The document discusses software project management responsibilities and activities. It covers project planning, estimation techniques, scheduling, and monitoring. Project managers are responsible for overall project success through tasks like planning, cost estimation, risk management, and client interfacing. Accurate project planning requires estimating project size, cost, duration, and effort. Techniques include expert judgment, Delphi, and mathematical models. The COCOMO model specifically estimates effort and time based on project size. Project managers use techniques like sliding window planning to address risks from inaccurate initial estimates.
The document discusses software project planning and estimation. It covers topics like why planning is important, project planning purpose and context, estimating resources, and software estimation methods like COCOMO. COCOMO models like basic, intermediate and detailed COCOMO are explained. The document also provides an example of using the basic COCOMO model to estimate effort and development time for a project of size 400k LOC across organic, semidetached and embedded modes.
This document discusses software cost estimation. It begins by distinguishing between effort, which is the number of hours of work required, and time, which is the duration from start to finish. It then describes factors that influence cost estimation, such as project type and size, and development team size. Finally, it outlines several techniques used for cost estimation, including algorithmic models, expert judgment, top-down estimation, and bottom-up estimation.
Se 381 - lec 25 - 32 - 12 may29 - program size and cost estimation modelsbabak danyal
The document discusses various techniques for estimating software project size, effort, cost and duration. It describes lines of code and function points as common metrics for estimating project size. Function points measure the number of inputs, outputs, inquiries and files to estimate size early in development. The document also explains the COCOMO model for estimating effort, productivity, duration and staffing needs based on project size, complexity and other cost drivers. Intermediate COCOMO incorporates 15 cost drivers while basic COCOMO uses only size. References are provided for further reading.
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
This document discusses project scheduling for software engineering projects. It covers key topics such as:
- The importance of scheduling for establishing a roadmap and tracking progress on large, complex software projects.
- Basic principles of software project scheduling including compartmentalizing work, indicating interdependencies, allocating time and resources, and assigning responsibilities.
- Methods for defining tasks, networks, and timelines to plan and track schedules.
- Techniques for monitoring schedule performance such as status meetings, milestone tracking, and earned value analysis.
- Factors that influence schedules such as risks, changing requirements, estimates, and technical difficulties.
The document discusses software project planning and estimation. It covers topics like why planning is important, project planning purpose and context, estimating resources, and software estimation methods like COCOMO. COCOMO models like basic, intermediate and detailed COCOMO are explained. The document also provides an example of using the basic COCOMO model to estimate effort and development time for a project of size 400k LOC across organic, semidetached and embedded modes.
This document discusses software cost estimation. It begins by distinguishing between effort, which is the number of hours of work required, and time, which is the duration from start to finish. It then describes factors that influence cost estimation, such as project type and size, and development team size. Finally, it outlines several techniques used for cost estimation, including algorithmic models, expert judgment, top-down estimation, and bottom-up estimation.
Se 381 - lec 25 - 32 - 12 may29 - program size and cost estimation modelsbabak danyal
The document discusses various techniques for estimating software project size, effort, cost and duration. It describes lines of code and function points as common metrics for estimating project size. Function points measure the number of inputs, outputs, inquiries and files to estimate size early in development. The document also explains the COCOMO model for estimating effort, productivity, duration and staffing needs based on project size, complexity and other cost drivers. Intermediate COCOMO incorporates 15 cost drivers while basic COCOMO uses only size. References are provided for further reading.
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
This document discusses project scheduling for software engineering projects. It covers key topics such as:
- The importance of scheduling for establishing a roadmap and tracking progress on large, complex software projects.
- Basic principles of software project scheduling including compartmentalizing work, indicating interdependencies, allocating time and resources, and assigning responsibilities.
- Methods for defining tasks, networks, and timelines to plan and track schedules.
- Techniques for monitoring schedule performance such as status meetings, milestone tracking, and earned value analysis.
- Factors that influence schedules such as risks, changing requirements, estimates, and technical difficulties.
The document provides an overview of project planning. It discusses tasks in project planning like establishing project scope, determining feasibility, analyzing risks, defining resources, and developing a project schedule. It also covers work breakdown structures (WBS) for breaking down work into smaller tasks. Common software process models like waterfall, iterative waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and incremental are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. The importance of project planning for project success is emphasized.
Based on the information provided:
- Precedentedness (PREC) is rated as nominal
- Development Flexibility (FLEX) is rated as high
- Risk Resolution (RESL) is rated as very low
- Team Cohesion (TEAM) is rated as very high
- Process Maturity (PMAT) is rated as very low
The document discusses software project planning and estimation. It explains that project planning involves estimating the time, effort, people and resources required. The key activities in planning are estimation, scheduling, risk analysis, quality planning and change management. Estimation techniques include decomposition, using historical data, and empirical models. Factors to consider in estimation include feasibility, resources like people and tools, and make-or-buy decisions about reusable software.
