This document provides information from a presentation by Paul Young, CPA discussing taxation in Canada. It includes:
- Definitions of the top 1%, 5%, and 10% income earners in Canada based on income thresholds.
- Statistics showing the top 1% of income earners pay 20% of federal income taxes and are concentrated in Ontario and Alberta.
- An agenda with topics like redistribution of wealth, tax brackets, blogs about wealthiest Canadians and the middle class, and income splitting.
- Links to external sources and the presenter's credentials and disclaimer.
Wealthiest income – analysis and commentary - Canada - 2016paul young cpa, cga
There is allot written on wealth, especially the top 1%. Many of the articles talk about the top 1% not paying their share of taxes. This presentation will discuss the top 1% and their impact to economy.
The income redistribution is part of wealth distribution. This presentation will explain the trickled down impact of income to support programs like education, healthcare and other social programs.
Wealthiest Income – Analysis and Commentary - Canada - 2017paul young cpa, cga
According to the report, the top 20% of Canadian households in terms of income — those with annual incomes exceeding $186,875 — will earn 49.1% of all income in Canada but pay 55.9% of all taxes, including income, payroll, sales, and property taxes. The top 1% of earners face an even starker discrepancy, earning 10.7% of all income but paying 14.7% of all taxes in 2017 (compared to 11.3% in 1997).
This presentation will look at the impact of the middle class tax cut as well as other government policies on the middle class.
The focus will be on hydro rates, household spending, carbon taxation and income growth.
Wealthiest income – analysis and commentary - Canada - 2016paul young cpa, cga
There is allot written on wealth, especially the top 1%. Many of the articles talk about the top 1% not paying their share of taxes. This presentation will discuss the top 1% and their impact to economy.
The income redistribution is part of wealth distribution. This presentation will explain the trickled down impact of income to support programs like education, healthcare and other social programs.
Wealthiest Income – Analysis and Commentary - Canada - 2017paul young cpa, cga
According to the report, the top 20% of Canadian households in terms of income — those with annual incomes exceeding $186,875 — will earn 49.1% of all income in Canada but pay 55.9% of all taxes, including income, payroll, sales, and property taxes. The top 1% of earners face an even starker discrepancy, earning 10.7% of all income but paying 14.7% of all taxes in 2017 (compared to 11.3% in 1997).
This presentation will look at the impact of the middle class tax cut as well as other government policies on the middle class.
The focus will be on hydro rates, household spending, carbon taxation and income growth.
This presentation discusses all aspect low income and poverty levels including government policies, job creation, hydro rates, cost of living, income growth, income inequality, wealth distribution and income tax.
Canada continues to face hurdles when it comes to addressing issues with productivity.
1. Canada productivity – https://cabe.ca/webinar/rhetoric-vs-results-shaping-policy-to-benefit-canadas-middle-class/
2. Middle class - https://cabe.ca/webinar/rhetoric-vs-results-shaping-policy-to-benefit-canadas-middle-class/
3. Supply chain - https://fortune.com/2021/12/01/port-of-vancouver-flooding-supply-chain-disruption-logistics/
4. Mining - https://www.mining.com/canadas-mining-sector-top-target-market-for-fdi-deals-from-asia-pacific-region/
5. Top manufacturers - https://clutch.co/ca/logistics/manufacturing-companies
6. Automation - https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/robot-race-the-worlds-top-10-automated-countries--international-federation-of-robotics-reports-301216237.html
7. Agriculture - https://www.realagriculture.com/2021/11/canadian-government-still-undecided-on-u-s-invitation-to-join-coalition-focused-on-agricultural-productivity/
8. Canada is rank 13th on global resiliency for 2021 - https://newsroom.fmglobal.com/releases/denmark-bumps-norway-from-top-spot-in-the-2021-fm-global-resilience-index as compare to compared to 8th in 2015 - https://newsroom.fmglobal.com/releases/denmark-bumps-norway-from-top-spot-in-the-2021-fm-global-resilience-index
9. Australia continues to outpace Canada in terms of developing its natural resources in a sustainable way - https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/annual-survey-of-mining-companies-2020 or https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/annual-survey-of-mining-companies-2020
10. CAN’s natural resources wealth decline in 2020.The effective tax rate was unchanged from 2018 to 2019 for high-income earners. Dividend income led to rising in total income. https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/wealth-and-taxation-fairness-november-2021
Alberta has no path to balance budget
Alberta’s debt service costs are now close to $2B/year
Alberta using the same failed model as Ontario when incomes to funding clean technology
AB new jobs have been public sector and not private sector.
