The document outlines the structure and components of the 3rd Professional Pathology examination for medical students. The exam consists of three parts: a written exam worth 100 marks, a practical exam worth 100 marks, and a structured oral exam (SOE) worth 100 marks.
The written exam has multiple choice questions worth 20 marks and short answer questions worth 70 marks, divided into four topic areas. The practical exam contains an objective structured practical exam (OSPE) worth 50 marks, traditional practical stations worth 40 marks, and a practical notebook component worth 10 marks.
The SOE is divided into two boards, each containing 10 topic-based question boxes to probe students' understanding. The document provides details on the format, requirements
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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MIP 201T & MPH 202T
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
4. Viva (SOE)
• Structured Oral Examination(SOE)
• Full marks: 100.
• Pass marks: 60.
• Two separate viva board.
• Each board has 50 marks and 10 questions
to ask.
5. Written (SAQ)
• Total 70 marks.
• Four groups A,B,C & D; each group 17.5 marks.
• Time: 2 hours and 30 minutes.
• Have to answer four out of five questions
including number five which is compulsory
(problem-based question).
6. Written (SAQ)
Must have to use separate answer script for
each group.
• Group A: General Pathology (17.5 marks).
• Group B: Hematopathology (17.5 marks).
• Group C: Systemic Pathology (17.5 marks).
• Group D: Systemic Pathology (17.5 marks).
7. MCQ (20 marks)
• Marks: 20 marks are allocated.
• Time allocated: 30 minutes.
• Type – Multiple true/ false type.
• Each MCQ will carry 1 mark and each stem
will carry 0.2 marks.
• No negative markings so you must answer
every question.
8. Formative marks (10 marks)
• Marks obtained out of 10 will be added with
SAQ+MCQ marks; ultimately total written
marks.
• Distribution of marks:
Term examination marks (6)+ Class
attendance (2) + Card completion (2).
10. SOE–Box Distribution (Board-1)
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
i. Cell injury
ii. Cellular
adaptation
Necrosis &
Apoptosis
ii. Intracellular
accumulation
and
calcification
i.
Inflammation
ii. Repair
i. Neoplasia
ii.
Childhood
tumor
i. Edema,
Thrombosis
Embolism
Infarction
Shock
ii. Hyperemia
and
congestion
iii. Acid- base
disorders
i.
Environment
al Pathology
ii.
Immunopath
ology
iii. Infectious
disease
iv. Outline of
Genetics
11. SOE–Box Distribution (Board-1)
A6 A7 A8 A9 A10
i.
Hemopoiesis,
Bone marrow
examination,
ii. RBC
Disorders
including
anaemias
i. WBC
disorders
including
Leukemia
ii.
Bleeding
disorders
i. Blood
Grouping &
Transfusion,
ii. Lymphnode,
iii. Practical
Hematology
(Anticoagulants,
Hb estimation,
ESR, PBF, HCT,
BT, CT,PT, TC,
DC, reticulocyte
count
i. Blood
vessels
ii. Heart.
iii. Lipid
profiles
and cardiac
enzymes
Problem
Based
question on
General
Pathology,
Hematopatho
logy, CVS,
Acid base
balance.
12. SOE–Box Distribution (Board-2)
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
i. GIT- oral
cavity,
esophagus,
Stomach,
intestine,
colon,
Appendix.
ii. salivary
gland
iii. Head
neck
pathology
i.
Hepatobiliary
System
ii. Liver
function
Tests
iii. Jaundice-
types,
difference
i. Urinary
system
including
Urinary
bladder
ii. Renal
function
tests
iii. Urine
examinatio
n
Female Genital
System
ii. Diseases of
the Breast
iii. Pregnancy
test
Endocrine
system-
Thyroid
gland
pathology
ii. Diabetes
mellitus &
complicatio
ns
13. SOE–Box Distribution (Board-2)
B6 B7 B8 B9 B10
i. Male
genital
system,
Testis
ii.
Prostate
iii. Semen
analysis
i. SKIN,
CNS
ii. Bones,
joints and
soft tissue.
iii.
Examinatio
n of CSF
i. Respiratory
system-
Pneumonia,
COPD,Tumour
ii. Pulmonary
Tuberculosis
iii. Pleural fluid
examination
Techniques in
histopathology-
Different stains,
fixatives, IHC,
Frozen section,
FNAC, Pap
smear
Problem
Based
question on
Systemic
Pathology
based on
LFT, KFT,
CSF, Semen,
Urine
examination.
14. Practical examination
Total marks- 100: pass marks-60%.
i. OSPE-50 (Ten OSPE station 5x10=50)
ii. Traditional- 40 (5 to 6 written question)
iii. Notebook + case history-10 marks
(Practical notebooks- 2x3= 6 ; Case history
=4) = 10
15. OSPE- Objective Structured
Practical Examination
• Number of station- 10
• Time for each station- 2 minutes
• Marks in each station- 5.
Contents of OSPE:
• Slides- 4 (1 GP, 1 Hematology, 2 Systemic
Pathology) (4x5=20)
• Figures, data interpretation- 2 (2X5=10)
• Specimen- 2 (2X5=10)
• Instruments, Reagents- 2 (2x5=10)
16. Traditional practical (40 marks)
1. 1 unstained Blood smear (PBF slide); to stain
and do DC count.
2. 2 Histopathology slides; diagnosis and
identification points.
3. 1 Stained PBF slide; write diagnosis.
4. 1 Data interpretation/ Problem based
question.
5. 1 Urine slide containing pus cell, RBC,
epithelial cells.
6. Perform Benedict test / heat coagulation test
with interpretation.