Presentation of Joaquim Bento Ferreira for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Joaquim Bento Ferreira realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
This chapter discusses aggregate expenditure and equilibrium output in the economy. It explains key concepts such as aggregate output, aggregate income, consumption, saving, planned investment, and aggregate expenditure. The chapter also covers how the economy adjusts to equilibrium through the multiplier process, and provides an example of this during the Great Depression recovery.
This document discusses managing economic volatility and Kingfisher Airlines' financial troubles. It provides a cause and effect diagram showing factors that contributed to Kingfisher's debt of Rs. 7,000 crore and ongoing losses. These include high fuel prices, interest rates, cancellation fees, and declining passenger numbers. The document proposes actions like debt restructuring, allowing foreign direct investment, and negotiating with banks for lower interest investment to boost confidence and reduce Kingfisher's financial burden.
Normal balance refers to the typical debit or credit classification of accounts in a double-entry accounting system. Asset and expense accounts typically have debit normal balances, while equity, liability, and revenue accounts typically have credit normal balances. This classification determines whether increases to an account are recorded as debits or credits.
The document discusses analyzing company performance through financial ratios. It defines various types of ratios that measure performance, position, and potential. Performance ratios like return on capital employed (ROCE) and operating profit margin measure profitability. Position ratios like current ratio and quick ratio measure liquidity. Potential ratios like earnings per share measure what investors are looking at. The document provides formulas for important ratios and explains how to interpret ratios by comparing them over time, to competitors, and industry averages. It also discusses limitations of ratio analysis.
Bid-rent theory graphically shows the different amounts that various land users are willing and able to pay for locations with good access to the central business district (CBD). Commerce, especially large department stores, is willing to pay the highest rent to locate in the CBD due to the large population and customer turnover. Industry is willing to pay to locate on the outskirts of the CBD for more land and access to markets and infrastructure. Further from the CBD, land becomes less attractive to industry and more affordable for households, resulting in dense inner cities and sparse suburbs. This explains one pattern of urban land use but is an oversimplification and exceptions exist.
The document discusses macroeconomic equilibrium in the short run and long run. It explains that in the short run, equilibrium occurs at the intersection of aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) curves, determining real GDP and the price level. It then defines and compares short-run situations: a recessionary gap where output is below potential and an inflationary gap where output exceeds potential. The long run equilibrium exists where output is at potential GDP and unemployment is at the natural rate. It also discusses how changes in AD or AS can shift short-run equilibrium.
This document discusses bid rent theory and its application to analyzing office space rents. It begins with an introduction to bid rent theory and how different land uses value proximity to the central business district. It then examines how travel distances impact information exchange costs for office firms. Graphs and tables show how firms can substitute capital for land by building taller buildings on smaller lots closer to the CBD where land values are highest. Case studies of office rent spatial patterns in Los Angeles and Atlanta show negatively sloped bid rent curves with rents decreasing as distance from the CBD increases.
FACTORS AFFECTING FACILITY LOCATION TO SERVICE INDUSTRYdheeraj07021994
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting a facility location for a business. It identifies four main steps: 1) deciding on a domestic or international location, 2) selecting a region, 3) selecting a locality, and 4) selecting an exact site. Several location analysis techniques are described, including factor rating, center of gravity, break even analysis, and load distance. Key factors that should be evaluated for any location include proximity to customers and suppliers, costs, infrastructure and labor quality, and other considerations like tax structure and environmental regulations. The optimal location selection process evaluates all relevant factors to choose a site that can best satisfy the business's needs and objectives.
This chapter discusses aggregate expenditure and equilibrium output in the economy. It explains key concepts such as aggregate output, aggregate income, consumption, saving, planned investment, and aggregate expenditure. The chapter also covers how the economy adjusts to equilibrium through the multiplier process, and provides an example of this during the Great Depression recovery.
This document discusses managing economic volatility and Kingfisher Airlines' financial troubles. It provides a cause and effect diagram showing factors that contributed to Kingfisher's debt of Rs. 7,000 crore and ongoing losses. These include high fuel prices, interest rates, cancellation fees, and declining passenger numbers. The document proposes actions like debt restructuring, allowing foreign direct investment, and negotiating with banks for lower interest investment to boost confidence and reduce Kingfisher's financial burden.