The document discusses techniques for decomposing software projects to aid in cost estimation. It describes decomposing by problem or process. Process decomposition breaks down framework activities like communication. For complex projects, communication can be broken into smaller tasks. The document also discusses software sizing methods, empirical estimation models, and making buy versus build decisions. It outlines manual and automated cost estimation techniques from project-level to activity-level estimates.
This document provides an overview of software project management. It discusses that software development requires management due to budget and schedule constraints. Project management activities include proposal writing, planning, costing, monitoring, personnel selection, and reporting. Techniques from engineering project management can also apply to software projects. Calculating the critical path and using techniques like PERT are important for scheduling projects and accounting for uncertainty in duration estimates. Float refers to slack time in a project schedule where tasks can be delayed without impacting subsequent tasks or the overall completion date.
This document provides an overview of project management concepts including:
- The definition of a project, project life cycle, characteristics of projects, and tools and techniques used for project management.
- Key aspects of project management like project identification, scope, deliverables, team, and the role of the project manager.
- The project life cycle involves initiation, planning, execution, and closure to complete a project on time and on budget.
- Effective project managers demonstrate leadership, task delegation, and communication skills to guide a project team to success.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model that predicts development effort and schedule based on project attributes. It includes basic, intermediate, and detailed models of increasing complexity. The intermediate model estimates effort as a function of source lines of code and cost drivers. The detailed model further incorporates the impact of cost drivers on development phases. COCOMO 2 expands on this with application composition, early design, reuse, and post-architecture models for different project stages.
The document discusses various aspects of managing software projects and processes. It covers tasks that a project manager would be responsible for, including planning, scheduling, directing teams, and monitoring progress. It also discusses different software development models like the waterfall model and agile development. Project managers play an important role in planning projects, estimating costs and schedules, and building effective teams to complete software work.
This document discusses software project planning and management. It covers the three major phases of project management: planning, monitoring and control, and termination. The planning phase is the most important and involves looking to the future, identifying required activities, and planning schedules and resources. Key aspects addressed in the project plan include cost estimation, scheduling, personnel plans, quality assurance, and risk management. Cost and schedule estimates are essential for project management and control. Methods for estimation include expert judgment, the Delphi technique, and the COCOMO model. Risk management aims to minimize risks and their impacts, and involves risk assessment, prioritization, and developing control plans.
The document discusses key aspects of software project planning including process planning, effort estimation, schedule and resource estimation, and quality planning. It emphasizes that effective project management is important for project success. Project planning aims to create a plan to meet commitments by defining processes, estimating effort, creating a schedule and milestones, and defining quality objectives and risk plans. Estimation models like COCOMO are discussed for estimating effort based on project size and characteristics.
The document discusses Putnam's resource allocation model and the COCOMO cost estimation models, including:
1) Putnam derived the Rayleigh-Norden curve, which relates software development effort, time, and lines of code based on the technology constant Ck and project environment.
2) The Basic COCOMO model estimates effort, time, staff size, and productivity for projects based on size (KLOC) and type (organic, semidetached, embedded).
3) The Intermediate COCOMO model improves accuracy by including 15 cost drivers that adjust estimates based in development environment factors.
4) The Detailed COCOMO model captures more project characteristics to construct software estimates. COCOMO-II
The document discusses software project management. It defines a software project as the complete process of software development from requirements gathering through testing and maintenance. A software project manager closely monitors the development process, prepares plans, arranges resources, and manages communication between team members. Software project management involves planning, scope management, estimation of size, effort, time and cost, and other activities. Estimation techniques include decomposition by functions or activities and empirical models. Lines of code is a common size metric but does not consider complexity. Effort estimation forecasts time required and project estimation uses a stepwise decomposition approach.
1. Software project planning involves decomposing the project into smaller problems, estimating the size and effort required, and creating schedules and plans for quality, risks, and monitoring.
2. Size estimation is important for project planning and can be done through direct methods like lines of code or indirect methods like function points. The results from different sizing methods are combined statistically.
3. Estimation involves decomposing the software into problem functions, estimating each individually, and combining them to estimate the overall project using historical productivity metrics.
1. Software project management involves planning, organizing, and controlling software development activities using scientific principles and techniques. It includes functions like scoping, planning, scheduling, and controlling.
2. Effective software project management focuses on people, product, process, and the project. It is important to manage stakeholders, recruit and train practitioners, define requirements and scope, select appropriate processes, and plan and track the project.
