1. The operating system is responsible for managing hardware and software resources.( T ) 2. Software refers to the physical components of a computer system.( F ) 3. TCP/IP is essential for communication between devices on the internet. (T) 4. Web browsers are primarily used for managing email accounts. (F) 5. Using specific and targeted keywords can improve the effectiveness of an online search. (T) 6. Phishing scams are designed to obtain sensitive information from users. (T) 7. HTTPS provides a secure connection for data transmitted over the internet. (T) 8. Clients are devices that store data for users on the internet. (F) 9. A key characteristic of cloud computing is fixed resource allocation. (F) 10. E-Learning refers to learning that takes place entirely in a physical classroom. (F) 1. What does CPU stand for? A) Central Processing Unit B) Computer Personal Unit C) Central Program Unit D) Computer Processing Unit 2. What is the purpose of a hard drive? A) To process data B) To temporarily store data C) To permanently store data D) To connect peripherals 3. Which of the following is an example of application software? A) Windows OS B) Microsoft Word C) Device drivers D) Antivirus 4. What does the acronym WWW stand for? A) World Wide Web B) Web World Wide C) Wide Web World D) World Web Wide 5. Which protocol is primarily used for web pages? A) FTP B) SMTP C) HTTP/HTTPS D) IMAP 6. Which of the following is a component that stores websites and data? A) Client B) Server C) Browser D) ISP 7. How does cloud computing differ from traditional computing? A) Cloud computing is less flexible B) Cloud computing requires physical hardware C) Cloud computing provides dynamic resource allocation D) Cloud computing is only for developers 8. Which of the following is NOT a web browser? A) Chrome B) Firefox C) Google D) Safari 9. What is a recommended tip for effective searching online? A) Use vague keywords B) Avoid advanced search options C) Use specific keywords D) Search only on social media 10. What is eLearning? A) A traditional classroom setting B) Learning conducted via electronic media, typically on the Internet C) A type of physical education D) A method of learning through books only 1. What is the definition of a computer? Can you list at least two types of computers? A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs calculations. Types include personal computers and laptops. 2. Explain how the Internet works. The Internet operates through servers that host data and clients (devices) that access it using protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP. ISPs connect users to the Internet. 3. What is cloud computing? Provide a brief definition and explain its three deployment models, i.e. Public, Private and Hybrid. Definition: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services, such as storage, servers, databases, networking, software, and analytics, over the internet. Public Cloud: Services ar

1. ISBN 0-321-33025-0
Lecture 02

2. 1-2
Outline
• Language Categories
• Language Design Trade-Offs
• Implementation Methods
• Programming Environments

3. 1-3
Language Categories
• Imperative
– Central features are variables, assignment statements, and iteration
– Examples: C, Pascal
• Functional
– Main means of making computations is by applying functions to
given parameters
– Examples: LISP, Scheme
• Logic
– Rule-based (rules are specified in no particular order)
– Example: Prolog
• Object-oriented
– Data abstraction, inheritance, late binding
– Examples: Java, C++
• Markup
– New; not a programming per se, but used to specify the layout of
information in Web documents
– Examples: XHTML, XML

4. 1-4
Language Design Trade-Offs
• Reliability vs. cost of execution
– Conflicting criteria
– Example: Java demands all references to array elements be
checked for proper indexing but that leads to increased
execution costs
• Readability vs. writability
– Another conflicting criteria
– Example: APL provides many powerful operators (and a large
number of new symbols), allowing complex computations to
be written in a compact program but at the cost of poor
readability
• Writability (flexibility) vs. reliability
– Another conflicting criteria
– Example: C++ pointers are powerful and very flexible but not
reliably used

5. 1-5
Implementation Methods
• Compilation
– Programs are translated into machine
language
• Pure Interpretation
– Programs are interpreted by another
program known as an interpreter
• Hybrid Implementation Systems
– A compromise between compilers and
pure interpreters

6. 1-6
Compilation
• Translate high-level program (source language) into
machine code (machine language)
• Slow translation, fast execution
• Compilation process has several phases:
– lexical analysis: converts characters in the source program
into lexical units
– syntax analysis: transforms lexical units into parse trees
which represent the syntactic structure of program
– Semantics analysis: generate intermediate code
– code generation: machine code is generated

7. 1-7
The Compilation Process

8. 1-8
Pure Interpretation
• No translation
• Easier implementation of programs (run-time
errors can easily and immediately displayed)
• Slower execution (10 to 100 times slower
than compiled programs)
• Often requires more space
• Becoming rare on high-level languages
• Significant comeback with some Web
scripting languages (e.g., JavaScript)

9. 1-9
Pure Interpretation Process

10. 1-10
Hybrid Implementation Systems
• A compromise between compilers and pure
interpreters
• A high-level language program is translated to
an intermediate language that allows easy
interpretation
• Faster than pure interpretation
• Examples
– Perl programs are partially compiled to detect errors before
interpretation
– Initial implementations of Java were hybrid; the intermediate
form, byte code, provides portability to any machine that has a
byte code interpreter and a run-time system (together, these
are called Java Virtual Machine)

11. 1-11
Hybrid Implementation Process

12. 1-12
Just-in-Time Implementation Systems
• Initially translate programs to an
intermediate language
• Then compile intermediate language into
machine code
• Machine code version is kept for subsequent
calls
• JIT systems are widely used for Java
programs
• .NET languages are implemented with a JIT
system

13. 1-13
Preprocessors
• Preprocessor macros (instructions) are
commonly used to specify that code from
another file is to be included
• A preprocessor processes a program
immediately before the program is compiled
to expand embedded preprocessor macros
• A well-known example: C preprocessor
– expands #include, #define, and similar
macros

14. 1-14
Programming Environments
• The collection of tools used in software development
• UNIX
– An older operating system and tool collection
– Nowadays often used through a GUI (e.g., CDE, KDE, or
GNOME) that run on top of UNIX
• Borland JBuilder
– An integrated development environment for Java
• Microsoft Visual Studio.NET
– A large, complex visual environment
– Used to program in C#, Visual BASIC.NET, Jscript, J#, or C++