Normal balance refers to the typical debit or credit classification of accounts in a double-entry accounting system. Asset and expense accounts typically have debit normal balances, while equity, liability, and revenue accounts typically have credit normal balances. This classification determines whether increases to an account are recorded as debits or credits.
The document discusses analyzing company performance through financial ratios. It defines various types of ratios that measure performance, position, and potential. Performance ratios like return on capital employed (ROCE) and operating profit margin measure profitability. Position ratios like current ratio and quick ratio measure liquidity. Potential ratios like earnings per share measure what investors are looking at. The document provides formulas for important ratios and explains how to interpret ratios by comparing them over time, to competitors, and industry averages. It also discusses limitations of ratio analysis.
Bid-rent theory graphically shows the different amounts that various land users are willing and able to pay for locations with good access to the central business district (CBD). Commerce, especially large department stores, is willing to pay the highest rent to locate in the CBD due to the large population and customer turnover. Industry is willing to pay to locate on the outskirts of the CBD for more land and access to markets and infrastructure. Further from the CBD, land becomes less attractive to industry and more affordable for households, resulting in dense inner cities and sparse suburbs. This explains one pattern of urban land use but is an oversimplification and exceptions exist.
The document discusses macroeconomic equilibrium in the short run and long run. It explains that in the short run, equilibrium occurs at the intersection of aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) curves, determining real GDP and the price level. It then defines and compares short-run situations: a recessionary gap where output is below potential and an inflationary gap where output exceeds potential. The long run equilibrium exists where output is at potential GDP and unemployment is at the natural rate. It also discusses how changes in AD or AS can shift short-run equilibrium.
This document discusses bid rent theory and its application to analyzing office space rents. It begins with an introduction to bid rent theory and how different land uses value proximity to the central business district. It then examines how travel distances impact information exchange costs for office firms. Graphs and tables show how firms can substitute capital for land by building taller buildings on smaller lots closer to the CBD where land values are highest. Case studies of office rent spatial patterns in Los Angeles and Atlanta show negatively sloped bid rent curves with rents decreasing as distance from the CBD increases.
FACTORS AFFECTING FACILITY LOCATION TO SERVICE INDUSTRYdheeraj07021994
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting a facility location for a business. It identifies four main steps: 1) deciding on a domestic or international location, 2) selecting a region, 3) selecting a locality, and 4) selecting an exact site. Several location analysis techniques are described, including factor rating, center of gravity, break even analysis, and load distance. Key factors that should be evaluated for any location include proximity to customers and suppliers, costs, infrastructure and labor quality, and other considerations like tax structure and environmental regulations. The optimal location selection process evaluates all relevant factors to choose a site that can best satisfy the business's needs and objectives.
This document discusses approaches to measuring gross national product (GNP). It explains that GNP can be measured using the factor income approach, which involves adding up all income received by the factors of production - compensation of employees, entrepreneurial income, corporate income, and government income. This sums to national income. To calculate GNP, national income is further adjusted by adding indirect business taxes and capital consumption allowance. The factor income approach provides a formula to precisely calculate GNP based on incomes from various economic factors.
1) The document outlines key concepts for measuring national output and national income, including gross domestic product (GDP) and how it is calculated.
2) GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It excludes used goods and goods produced abroad.
3) There are three main approaches to calculating GDP - the expenditure approach, the income approach, and calculating real GDP to account for inflation. Personal consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports are components of the expenditure approach.
National income accounting measures a country's total economic output and income. It uses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) to calculate the total value of final goods and services produced. GDP measures output within a country's borders, while GNP includes income from domestic and foreign sources. GDP can be calculated using either the income approach by adding up wages, profits, interest and rents, or the expenditure approach by adding consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Real GDP adjusts for inflation to measure output in constant prices.
The document describes the circular flow of economic activity between households and firms. It shows that households receive income from firms for supplying factors of production like labor, capital and land. Households then use this income to purchase goods and services from firms. Firms take these factor payments and use them to pay for costs like wages, rent, interest and profit. The cycle then repeats with firms producing goods that households demand. This circular flow involves the continuous movement of goods, services and money between households and firms.
The document provides an overview of key macroeconomic concepts including:
1. The circular flow model showing flows between households and firms, including real flows (goods/services) and monetary flows (income, spending).