3. Project scheduling involves decomposing work into tasks, estimating efforts, identifying dependencies, and allocating tasks to time periods using tools like Gantt charts, PERT, and CPM to track progress against the schedule. Managing risks is also important for project success.
SE - Lecture 11 - Software Project Estimation.pptxTangZhiSiang
This document discusses software project estimation. It begins by outlining the major activities of software project planning, which includes estimation. It then describes the estimation process, which involves predicting time, cost, and resources required. Several estimation techniques are discussed, including using historical metrics, task breakdown, size estimates, and automated tools. Accuracy depends on properly defining scope, available metrics, and team abilities. The document provides examples of using lines of code and function point approaches to estimate effort and cost.
This document discusses software project management and quality assurance. It defines project management as a systematic method of achieving goals with optimized use of resources like time, money, and personnel. Project management involves activities like planning, resource estimation, organizing work, assigning tasks, controlling execution, reporting progress, and analyzing results. The document then discusses software cost estimation methods like algorithmic models, expert judgment, analogy estimation, top-down estimation, bottom-up estimation, and the COCOMO model. It also explains project scheduling techniques like milestone charts, Gantt charts, and activity networks. Finally, it briefly discusses the role of mathematics in software development and debugging as a methodical process of finding and reducing bugs in a program.
The Wideband Delphi Method is a consensus-based software estimation technique involving multiple steps: a kickoff meeting where stakeholders generate tasks and assumptions, individual preparation where estimators provide effort estimates, an estimation session where estimates are discussed and revised, and a final review. The process aims to develop accurate estimates by leveraging group judgment and addressing uncertainties through documented assumptions.
Effort estimation is a process in which project managers evaluate how much time and money they need for completing a project. This technique is common in software development, where technology professionals define the resources and schedule for developing a new application or releasing an update. These forecasts help create accurate estimates that often require approval before work on a project begins. Effort estimation is a common tool as part of the Agile methodology, which is a framework that divides a project into smaller phases. In this framework, you can estimate the effort for several components of development, including:
Epics: Epics are large projects that several teams manage throughout development. These usually contain several smaller releases and tasks.
Features: A feature is a piece of functionality or design that addresses a user's need. A feature often includes specific acceptance criteria that detail how that part of the product works.
Sprints: A sprint is a short period containing a fraction of work. Often, a few team members complete development tasks in sprints that build toward epics and releases.
Releases: Releases are software packages development teams can deploy. These often contain several epics and features that teams deploy in iterations.
Development teams might estimate the effort for each of these components of the Agile framework or select components depending on the needs of the project.
The document provides an overview of some basic concepts and commands related to the vi text editor in Linux. It discusses vi's modes (normal, insert, command-line), common editing commands like delete, copy, paste, navigation keys, and commands for saving, quitting and entering/exiting insert mode. It also notes some advantages of using vi such as its availability, efficiency, customizability, lightweight nature, and role as an industry standard.
JavaScript is a dynamic programming language used widely in web pages. It allows client-side scripts to interact with users and dynamically update pages. JavaScript code can be placed within <script> tags in HTML pages or external .js files. Common uses of JavaScript include basic arithmetic, variables, functions, objects, arrays, conditional logic, and DOM manipulation. Key JavaScript concepts covered in the document include data types, operators, variables, functions, objects, arrays, conditional statements, and the Date object.
More Related Content
Similar to 3. Lect 29_ 30_ 32 Project Planning.pptx
The document provides an overview of project planning. It discusses tasks in project planning like establishing project scope, determining feasibility, analyzing risks, defining resources, and developing a project schedule. It also covers work breakdown structures (WBS) for breaking down work into smaller tasks. Common software process models like waterfall, iterative waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and incremental are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. The importance of project planning for project success is emphasized.
Based on the information provided:
- Precedentedness (PREC) is rated as nominal
- Development Flexibility (FLEX) is rated as high
- Risk Resolution (RESL) is rated as very low
- Team Cohesion (TEAM) is rated as very high
- Process Maturity (PMAT) is rated as very low
The document discusses software project planning and estimation. It explains that project planning involves estimating the time, effort, people and resources required. The key activities in planning are estimation, scheduling, risk analysis, quality planning and change management. Estimation techniques include decomposition, using historical data, and empirical models. Factors to consider in estimation include feasibility, resources like people and tools, and make-or-buy decisions about reusable software.
The document discusses techniques for decomposing software projects to aid in cost estimation. It describes decomposing by problem or process. Process decomposition breaks down framework activities like communication. For complex projects, communication can be broken into smaller tasks. The document also discusses software sizing methods, empirical estimation models, and making buy versus build decisions. It outlines manual and automated cost estimation techniques from project-level to activity-level estimates.
