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Terrorism continues to evolve with new threats emerging. Nations must adapt defenses against unpredictable terrorist tactics to protect citizens. Cooperation across borders is essential to share intelligence and prevent future terrorist attacks.

Science

2.Lecture:
New symptoms of contemporary
international terrorism and the
system of defence against terrorism

The lecture gives an overview on history and chronology of terrorism from the antiquity to our days. It analyzes the relationship between terror and the given socio-economic circumstances, the different forms of terror as the tool of intimidation and permanent presence in human history. The lecture outlines the main epochs of modern terrorism, shifts of ideologically motivated terrorism, forms, method of terror, and those effects on international political processes.

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Slide 1: Title Slide Extrachromosomal Inheritance Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus. Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids. Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria. Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring. Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy. Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts. Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species. Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA. Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes. Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation. Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering. Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells. Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression. Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells. Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration. Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells. Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases. Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification. Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases. Slide 10: Conclusion Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology. Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications. Slide 11: Questions and Discussion Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.

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