2. The five main macroeconomic goals and measuring the value of an economy using Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
3. Key injections to and withdrawals from the circular flow model, and how a shift in these factors can affect growth. For example, increased exports (an injection) could boost another sector.
1) The document discusses methods of measuring national output and income, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), and national income.
2) GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It can be calculated using the expenditure approach by adding up personal consumption, gross private investment, government spending, and net exports.
3) The income approach measures GDP by totaling compensation of employees, proprietors' income, rental income, corporate profits, and net interest in the economy.
The document summarizes key leading economic indicators discussed in a Federal Reserve challenge meeting. It reviews Gross Domestic Product (GDP), changes in inventories, and employment payroll jobs. GDP is the most important overall measure of economic output and income. Changes in inventories can signal future economic activity. Employment payroll jobs data provides critical monthly insights into the labor market.
Flevy.com - Finance and Valuation BasicsDavid Tracy
This is a partial preview of the document found here:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/finance-valuation-basics-106
Description:
This document explains the basics of financial analysis. It explains financial statements, financial ratios/comparables, and capital markets. This training presentation has been adopted from the ones used at global consulting firms.
The document compares economic base models and input-output models. Economic base models analyze multiplier effects at the basic/non-basic sector level, while input-output models analyze impacts at a more precise sector-by-sector level by tracing dollar flows between industries. Input-output models build upon economic base models by accounting for inter-industry transactions and better capturing complex interdependencies between sectors.
This document discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&A). It defines key terms related to corporate control and structure. It provides examples of recent large mergers across various industries. It outlines both sensible and dubious rationales for mergers, including economies of scale, filling complementary needs, surplus funds, diversification, and earnings per share manipulation. The document discusses estimating potential economic gains from mergers using discounted cash flow models. It also covers leveraged buyouts, takeover defenses, and methods of acquiring companies like tender offers and proxy contests.
Review: Costs of Production, Theory of the FirmMrRed
The document discusses key concepts related to production costs and profit maximization for firms. It covers the differences between economic and accounting costs and profits. It also examines the laws of diminishing returns and returns to scale. Furthermore, it analyzes short-run and long-run production costs and how firms determine profit-maximizing output levels by setting marginal revenue equal to marginal cost. Lastly, it discusses how perfect competition is maintained through adjustments in the long run via changes in supply when profits or losses arise from shifts in demand.
NHPC is the largest hydro power company in India with a current total installed capacity of 5,175 MW, accounting for 14% of India's hydro power capacity. The IPO aims to raise Rs. 5032-6038 crore through the issuance of fresh shares and an offer for sale to part finance ongoing hydro power projects. NHPC has a portfolio of operating power stations and projects located in regions with good hydro potential. The issue highlights NHPC's operational experience and efficiency in hydro power generation as well as the strategic importance and growth prospects of the hydro power sector in India.
This document discusses measuring the direct benefits of local economies. It proposes that a local economy unites people and assets to build a community investment portfolio. This establishes a platform for local governance and sustainability by engaging citizens and allowing the utilization of assets, paid work, entrepreneurship, and community investment that can continue benefiting the community over time through civic engagement and liquidity of assets. Finally, it suggests that a local economy is everyone's responsibility to meet community needs and contribute to satisfying wants, with everyone benefiting.
National income accounting measures indicators of national output and income such as GDP and GNP. The circular flow diagram summarizes the transactions between households, firms, government, and foreigners. It shows households providing factors of production to firms in exchange for factor payments, and firms providing goods and services to households in exchange for revenue. GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period, and can be measured through the expenditure, income, and value-added approaches.
The document discusses return on assets (ROA) as a key performance indicator for measuring staff performance at both the macro level and individual employee level. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating ROA, and explains how to attribute assets, income, and profits to individual employees through responsibility accounting and transfer pricing between departments. Implementing ROA metrics at the employee level aligns individual performance with corporate goals and allows for more precise performance measurement.
This document discusses using multiples for company valuation and provides guidance on properly applying multiples analysis. It addresses that multiples analysis can improve cash flow forecasts and test DCF valuations by comparing a company's multiples to peers. Key points covered include choosing appropriate comparable companies, using enterprise value multiples based on forward-looking data, and adjusting for non-operating items to build effective multiples. Following best practices in multiples analysis can provide valuable insights, while poor analysis may lead to confusion or misleading conclusions.