This document provides an overview of software project management. It discusses that software development requires management due to budget and schedule constraints. Project management activities include proposal writing, planning, costing, monitoring, personnel selection, and reporting. Techniques from engineering project management can also apply to software projects. Calculating the critical path and using techniques like PERT are important for scheduling projects and accounting for uncertainty in duration estimates. Float refers to slack time in a project schedule where tasks can be delayed without impacting subsequent tasks or the overall completion date.
This document provides an overview of project management concepts including:
- The definition of a project, project life cycle, characteristics of projects, and tools and techniques used for project management.
- Key aspects of project management like project identification, scope, deliverables, team, and the role of the project manager.
- The project life cycle involves initiation, planning, execution, and closure to complete a project on time and on budget.
- Effective project managers demonstrate leadership, task delegation, and communication skills to guide a project team to success.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model that predicts development effort and schedule based on project attributes. It includes basic, intermediate, and detailed models of increasing complexity. The intermediate model estimates effort as a function of source lines of code and cost drivers. The detailed model further incorporates the impact of cost drivers on development phases. COCOMO 2 expands on this with application composition, early design, reuse, and post-architecture models for different project stages.
The document discusses various aspects of managing software projects and processes. It covers tasks that a project manager would be responsible for, including planning, scheduling, directing teams, and monitoring progress. It also discusses different software development models like the waterfall model and agile development. Project managers play an important role in planning projects, estimating costs and schedules, and building effective teams to complete software work.
This document discusses software project planning and management. It covers the three major phases of project management: planning, monitoring and control, and termination. The planning phase is the most important and involves looking to the future, identifying required activities, and planning schedules and resources. Key aspects addressed in the project plan include cost estimation, scheduling, personnel plans, quality assurance, and risk management. Cost and schedule estimates are essential for project management and control. Methods for estimation include expert judgment, the Delphi technique, and the COCOMO model. Risk management aims to minimize risks and their impacts, and involves risk assessment, prioritization, and developing control plans.
The document discusses key aspects of software project planning including process planning, effort estimation, schedule and resource estimation, and quality planning. It emphasizes that effective project management is important for project success. Project planning aims to create a plan to meet commitments by defining processes, estimating effort, creating a schedule and milestones, and defining quality objectives and risk plans. Estimation models like COCOMO are discussed for estimating effort based on project size and characteristics.
The document discusses Putnam's resource allocation model and the COCOMO cost estimation models, including:
1) Putnam derived the Rayleigh-Norden curve, which relates software development effort, time, and lines of code based on the technology constant Ck and project environment.
2) The Basic COCOMO model estimates effort, time, staff size, and productivity for projects based on size (KLOC) and type (organic, semidetached, embedded).
3) The Intermediate COCOMO model improves accuracy by including 15 cost drivers that adjust estimates based in development environment factors.
4) The Detailed COCOMO model captures more project characteristics to construct software estimates. COCOMO-II
The document discusses software project management. It defines a software project as the complete process of software development from requirements gathering through testing and maintenance. A software project manager closely monitors the development process, prepares plans, arranges resources, and manages communication between team members. Software project management involves planning, scope management, estimation of size, effort, time and cost, and other activities. Estimation techniques include decomposition by functions or activities and empirical models. Lines of code is a common size metric but does not consider complexity. Effort estimation forecasts time required and project estimation uses a stepwise decomposition approach.
1. Software project planning involves decomposing the project into smaller problems, estimating the size and effort required, and creating schedules and plans for quality, risks, and monitoring.
2. Size estimation is important for project planning and can be done through direct methods like lines of code or indirect methods like function points. The results from different sizing methods are combined statistically.
3. Estimation involves decomposing the software into problem functions, estimating each individually, and combining them to estimate the overall project using historical productivity metrics.
1. Software project management involves planning, organizing, and controlling software development activities using scientific principles and techniques. It includes functions like scoping, planning, scheduling, and controlling.
2. Effective software project management focuses on people, product, process, and the project. It is important to manage stakeholders, recruit and train practitioners, define requirements and scope, select appropriate processes, and plan and track the project.
3. Project scheduling involves decomposing work into tasks, estimating efforts, identifying dependencies, and allocating tasks to time periods using tools like Gantt charts, PERT, and CPM to track progress against the schedule. Managing risks is also important for project success.
SE - Lecture 11 - Software Project Estimation.pptxTangZhiSiang
This document discusses software project estimation. It begins by outlining the major activities of software project planning, which includes estimation. It then describes the estimation process, which involves predicting time, cost, and resources required. Several estimation techniques are discussed, including using historical metrics, task breakdown, size estimates, and automated tools. Accuracy depends on properly defining scope, available metrics, and team abilities. The document provides examples of using lines of code and function point approaches to estimate effort and cost.
