2. CAMERA
Is a light tight box;
with lens to form an
image; with shutter
and diaphragm to
control the entry of
image ; a means of
holding a film to
record image
3.
4. TYPES OF CAMERA
BOX CAMERA
Instamatic, simple to
operate and least
expensive of all
cameras, with fixed
shutter speed and
fixed lens or
diaphragm opening
5. TYPES OF CAMERA
POLAROID CAMERA
“Instant
photography”perma
nent black and white
or color comes out.
LIMITATION
Cannot recopy print
Cost of its specialized film
11. COMMON COMPONENTS
Body: A light-tight compartment to house the recording
medium (film or CCD).
Lens: A transparent element to focus light rays onto the
recording medium.
Aperture: A method of controlling how much light reaches
the recording medium.
Shutter: A method of controlling how long the recording
medium is exposed to the incoming light.
Viewfinder: A way to see the image that is to be captured.
Transport: In film cameras, a method of moving the film
and holding it in the correct position.
20. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Light-Tight Box or Body- part of the camera that
is very important because of its capability to
exclude all the unwanted light that might
exposed the film.
Lens- a glass, plastic, or crystal optical element
molded into a curved shape that can bend and
focus rays of light; responsible for focusing
the rays of light coming from the subject.
21. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Film Holder- holds the film firmly inside the
camera
22. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Shutter- device used to control the amount of time
during which light is allowed to enter the camera
and register on the film or image sensor; serves
as the barrier of the rays of light that will enter
and affect the film inside the camera
23. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Shutter speed: B, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 125, 250,
500, 1000, 2000
Number 1 stands for a whole second and the
others are a fraction of a second.
24. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
The shutter speed of 125 is capable of stopping the
movement of the subject.
The shutter speed of 60, 125 and above is
advisable to use when handholding the camera
with a 50mm lens but if your lens is 300mm, use
500/sec or higher.
25. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Viewfinder- an optical or electrical device
used to compose and frame a scene;
shows the entire scene coverage that can
be recorded in the film inside the camera;
also called a view system, a finder or
viewing screen
26. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Film Advancer & Lever- a mechanism for moving
film from one spool to another incrementally
one frame at a time
27. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Lens Aperture- an opening (diaphragm) in a light-blocking
plate that allows light to strike the film or image sensors;
the ratio between the diameter and focal length of the lens;
the light gathering power of the lens.
The diameter of the lens diaphragm can be changed by
turning the aperture ring. This dictates the brightness of the
image reaching the film. Moving to the nearest f-number
either halves or doubles aperture size. Aperture size also
affects depth of field.
The higher the number, the smaller the lens opening.
The smaller the lens opening, the greater the depth of field.
28. Refers to the opening of the lens measured by f-
stops
30. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
Focusing Mechanism- the sharpness or clearness of
the objects being photographed will depend upon
the focusing system of the camera. The focus is the
physical point at which rays of light from a lens
converge to form a properly defined image of the
subject.
31. Open the back of the camera. This is usually
done by pulling the rewind crank up.
Camera Operation
32. Load the film cassette. The rewind crank must
be lifted to enable the cassette to be inserted.
33. Push the rewind crank down and pull a short
length of film out of the cassette.
34. Attach the film leader to the take-up spool.
Most of the film leader can be inserted.
35. Fire the shutter, advance the film. The teeth
must engage with the film sprocket holes.
36. Take up any slack in the film by rewinding the
crank handle gently. Close the back securely.
37. Fire two blank shots and advance the film.
Check the rewind crank turns each time you
advance the film to ensure the film is advancing.
38. Set the film speed or ISO that appeared on the film
cassette or box on the film speed selector. This is not
moved again whilst exposing this roll of film.
39. Move the focusing ring back and forth until
your subject appears as sharp as possible.
43. Hold the camera firmly, frame your shot and
press the shutter release gently.
44. Advance the film using the film advance lever.
The shutter will only fire when full advanced.
45. When the last frame has been taken
push the film rewind button.
46. Rewind the film smoothly back into the cassette,
approximately one complete turn per frame.
47. When you feel the film tighten and then go slack
or hear the noise of the film coming away from
the take-up spool the film has rewound.
48. Remove the film from the camera by pulling the
rewind crank up. If the film leader is still visible,
mark the film to indicate that it is exposed.
49. Place the film back into its container until you are
ready to process it. This will protect the film from
moisture and dirt.
50. PROPER HANDLING
1. Hold the camera
with the right hand
placing the index
finger on the shutter
release button,
thumb under the film
advance lever and
the remaining three
fingers against the
front of the camera.
51. 2. THE HEEL OF
THE CAMERA
MUST LIE ON
THE PALM OF
THE LEFT HAND.
PROPER HANDLING
52. PROPER HANDLING
3. The placement of
the rest of the body
while taking
photograph is as
important as
holding the camera.
56. FILM SPEED LIGHTING CONDITION
Bright Sun Hazy Sun Dull Sun
ISO 100 1/125 f11 f8 f5.6
ISO 200 1/250 f11 f8 f5.6
1/125 f16 f11 f8
ISO 400 1/500 f11 f8 f5.6
1/250 f16 f11 F8
1/125 f22 f16 f11
57. FOCAL LENGTH
the distance between the lens and the image
sensor when the subject is in focus, usually
stated in millimeters (e.g., 28 mm, 50 mm, or
100 mm).
58. DEPTH OF FIELD
Depth of field is the amount of distance between the
nearest and farthest objects that appear in acceptably
sharp focus