This document discusses using multiples for company valuation and provides guidance on properly applying multiples analysis. It addresses that multiples analysis can improve cash flow forecasts and test DCF valuations by comparing a company's multiples to peers. Key points covered include choosing appropriate comparable companies, using enterprise value multiples based on forward-looking data, and adjusting for non-operating items to build effective multiples. Following best practices in multiples analysis can provide valuable insights, while poor analysis may lead to confusion or misleading conclusions.
This document analyzes and compares key financial ratios and cash flows of Reliance Capital and India Bulls for the years 2005-2007. It finds that while both companies have grown profits significantly over this period, Reliance Capital relies more heavily on investment income, has higher leverage, and a larger capital base. India Bulls invests a larger portion of profits back into assets. Both companies have increased borrowing substantially to fund expansion. Overall, Reliance Capital's profitability is more dependent on one-time investment gains while India Bulls maintains steadier margins.
OCRTI Company Overview + BR Localizationcristianorib2
The document discusses setting up JD Edwards in Brazil to support localization requirements like taxes, fiscal books, and reports, with an overview of the key steps in the implementation process including initial setup, designing the system, building out the configured solution, and handling the monthly financial close process across multiple business units and fiscal companies. It provides details on specific tax and reporting obligations in Brazil and how they can be managed within JD Edwards.
Event / Evento: II Workshop on Sugarcane Physiology for Agronomic Applications
Speaker / Palestrante: Gaspar H. Korndörfer (Federal University of Uberlândia)
Date / Data: Oct, 29-30th 2013 / 29 e 30 de outubro de 2013
Place / Local: CTBE/CNPEM Campus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: www.bioetanol.org.br/sugarcanephysiology
Event / Evento: II Workshop on Sugarcane Physiology for Agronomic Applications
Speaker / Palestrante: Jorge Donzeli (Sugarcane Research Center - CTC)
Date / Data: Oct, 29-30th 2013 / 29 e 30 de outubro de 2013
Place / Local: CTBE/CNPEM Campus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: www.bioetanol.org.br/sugarcanephysiology
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This document discusses approaches to measuring gross national product (GNP). It explains that GNP can be measured using the factor income approach, which involves adding up all income received by the factors of production - compensation of employees, entrepreneurial income, corporate income, and government income. This sums to national income. To calculate GNP, national income is further adjusted by adding indirect business taxes and capital consumption allowance. The factor income approach provides a formula to precisely calculate GNP based on incomes from various economic factors.
1) The document outlines key concepts for measuring national output and national income, including gross domestic product (GDP) and how it is calculated.
2) GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It excludes used goods and goods produced abroad.
3) There are three main approaches to calculating GDP - the expenditure approach, the income approach, and calculating real GDP to account for inflation. Personal consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports are components of the expenditure approach.
National income accounting measures a country's total economic output and income. It uses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) to calculate the total value of final goods and services produced. GDP measures output within a country's borders, while GNP includes income from domestic and foreign sources. GDP can be calculated using either the income approach by adding up wages, profits, interest and rents, or the expenditure approach by adding consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Real GDP adjusts for inflation to measure output in constant prices.
The document describes the circular flow of economic activity between households and firms. It shows that households receive income from firms for supplying factors of production like labor, capital and land. Households then use this income to purchase goods and services from firms. Firms take these factor payments and use them to pay for costs like wages, rent, interest and profit. The cycle then repeats with firms producing goods that households demand. This circular flow involves the continuous movement of goods, services and money between households and firms.
The document provides an overview of key macroeconomic concepts including:
1. The circular flow model showing flows between households and firms, including real flows (goods/services) and monetary flows (income, spending).
2. The five main macroeconomic goals and measuring the value of an economy using Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
3. Key injections to and withdrawals from the circular flow model, and how a shift in these factors can affect growth. For example, increased exports (an injection) could boost another sector.
1) The document discusses methods of measuring national output and income, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), and national income.
2) GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It can be calculated using the expenditure approach by adding up personal consumption, gross private investment, government spending, and net exports.