This document discusses software project management and quality assurance. It defines project management as a systematic method of achieving goals with optimized use of resources like time, money, and personnel. Project management involves activities like planning, resource estimation, organizing work, assigning tasks, controlling execution, reporting progress, and analyzing results. The document then discusses software cost estimation methods like algorithmic models, expert judgment, analogy estimation, top-down estimation, bottom-up estimation, and the COCOMO model. It also explains project scheduling techniques like milestone charts, Gantt charts, and activity networks. Finally, it briefly discusses the role of mathematics in software development and debugging as a methodical process of finding and reducing bugs in a program.
The Wideband Delphi Method is a consensus-based software estimation technique involving multiple steps: a kickoff meeting where stakeholders generate tasks and assumptions, individual preparation where estimators provide effort estimates, an estimation session where estimates are discussed and revised, and a final review. The process aims to develop accurate estimates by leveraging group judgment and addressing uncertainties through documented assumptions.
Effort estimation is a process in which project managers evaluate how much time and money they need for completing a project. This technique is common in software development, where technology professionals define the resources and schedule for developing a new application or releasing an update. These forecasts help create accurate estimates that often require approval before work on a project begins. Effort estimation is a common tool as part of the Agile methodology, which is a framework that divides a project into smaller phases. In this framework, you can estimate the effort for several components of development, including:
Epics: Epics are large projects that several teams manage throughout development. These usually contain several smaller releases and tasks.
Features: A feature is a piece of functionality or design that addresses a user's need. A feature often includes specific acceptance criteria that detail how that part of the product works.
Sprints: A sprint is a short period containing a fraction of work. Often, a few team members complete development tasks in sprints that build toward epics and releases.
Releases: Releases are software packages development teams can deploy. These often contain several epics and features that teams deploy in iterations.
Development teams might estimate the effort for each of these components of the Agile framework or select components depending on the needs of the project.
Similar to 3. Lect 29_ 30_ 32 Project Planning.pptx (20)
The document provides an overview of some basic concepts and commands related to the vi text editor in Linux. It discusses vi's modes (normal, insert, command-line), common editing commands like delete, copy, paste, navigation keys, and commands for saving, quitting and entering/exiting insert mode. It also notes some advantages of using vi such as its availability, efficiency, customizability, lightweight nature, and role as an industry standard.
JavaScript is a dynamic programming language used widely in web pages. It allows client-side scripts to interact with users and dynamically update pages. JavaScript code can be placed within <script> tags in HTML pages or external .js files. Common uses of JavaScript include basic arithmetic, variables, functions, objects, arrays, conditional logic, and DOM manipulation. Key JavaScript concepts covered in the document include data types, operators, variables, functions, objects, arrays, conditional statements, and the Date object.
This document discusses the key topics for Lab 4 of the CSE-307 Internetworking Essentials course, including network hardware, IP addressing concepts, and configuration of routers using Cisco Packet Tracer. It provides definitions and explanations of communication modes, carrier waves, IP addressing formats, and the functions of switches, routers, and hubs. The lab objectives are to understand these networking components and configure routers with IP addresses using simulation software. Evaluation will include two practical exams before the midterm covering the first four labs.
This document presents a bank database management system project that aims to demonstrate basic database operations. It includes entity relationship diagrams and relational schemas for entities like customers, accounts, loans, branches and employees. The tables are normalized through a multi-step process to eliminate anomalies and adhere to normalization forms up to 3NF. This ensures data integrity and reduces data redundancy in the database.
This document describes a Python project titled "Capstone Supervisor Allocation Portal For LPU Students Using Python". The project creates a GUI application that helps allocate capstone project supervisors to registered students. It has two main segments - a student segment for registration and viewing supervisor details, and a supervisor segment for registration and viewing allocated students. The document outlines the modules, interfaces, and code used to build the application using Python Tkinter for the GUI.
This document summarizes a project to create a student capstone supervisor allocation portal using Python. It will include modules for student registration and login, supervisor registration and login, and allocating supervisors to students. The project will use Python and Tkinter and will be developed by three team members over four weeks, with planning, design, coding, and testing phases. Gantt charts show the project and module schedules and team member responsibilities.
This document describes a pharmacy management system project that aims to create software to effectively manage a pharmaceutical store. The software allows users to maintain medicine records, generate invoices, check validity and stock levels. It uses a MySQL database with tables designed in multiple normal forms to store medicine, sales, purchase and user data. The system implementation includes modules for login, home, companies, purchases, drugs, sales, users and messaging.
