recorded as satisfactory restoration, tooth exfoliated,
tooth extracted for orthodontic reasons with the date of extraction, or needing replacement. If
replaced then the reason for replacement was also recorded.
93. RESULT
A total of 544 Class I RMGICs, 962 Class II RMGICs, and 1,010 SSCs were placed.
At the last review of each restoration, 98.3% of Class I, 97.3% of Class II RMGICs
and 97.0% of SSCs were either satisfactory or withdrawn intact.
CONCLUSION Under the conditions of private specialist practice-based study SSCs continued to prove
very successful for the restoration of larger cavities and for pulp-treated primary molar
teeth. For the smaller cavities RMGIC were also very successful.
94. REFERENCES
Duggal M.S., Curzon M.E., Fayle S.A., Polar M.A., and Robertson A.J.: Restorative techniques in pediatric
dentistry: An illustrated guide to the restoration of extensively carious primary teeth, London, Martin Dunitz; 8,
72, 1995.
Finn S.B.: Clinical pedodontics. 3rd Ed, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 184-186, 1967.
Mathewson.: Fundamental of pediatric dentistry. 3rd ED. Quintessence Publishing Co. Shicago, 1995
Mc Donald.: Dentistry for child and adolescent, 5th ED,1996; The C.V. Mosby Co
Pinkam: Pediatric Dentistry, Infancy Through Adolescence. 3rd ED (1999) W.B. Saunders Company.
Shobha Tandon: Text Book of Pedodontics. Ist ED, 2001, Paras Publishing Co
Stewart: Scientific foundations and clinical practice in pediatric dentistry. C.V. Mosby Co., 1982
Waggoner W.F. and Cohen H.: Failure strength of four veneered primary stainless steel crown. Pediatric.
Dent. 17(1): 36-40, 1995
Croll T.P and Helpin M.L.: Preformed resin-veneered stainless steel crown for restoration of primary incisors.
Quintessence Int. 27(5): 309-313, 1996
95. Einwag J. and Dunninger: Stainless and crown versus multispace amalgam restorations, an 8 year
longitudinal clinical study. Quint. Int. 27(5): 321-328, 1966.
Humphrey W.P.: Use of chrome steel in children’s dentistry. Dent. Surv. 26: 945-953, July 1950.
Rapp R.: A simplified, yet precise technique for the placement of stainless steel crowns on primary teeth. J.
Dent. Child. 33: 101-112, 1966
Mink J.R and Bennett I.C.: The stainless steel crown. J. Dent. Child, 35: 186-196, 1968.
Kennedy D.B.: The stainless steel crown. Pediatr. Oper. Dent. Bristol 1976, J. Wright and Sons Ltd
Hartman C.R.: The open face stainless steel crown: An esthetic technique. J. Dent. Child, 31-33, Jan-Feb,
1983.
Lee JK. Restoration of primary anterior teeth: review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2002;24:506-10
Guelmann M, Gehring DF, Turner C. Retention of veneered stainless steel crowns on replicated typodont
primary incisors: an in vitro study. Pediatr Dent 2003;25:275-8
Unitek-california, , 3M-minneapolis, rocky mountain-denver//NICKEL BASE –already work hardened while AUSTENTIC soft and malleable & harden when adapted with pliers… Ni base fit easily& require least adjustment(stephen wei)
Untrimmed -THESE ARE CROWNS WITH STRAIGHT SIDES & MARGINS THAT FOLLOW THE GINGIVAL CONTOUR. THE GINGIVAL MARGINS CAN BE TRIMMED WHERE NECESSARY & ALSO NEED CONTOURING & CRIMPING TO ENSURE GINGIVAL ADAPTATION TO THE PREPARED TOOTH. Pre trimmed -Parallel crown walls saves chair time, minimizing the need for buccal, lingual, and mesial tooth reduction.
Consistent wall thickness helps prevent bite through and minimizes trial fitting distortion.
The Molar Crowns have shallow occlusal anatomy which reduces rocking during mastication, with minimal occlusal interference.
Pre contoured –more rounded..POSSESSS MORE DIFFICULTY IN ADAPTATION SINCE TRIMMING WILL RESULT IN REMOVAL OF MANUFACTURERS GINGIVAL CRIMP & inc dimensiond os cervical margin
Chromium oxidizes and forms a thin surface film of chromium oxide (Cr2O3), known as “passivating film” which protects against corrosion.
Austenitic stainless steel is used extensively for the fabrication of dental appliances and is composed of chromium (11.5-27%), nickel (72.2%.),and carbon (0.25%). Nickel-Base Crowns Inconel 600 alloy 72% nickel 14% chromium 6-10% Fe 0.04% carbon 0.35% manganese 0.2% silicon