3) The income approach measures GDP by totaling compensation of employees, proprietors' income, rental income, corporate profits, and net interest in the economy.
The document summarizes key leading economic indicators discussed in a Federal Reserve challenge meeting. It reviews Gross Domestic Product (GDP), changes in inventories, and employment payroll jobs. GDP is the most important overall measure of economic output and income. Changes in inventories can signal future economic activity. Employment payroll jobs data provides critical monthly insights into the labor market.
Flevy.com - Finance and Valuation BasicsDavid Tracy
This is a partial preview of the document found here:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/finance-valuation-basics-106
Description:
This document explains the basics of financial analysis. It explains financial statements, financial ratios/comparables, and capital markets. This training presentation has been adopted from the ones used at global consulting firms.
The document compares economic base models and input-output models. Economic base models analyze multiplier effects at the basic/non-basic sector level, while input-output models analyze impacts at a more precise sector-by-sector level by tracing dollar flows between industries. Input-output models build upon economic base models by accounting for inter-industry transactions and better capturing complex interdependencies between sectors.
This document discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&A). It defines key terms related to corporate control and structure. It provides examples of recent large mergers across various industries. It outlines both sensible and dubious rationales for mergers, including economies of scale, filling complementary needs, surplus funds, diversification, and earnings per share manipulation. The document discusses estimating potential economic gains from mergers using discounted cash flow models. It also covers leveraged buyouts, takeover defenses, and methods of acquiring companies like tender offers and proxy contests.
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The document discusses key concepts related to production costs and profit maximization for firms. It covers the differences between economic and accounting costs and profits. It also examines the laws of diminishing returns and returns to scale. Furthermore, it analyzes short-run and long-run production costs and how firms determine profit-maximizing output levels by setting marginal revenue equal to marginal cost. Lastly, it discusses how perfect competition is maintained through adjustments in the long run via changes in supply when profits or losses arise from shifts in demand.
NHPC is the largest hydro power company in India with a current total installed capacity of 5,175 MW, accounting for 14% of India's hydro power capacity. The IPO aims to raise Rs. 5032-6038 crore through the issuance of fresh shares and an offer for sale to part finance ongoing hydro power projects. NHPC has a portfolio of operating power stations and projects located in regions with good hydro potential. The issue highlights NHPC's operational experience and efficiency in hydro power generation as well as the strategic importance and growth prospects of the hydro power sector in India.
This document discusses measuring the direct benefits of local economies. It proposes that a local economy unites people and assets to build a community investment portfolio. This establishes a platform for local governance and sustainability by engaging citizens and allowing the utilization of assets, paid work, entrepreneurship, and community investment that can continue benefiting the community over time through civic engagement and liquidity of assets. Finally, it suggests that a local economy is everyone's responsibility to meet community needs and contribute to satisfying wants, with everyone benefiting.
National income accounting measures indicators of national output and income such as GDP and GNP. The circular flow diagram summarizes the transactions between households, firms, government, and foreigners. It shows households providing factors of production to firms in exchange for factor payments, and firms providing goods and services to households in exchange for revenue. GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period, and can be measured through the expenditure, income, and value-added approaches.
The document discusses return on assets (ROA) as a key performance indicator for measuring staff performance at both the macro level and individual employee level. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating ROA, and explains how to attribute assets, income, and profits to individual employees through responsibility accounting and transfer pricing between departments. Implementing ROA metrics at the employee level aligns individual performance with corporate goals and allows for more precise performance measurement.
This document discusses using multiples for company valuation and provides guidance on properly applying multiples analysis. It addresses that multiples analysis can improve cash flow forecasts and test DCF valuations by comparing a company's multiples to peers. Key points covered include choosing appropriate comparable companies, using enterprise value multiples based on forward-looking data, and adjusting for non-operating items to build effective multiples. Following best practices in multiples analysis can provide valuable insights, while poor analysis may lead to confusion or misleading conclusions.
This document discusses using multiples for company valuation and provides guidance on properly applying multiples analysis. It addresses that multiples analysis can improve cash flow forecasts and test DCF valuations by comparing a company's multiples to peers. Key points covered include choosing appropriate comparable companies, using enterprise value multiples based on forward-looking data, and adjusting for non-operating items to build effective multiples. Following best practices in multiples analysis can provide valuable insights, while poor analysis may lead to confusion or misleading conclusions.