The document discusses packet forwarding and the IP header. It provides information on how routers forward packets based on routing tables to their intended destinations. The IP header contains fields like the version, identification, flags, fragment offset, time to live, protocol, and source and destination addresses that are used to deliver packets to the correct destination. Packet forwarding simply implies forwarding incoming packets to their intended destination by routers in the network.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
2. Responsibilities of a software project
manager
• Overall responsibility of steering a project to success.
• The job responsibility of a project manager ranges from
invisible activities like building up team morale to highly
visible customer presentations.
• Activities can be broadly classified into project planning,
and project monitoring and control activities.
• It includes:
project proposal writing, project cost estimation,
scheduling, project staffing, software process tailoring,
project monitoring and control, software configuration
management, risk management, interfacing with clients,
managerial report writing and presentations, etc.
3. Skills necessary for software project
management
Theoretical knowledge of different project
management techniques like cost estimation,
risk management, configuration management
Good qualitative judgment and decision taking
capabilities.
Good communication skills and the ability get
work done.
4. Project planning
• Once a project is found to be feasible,
software project managers undertake project
planning.
• Project planning is undertaken and completed
even before any development activity starts.
5. Essential activities in Project Planning:
1) Estimating the following attributes of the project:
• Project size: What will be problem complexity in terms
of the effort and time required to develop the product?
• Cost: How much is it going to cost to develop the
project?
• Duration: How long is it going to take to complete
development?
• Effort: How much effort would be required?
The effectiveness of the subsequent planning activities
is based on the accuracy of these estimations.
6. 2) Scheduling manpower and other resources
3) Staff organization and staffing plans
4) Risk identification, analysis
5) Miscellaneous plans such as quality assurance
plan, configuration management plan, etc.
8. Problem in Project Planning
• Commitment to unrealistic time and resource
estimates result in schedule slippage.
• Schedule delays can cause customer
dissatisfaction and adversely affect team morale.
• However, project planning is a very challenging
activity. Especially for large projects, it is very
much difficult to make accurate plans.
• A part of this difficulty is due to the fact that the
proper parameters, scope of the project, project
staff, etc. may change during the span of the
project.
9. Solution: Sliding Window Planning
• Planning a project over a number of stages protects
managers from making big commitments too early.
• This technique of staggered planning is known as
Sliding Window Planning.
• Starting with an initial plan, the project is planned
more accurately in successive development stages.
• After the completion of every phase, the project
managers can plan each subsequent phase more
accurately and with increasing levels of confidence.
10. Software Project Management Plan
(SPMP)`
1. Introduction
(a) Objectives
(b) Major Functions
(c) Performance Issues
(d) Management and Technical Constraints
2. Project Estimates
(a) Historical Data Used
(b) Estimation Techniques Used
(c) Effort, Resource, Cost, and Project Duration Estimates
3. Schedule
(a) Work Breakdown Structure
(b) Task Network Representation
(c) Gantt Chart Representation
(d) PERT Chart Representation
11. Software Project Management Plan
(SPMP)
4. Project Resources
(a) People
(b) Hardware and Software
(c) Special Resources
5. Staff Organization
(a) Team Structure
(b) Management Reporting
6. Risk Management Plan
(a) Risk Analysis
(b) Risk Identification
(c) Risk Estimation
(d) Risk Abatement Procedures
7. Project Tracking and Control Plan
8. Miscellaneous Plans
(a) Process Tailoring
(b) Quality Assurance Plan
(c) Configuration Management Plan
13. Empirical Estimation Techniques
• Based on making an educated guess of the
project parameters.
• Prior experience with development of similar
products is helpful.
• Although empirical estimation techniques are
based on common sense, different activities
involved in estimation have been formalized over
the years.
Two popular empirical estimation techniques are:
1) Expert judgment technique
2) Delphi cost estimation
14. Expert Judgment Technique
• An expert makes an educated guess of the problem size
after analyzing the problem thoroughly.
• Estimates the cost of the different components (i.e.
modules or subsystems) of the system and then
combines them to arrive at the overall estimate.
• However, this technique is subject to human errors and
individual bias.
• For example, he may be conversant with the database
and user interface parts but may not be very
knowledgeable about the computer communication
part.
• A more refined form of expert judgment is the
estimation made by group of experts.
15. Delphi cost estimation
• It overcomes some of the shortcomings of the
expert judgment approach.
• Delphi estimation is carried out by a team
comprising of a group of experts and a
coordinator.
• No discussion among the estimators is allowed
during the entire estimation process.
16. Delphi cost estimation
• The coordinator provides each estimator with a
copy of the SRS document and a form for
recording his cost estimate.
• Estimators complete their individual estimates
anonymously and submit to the coordinator.