Ontario needs to be restructured on how it delivers program spending when it comes to value for money
There are broken processes like arbitration that pushing additional costs on to municipal, school boards and hospitals - https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/media/new-report-broken-arbitration-system-causing-unsustainable-rise-municipal-costs
Neither Wynne nor Horwath would touch the costing model. Both believe in rewarding unions for their support.
Ontario has $15B structural deficit - http://www.auditor.on.ca/en/content/specialreports/specialreports/2018Pre-Election_en.pdf
Government policies and issues - Municipalities and Cities - Canada - july 2017paul young cpa, cga
It is very easy to print money via taxation, but it is more difficult to fix systemic issues with delivering of taxation to various municipal programs.
This presentation includes a look at all levels of government undertaking more value for money audits. Some of the value for money audits could be set up via automation through triggers as way to ensure taxpayers dollars are maximised as part of delivering program spending.
Government Policies and Issues Municipalities and Cities - Canada - January...paul young cpa, cga
There is allot of misconceptions when it comes to municipal government across Canada. This presentation clarifies the responsibilities as well as the issues facing municipal governments across Canada.
It should also be noted previous elections provincial governments were less than truthful when it came to how either the money flows to/from various governments or within various governments.
Many people are confused how money flows from your wallet to social programs. Each level of government has different taxation programs that hit your wallet different ways
It is important to understand there is only one taxpayers and that is you
You cannot tax people to prosperity
Canada does a very good job of wealth distribution
Too many governments do not look at value for money when it comes to delivering program spending.
All politicians will promise the world, but in fact can deliver very little due fiscal restraints
This presentation will look at key commitments made during the 2015 election as part evaluating the government performance on key files.
This presentation is one opinion as such it is up to individuals to do their own research as part of understanding if the Liberal Party of Canada has met its election promises.
This presentation discuss how trickle down economics. There is allot of misunderstanding on how income flows from Government treasury to social programs.
The presentation will discuss pressure facing the middle class including economic growth.
Blog – Failure of Trudeaunomics – October 2021
Inflation went from 1% in 2015 to 1.9% in 2019 and now is 4.7% in Oct/21
Public sector jobs continue to outpace the private sector jobs
GDP went from 3.0% in 2017 to 1.6% 2019 (pre-Covid)
Housing prices continue to rise
Welcome to @justinTrudeau ‘s Canada
Trudeau came to office in 2015 when GDP growth for 2015 was about 1% (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/gdp-economy-1.3470453). Trudeau promise small deficits during the 2015 election (https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-election-2015-liberals-infrastructure-deficits-1.3205535.
Trudeau deficits were never small. The budget balance for period close March 2019 was $14B (https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/services/publications/annual-financial-report/2019/report.html).
Trudeau’s latest budget runs a higher deficit. Trudeau budget like previous budgets does not deal with productivity issues. Trudeau housing policies have been a colossal failure! https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/budget-2022-path-forward-for-canada-pptx
GDP for 2019 was estimated at 1.6%. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200228/dq200228a-eng.htm. Liberals will argue that the GDP rate was 50% higher than October 2015. What the Liberals will not discuss is Harper was running 2.3% average growth rate for GDP (Post 2009 Recession) https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/canada/gdp as compared to the Liberals that was running about 2%
This presentation discusses all aspect low income and poverty levels including government policies, job creation, hydro rates, cost of living, income growth, income inequality, wealth distribution and income tax.
Canada continues to face hurdles when it comes to addressing issues with productivity.