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Event / Evento: II Workshop on Sugarcane Physiology for Agronomic Applications
Speaker / Palestrante: Gaspar H. Korndörfer (Federal University of Uberlândia)
Date / Data: Oct, 29-30th 2013 / 29 e 30 de outubro de 2013
Place / Local: CTBE/CNPEM Campus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: www.bioetanol.org.br/sugarcanephysiology
Event / Evento: II Workshop on Sugarcane Physiology for Agronomic Applications
Speaker / Palestrante: Jorge Donzeli (Sugarcane Research Center - CTC)
Date / Data: Oct, 29-30th 2013 / 29 e 30 de outubro de 2013
Place / Local: CTBE/CNPEM Campus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: www.bioetanol.org.br/sugarcanephysiology
Dr. Renato Vicentini from the State University of Campinas presented his research using systems biology approaches to understand sucrose synthesis and accumulation in sugarcane. His laboratory investigates gene regulatory, metabolic, and protein networks in sugarcane. They are developing predictive models to scale from genotype to phenotype. Their goals are to understand how some sugarcane genotypes accumulate more sucrose than others and to investigate allosteric regulation of key enzymes. Their approaches include RNA sequencing, metabolic profiling, and phosphoproteomics. They are also manipulating source-sink relationships in sugarcane to study differential gene expression and developing a sugarcane transcriptome. The talk provided an overview of their work using multi-omics data to build biological networks
Event / Evento: II Workshop on Sugarcane Physiology for Agronomic Applications
Speaker / Palestrante: Frederick C. Botha (Sugar Research Australia)
Date / Data: Oct, 29-30th 2013 / 29 e 30 de outubro de 2013
Place / Local: CTBE/CNPEM Campus, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: www.bioetanol.org.br/sugarcanephysiology
This document provides an introduction to biological network inference using Gaussian graphical models. It discusses motivations for network inference based on the central dogma of molecular biology and common questions in functional genomics. The challenges of modeling high-dimensional omics data are described, including what network nodes and edges represent statistically and biologically. Gaussian graphical models are proposed as a tool for modeling dependencies between biological variables in genomic data, with the goal of reconstructing biological networks from large-scale omics experiments.
O documento estabelece as diretrizes para parcerias entre o CTBE e a indústria, visando:
1) Atrair parceiros capitalistas e transferir tecnologias;
2) Definir claramente as regras para projetos conjuntos, como propriedade intelectual, sigilo e divisão de riscos e benefícios;
3) Maximizar os ganhos de ambas as partes por meio de uma relação colaborativa.
O documento discute mecanismos para aproximar o CTBE da indústria, como a composição de um Comitê de Inovação e critérios de seleção de projetos de pesquisa. Também aborda a política de sigilo, regras de partilha de benefícios em parcerias, uso de quotas societárias e propriedade intelectual em projetos conjuntos.
1. O documento propõe a substituição de 10% da gasolina mundial por etanol brasileiro até 2025, o que traria grandes benefícios econômicos e sociais ao Brasil.
2. Seriam criados mais de 9 milhões de empregos, haveria um aumento de 13% no PIB brasileiro atual e seriam construídas 1000 novas destilarias.
3. Para isso, o Brasil criaria um laboratório nacional de pesquisa sobre bioetanol capaz de enfrentar os desafios tecnológic
Apresentação de Gilson Spanemberg realizada no "Workshop sobre Procedimentos que Regem o Relacionamento do CTBE com a Indústria"
Data: 1 de junho de 2010
Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brasil
Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop6
Apresentação de Laercio de Sequeira realizada no "Workshop sobre Procedimentos que Regem o Relacionamento do CTBE com a Indústria"
Data: 1 de junho de 2010
Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brasil
Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop6
Presentation of Arnaldo Walter for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Arnaldo Walter realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
Presentation of Celso Manzato for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Celso Manzato realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
The document discusses the Canasat Project, which uses remote sensing satellite images to monitor sugarcane crops in Brazil. It summarizes the project's use of satellite data to estimate sugarcane area, identify expansion and renovation, track pre-harvest burning, and analyze land use change. Spatial-temporal analysis of MODIS images from 2000-2008 showed land use changes from pasture to agriculture to sugarcane. The project is also developing models and research to better understand indirect land use change from sugarcane expansion.