• The coordinator prepares and distributes the
summary of the responses of all the estimators,
and includes any unusual rationale noted by any
of the estimators.
• Based on this summary, the estimators re-
estimate.
• This process is iterated for several rounds.
17. Heuristic Techniques
• It assumes that the relationships among the
different project parameters can be modelled
using suitable mathematical expressions.
• Once the basic (independent) parameters are
known, the other (dependent) parameters can be
easily determined by substituting the value of the
basic parameters in the mathematical expression.
• Two classes:
1) single variable model and
2) multi variable model
18. Single variable estimation models
• It provides a means to estimate the desired
characteristics of a problem, using some
previously estimated basic (independent)
characteristic of the software product such as its
size.
Estimated Parameter =
• e is the characteristic of the software which has
already been estimated (independent variable)
• c1 and d1 are constants determined using data
collected from past projects (historical data).
19. Multivariable cost estimation model
•Where e1, e2, … are the basic (independent)
characteristics of the software already estimated, and
c1, c2, d1, d2, … are constants.
•Multivariable estimation models are expected to give
more accurate estimates.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. person-months (PM).
• The effort estimation is expressed in units of
person-months (PM).
• An effort of 100 PM does not imply that 100
persons should work for 1 month nor does it
imply that 1 person should be employed for
100 months, but it denotes the area under the
person-month curve .
• It is the area under the person-month plot.
30. Example:
• Assume that the size of an organic type
software product has been estimated to be
32,000 lines of source code. Assume that the
average salary of software engineers be Rs.
15,000/- per month. Determine the effort
required to develop the software product and
the nominal development time.
33. 33
Solution
The basic COCOMO equation take the form:
b
b
b KLOC
a
E )
(
b
d
b KLOC
c
D )
(
Estimated size of the project = 400 KLOC
(i) Organic mode
E = 2.4(400)1.05 = 1295.31 PM
D = 2.5(1295.31)0.38 = 38.07 PM
34. 34
(ii) Semidetached mode
E = 3.0(400)1.12 = 2462.79 PM
D = 2.5(2462.79)0.35 = 38.45 PM
(iii) Embedded mode
E = 3.6(400)1.20 = 4772.81 PM
D = 2.5(4772.8)0.32 = 38 PM
35. 35
Example: 4.6
A project size of 200 KLOC is to be developed. Software
development team has average experience on similar type of
projects. The project schedule is not very tight. Calculate the effort,
development time, average staff size and productivity of the
project.
Software Project Planning
36. 36
Solution
The semi-detached mode is the most appropriate mode; keeping in
view the size, schedule and experience of the development team.
Software Project Planning
Average staff size
E = 3.0(200)1.12 = 1133.12 PM
D = 2.5(1133.12)0.35 = 29.3 PM
Hence
Persons
D
E
SS
)
(
Persons
67
38
3
29
12
1133
.
.
.
38. Intermediate COCOMO model
• The basic COCOMO model assumes that effort
and development time are functions of the
product size alone.
• However, a host of other project parameters
besides the product size affect the effort required
to develop the product as well as the
development time.
• Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate
estimation of the effort and project duration, the
effect of all relevant parameters must be taken
into account.
39.
40. 15 Cost Drivers
• Boehm requires the project manager to rate
these 15 different parameters for a particular
project on a scale of one to three.
• Then, depending on these ratings, he suggests
appropriate cost driver values which should
be multiplied with the initial estimate
obtained using the basic COCOMO.
41. Classification of Cost Drivers
Product: The characteristics of the product that are considered
include the inherent complexity of the product, reliability
requirements of the product, etc.
Computer: Characteristics of the computer that are considered
include the execution speed required, storage space required
etc.
Personnel: The attributes of development personnel that are
considered include the experience level of personnel,
programming capability, analysis capability, etc.
Development Environment: Development environment attributes
capture the development facilities available to the developers.
42. 42
Cost drivers
Intermediate Model
Software Project Planning
(i) Product Attributes
Required s/w reliability
Size of application database
Complexity of the product
(ii) Hardware Attributes
Run time performance constraints
Memory constraints
Virtual machine volatility
Turnaround time
43. 43
Software Project Planning
(iii) Personal Attributes
Analyst capability
Programmer capability
Application experience
Virtual m/c experience
Programming language experience
(iv) Project Attributes
Modern programming practices
Use of software tools
Required development Schedule
44. 44
Software Project Planning
Cost Drivers RATINGS
Very low Low Nominal High Very
high
Extra
high
Product Attributes
RELY
DATA
CPLX
Computer Attributes
TIME
STOR
VIRT
TURN
Multipliers of different cost drivers
1.65
1.30
1.15
1.00
0.85
0.70
--
1.16
1.08
1.00
0.94
--
--
1.40
1.15
1.00
0.88
0.75
--
1.15
1.07
1.00
0.87
--
--
1.30
1.15
1.00
0.87
--
1.56
1.21
1.06
1.00
--
--
1.66
1.30
1.11
1.00
--
--
47. Complete COCOMO model
• A major shortcoming of both the basic and
intermediate COCOMO models is that they
consider a software product as a single
homogeneous entity.