O documento fornece informações sobre a produção de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil em 2008-2009, incluindo área colhida, produção, rendimento e produção de etanol. Também discute a contribuição de energia fóssil no processo e as emissões de gases de efeito estufa associadas.
Presentation of Manoel Regis Leal for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Manoel Regis Leal realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
Presentation of Manoel Regis Leal for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Manoel Regis Leal realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
Presentation of Martin Junginger for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Martin Junginger realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
Presentation of Marcia Azanha for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Marcia Azanha realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
Presentation of Marcel Gomes
for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Marcel Gomes realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
Presentation of Dr Mairi J Black
for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Dr Mairi J Black realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
More from CTBE - Brazilian Bioethanol Sci&Tech Laboratory (20)
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Balances of Biofuels
Land Use Change in Computable General Equilibrium Models
1. Land Use Change in Computable
General Equilibrium Models
Joaquim Bento de Souza Ferreira Filho
Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”
Universidade de São Paulo
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2. Plan of presentation
Computable Equilibrium (CGE) Models in the evolution of
applied economic models.
Illustrate the main applications and uses of CGE models.
Point to the main drivers of CGE models.
Show how CGE models treat Land Use Change
Point to the new directions and developments.
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3. CGE models
The most recent development in a long tradition of economic
multi-sector economic planning models
Initiated with the work of Leontief in the 30’s: Input-Output
(IO) analysis.
Used when the complex interactions between economic
variables must be taken into account for policy analysis.
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6. Input-Output models (IO)
Consists of explicitly modeling the inter-industry (or users)
flows of products in an economy.
n linear equations, n unknowns. System solved by matrix
inversion.
Solution: inputs requirements to satisfy a given vector of final
demands.
General equilibrium in the production side of a economy.
Does not take into account restrictions about production
capacity: a solution always exists.
Fix price models, no substitution in inputs space in
production.
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7. Linear Programming Models
Have an explicit objective function for optimization
purposes: introduce choices.
Allow inequality restrictions (non used capacity).
Explicitly model maximum capacity.
Generate a dual price system, which represents the
opportunity cost of any production factor (market prices).
Problem: cannot treat prices endogenously. Resource
allocation in production is not compatible with income
generated in the process. Prices does not change in response
to resource scarcity or excess supply.
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8. Computable General Equilibrium
Models
Simultaneous solution for prices and quantities.
Simulates the interaction of many agents with optimizing
behavior in the markets.
Explicitly model structural features of particular economies,
with complete specification both from the supply and
demand sides.
REPRODUCE THE CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME IN A
GIVEN ECONOMY: incomes generated in the production
side must be consistent with expenditures of agents.
First CGE model: 1960, Norwegian economy, Leif Johansen.
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9. Equilibrium models
Equilibrium models solve a set of nonlinear equations that
include market clearing conditions, efficiency or zero-profit
conditions, and income balance equations.
Equations are paired with unknowns such as:
market prices
levels of output by production activity
Expenditures and savings, etc.
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10. CGE models
Very data demanding models.
The IO matrix gives a large part of the information required,
but not all.
Remaining information: National Accounts, Economic
Censuses, Household Surveys, etc.
Circular flow and consistency: data organized in a Social
Accounting Matrix (SAM). Double-keeping accounting
method.
The model is calibrated based on one year picture of a
given economy.
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11. Real flows Money flows An illustrative SAM
Primary Factors Institutions
Produts Labor Capital Capital Stocks Rest of TOTAL
Activities (Land) Household Governme Account the World
Activities Domestic Exports Domestic
Supply Productio
n Value
Produts Intermed. Househ Governme Investimen Stocks Supply in
use Consump Consumpt the
Domestic
Market
Factors
Labor wages Labor
Income
Capital rents Capital
(Land) Income
Institution
Household Wages Rents Transfers Household
Income
Governm Indirect Tariffs Direct Capital Governme
taxes taxes nt Income
Capital Savings Savings Capital Savings
Account
Stocks Stocks Stocks
Rest of Imports Capital Income
the World from
Overseas
Domestic Supply in Labor Capital Household Governme Capital Stocks Payments
TOTAL Productio the Income Income Expenditu nt Account to
11 n Value Domestic res Expenditu Overseas
Market res
12. Partial equilibrium analysis Demand
Supply
Primary Factors Institutions
Produts Labor Capital Capital Stocks Rest of TOTAL
Activities (Land) Household Governme Account the World
Activities Domestic Exports Domestic
Supply Productio
n Value
Produts Intermed. Househ Governme Investimen Stocks Supply in
use Consump Consumpt the
Domestic
Market
Factors
Labor wages Labor
Income
Capital rents Capital
(Land) Income
Institution
Household Wages Rents Transfers Household
Income
Governm Indirect Tariffs Direct Capital Governme
taxes taxes nt Income
Capital Savings Savings Capital Savings
Account
Stocks Stocks Stocks
Rest of Imports Capital Income
the World from
Overseas
Domestic Supply in Labor Capital Household Governme Capital Stocks Payments
TOTAL Productio the Income Income Expenditu nt Account to
12 n Value Domestic res Expenditu Overseas
Market res
13. How is land treated in these models?
Land is a primary factor of production, like labor and capital
(and perhaps natural resources).
It’s a factor which limits the supply response of the economy.
In the SAM the amount of land is represented by it’s
payments as a factor of production (or rentals), just like
capital. Actually, land rentals must be disaggregated from
capital rentals (Gross Operational Surplus in agricultural
activities) in the National Accounts.
Two general formulations: labor demand and labor supply.
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15. The Constant Elasticity of
Transformation Production Frontier
Land for corn
Total land availability frontier
Curvature of the frontier: easiness
of land movement
Relative prices
Psoy/Pcorn
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Land for soybeans
16. So, in a CGE model we have
A complete specification of the demand side of the economy;
A complete specification of the supply side of the economy;
CGE models: have the ability to capture the indirect land use
effect caused by policies in a integrated framework:
For example, how the fall in trade barriers in USA would affect
land use in Mato Grosso?
Partial equilibrium models, on the other hand, model spatial
and land management in great detail, since the rest of the
economy is not taken into account.
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17. What about details in CGE models?
Increasing computer power capacity turned it possible to
work even at a very fine grid cell level, watersheds or Agro
Ecological Zone (AEZ), for example.
However, the level detail on data is the limitation: modeling
at sub-national level requires estimation of input usage and
production by spatial unit. We typically have it at national
level (IO tables).
There are many different solutions in the literature, which is
in the frontier of CGE modeling, linked now to the climate
change literature.
A host of new issues arises from detailed land representation.
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18. Mobility of land across uses at sub-
national level grid
Why farms do not specialize if land is homogeneous?
Farms are often diversified. Two main considerations:
Risk aversion (not a market level phenomenon).
Non-homogenous land, even at very fine grid level. Some activities on
hills and others on valleys, for example. Substitution not easy.
One possible solution: again, the CET framework with particular
values for the elasticity of substitution at sub-national level.
In any case, the land supply function is nested, with decisions at
different levels: first, decide how many land allocate for particular
crops, than distribute this total at sub-national level.
Thousands of units of analysis? Size wouldn’t be the problem, but
data…..
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19. What about GHG emissions?
Once the economy is modeled the emissions tracking is
straightforward.
Emissions either linked to:
Use of products (fuels, for example)
Level of activity of producing sectors (CH4 in livestock, for
example).
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20. And what about deforestation?
A major challenge in modeling, still immature.
CGE models are good for phenomena which are guided by
prices.
This is not the case of deforestation as we know it in Brazil.
A range of non-market variables, like poorly defined
property rights in Amazon and roads constructions, for
example, have a determinant impact on deforestation.
There are attempts to link CGE models with specific forestry
models. Forestry involve investment decisions, inter-
temporal.
This is an issue difficult enough even in partial equilibrium.
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21. 25
An illustration: ethanol export expansion in Brazil
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23. Directions for future research in CGE
and LUC in Brazil
Develop a CGE model of land use with the actual modeling
technology: increase land use representation at sub-national
level.
Presently models work at state (27 regions) level.
Work on estimation of parameters for this detailed land use
model: elasticity of substitution between activities:
Initially by region
Maybe at sub-national unit level?
Integration with the general equilibrium framework.
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