• However, most large systems are made up several
smaller sub-systems.
• These subsystems may have widely different
characteristics.
• For example, some subsystems may be
considered as organic type, some semidetached,
and some embedded.
48. Example
• A distributed Management Information System (MIS)
product for an organization having offices at several
places across the country can have the following sub-
components:
• Database part
• Graphical User Interface (GUI) part
• Communication part
• Of these, the communication part can be considered as
embedded software.
• The database part could be semi-detached software,
and the GUI part organic software.
49. Analytical Estimation Technique
• It derives the required results starting with basic
assumptions regarding the project.
- Thus, unlike empirical and heuristic techniques,
analytical techniques do have scientific basis,
- Halstead's software science is an example of an
analytical technique.
- It can be used to derive some interesting results
starting with a few simple assumptions.
- It is especially useful for estimating software
maintenance efforts.
- In fact, it outperforms both empirical and heuristic
techniques when used for predicting software
maintenance efforts.
50. Staffing level estimation
• Once the effort required to develop a
software has been determined, it is necessary
to determine the staffing requirement for the
project.
• Norden and Putnam studied the staffing
patterns of several R & D projects.
51. Norden’s Work
• He found that the staffing pattern can be
approximated by the Rayleigh distribution curve.
• Norden represented the Rayleigh curve by the
following equation:
• E is the effort required at time t. E is an indication of
the number of engineers (or the staffing level) at any
particular time during the duration of the project
• K is the area under the curve, and
• td is the time at which the curve attains its maximum
value.
52.
53. Project scheduling
It involves deciding which tasks would be taken up
when. Activities undertaken:
1. Identify all the tasks needed to complete the project.
2. Break down large tasks into small activities.
3. Determine the dependency among different activities.
4. Establish the most likely estimates for the time
durations necessary to complete the activities.
5. Allocate resources to activities.
6. Plan the starting and ending dates for various activities.
7. Determine the critical path. A critical path is the chain
of activities that determines the duration of the
project.
54. Work breakdown structure
• Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to
decompose a given task set recursively into small
activities.
• The root of the tree is labelled by the problem
name.
• Each node of the tree is broken down into smaller
activities that are made the children of the node.
• Each activity is recursively decomposed into
smaller sub-activities until at the leaf level, the
activities requires approximately two weeks to
develop.
56. Activity networks and critical path
method
• WBS representation of a project is transformed
into an activity network by representing activities
identified in WBS along with their
interdependencies.
• An activity network shows the different activities
making up a project, their estimated durations,
and interdependencies.
58. Critical Path Method (CPM)
• The minimum time (MT) to complete the project is the
maximum of all paths from start to finish.
• The earliest start (ES) time of a task is the maximum of all
paths from the start to the task.
• The latest start time is the difference between MT and the
maximum of all paths from this task to the finish.
• The earliest finish time (EF) of a task is the sum of the
earliest start time of the task and the duration of the task.
• The latest finish (LF) time of a task can be obtained by
subtracting maximum of all paths from this task to finish
from MT.
• The slack time (ST) is LS – EF and equivalently can be
written as LF – EF.
59. Slack Time
• The slack time (or float time) is the total time
that a task may be delayed before it will affect
the end time of the project.
• The slack time indicates the “flexibility” in
starting and completion of tasks.
• A critical task is one with a zero slack time. A
path from the start node to the finish node
containing only critical tasks is called a critical
path.
61. Gantt chart
• Used to allocate resources to activities (resource
planning).
The resources allocated to activities include
staff, hardware, and software.
• A Gantt chart is a special type of bar chart where
each bar represents an activity.
The bars are drawn along a time line.
The length of each bar is proportional to the
duration of time planned for the corresponding
activity.
63. PERT chart
• PERT (Project Evaluation and Review
Technique) charts consist of a network of
boxes and arrows.
• The boxes represent activities and the arrows
represent task dependencies.
• The boxes of PERT charts are usually
annotated with the pessimistic, likely, and
optimistic estimates for every task.
64. • Gantt chart representation of a project
schedule is helpful in planning the utilization
of resources, while PERT chart is useful for
monitoring the timely progress of activities.
• Also, it is easier to identify parallel activities in
a project using a PERT chart.