1. Canada productivity – https://cabe.ca/webinar/rhetoric-vs-results-shaping-policy-to-benefit-canadas-middle-class/
2. Middle class - https://cabe.ca/webinar/rhetoric-vs-results-shaping-policy-to-benefit-canadas-middle-class/
3. Supply chain - https://fortune.com/2021/12/01/port-of-vancouver-flooding-supply-chain-disruption-logistics/
4. Mining - https://www.mining.com/canadas-mining-sector-top-target-market-for-fdi-deals-from-asia-pacific-region/
5. Top manufacturers - https://clutch.co/ca/logistics/manufacturing-companies
6. Automation - https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/robot-race-the-worlds-top-10-automated-countries--international-federation-of-robotics-reports-301216237.html
7. Agriculture - https://www.realagriculture.com/2021/11/canadian-government-still-undecided-on-u-s-invitation-to-join-coalition-focused-on-agricultural-productivity/
8. Canada is rank 13th on global resiliency for 2021 - https://newsroom.fmglobal.com/releases/denmark-bumps-norway-from-top-spot-in-the-2021-fm-global-resilience-index as compare to compared to 8th in 2015 - https://newsroom.fmglobal.com/releases/denmark-bumps-norway-from-top-spot-in-the-2021-fm-global-resilience-index
9. Australia continues to outpace Canada in terms of developing its natural resources in a sustainable way - https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/annual-survey-of-mining-companies-2020 or https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/annual-survey-of-mining-companies-2020
10. CAN’s natural resources wealth decline in 2020.The effective tax rate was unchanged from 2018 to 2019 for high-income earners. Dividend income led to rising in total income. https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/wealth-and-taxation-fairness-november-2021
Alberta has no path to balance budget
Alberta’s debt service costs are now close to $2B/year
Alberta using the same failed model as Ontario when incomes to funding clean technology
AB new jobs have been public sector and not private sector.
Ontario needs to be restructured on how it delivers program spending when it comes to value for money
There are broken processes like arbitration that pushing additional costs on to municipal, school boards and hospitals - https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/media/new-report-broken-arbitration-system-causing-unsustainable-rise-municipal-costs
Neither Wynne nor Horwath would touch the costing model. Both believe in rewarding unions for their support.
Ontario has $15B structural deficit - http://www.auditor.on.ca/en/content/specialreports/specialreports/2018Pre-Election_en.pdf
Government policies and issues - Municipalities and Cities - Canada - july 2017paul young cpa, cga
It is very easy to print money via taxation, but it is more difficult to fix systemic issues with delivering of taxation to various municipal programs.
This presentation includes a look at all levels of government undertaking more value for money audits. Some of the value for money audits could be set up via automation through triggers as way to ensure taxpayers dollars are maximised as part of delivering program spending.
Government Policies and Issues Municipalities and Cities - Canada - January...paul young cpa, cga
There is allot of misconceptions when it comes to municipal government across Canada. This presentation clarifies the responsibilities as well as the issues facing municipal governments across Canada.
It should also be noted previous elections provincial governments were less than truthful when it came to how either the money flows to/from various governments or within various governments.
Many people are confused how money flows from your wallet to social programs. Each level of government has different taxation programs that hit your wallet different ways
It is important to understand there is only one taxpayers and that is you
You cannot tax people to prosperity
Canada does a very good job of wealth distribution
Too many governments do not look at value for money when it comes to delivering program spending.
All politicians will promise the world, but in fact can deliver very little due fiscal restraints
This presentation will look at key commitments made during the 2015 election as part evaluating the government performance on key files.
This presentation is one opinion as such it is up to individuals to do their own research as part of understanding if the Liberal Party of Canada has met its election promises.
This presentation discuss how trickle down economics. There is allot of misunderstanding on how income flows from Government treasury to social programs.
The presentation will discuss pressure facing the middle class including economic growth.
Blog – Failure of Trudeaunomics – October 2021
Inflation went from 1% in 2015 to 1.9% in 2019 and now is 4.7% in Oct/21
Public sector jobs continue to outpace the private sector jobs
GDP went from 3.0% in 2017 to 1.6% 2019 (pre-Covid)
Housing prices continue to rise
Welcome to @justinTrudeau ‘s Canada
Trudeau came to office in 2015 when GDP growth for 2015 was about 1% (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/gdp-economy-1.3470453). Trudeau promise small deficits during the 2015 election (https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-election-2015-liberals-infrastructure-deficits-1.3205535.
Trudeau deficits were never small. The budget balance for period close March 2019 was $14B (https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/services/publications/annual-financial-report/2019/report.html).
Trudeau’s latest budget runs a higher deficit. Trudeau budget like previous budgets does not deal with productivity issues. Trudeau housing policies have been a colossal failure! https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/budget-2022-path-forward-for-canada-pptx
GDP for 2019 was estimated at 1.6%. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200228/dq200228a-eng.htm. Liberals will argue that the GDP rate was 50% higher than October 2015. What the Liberals will not discuss is Harper was running 2.3% average growth rate for GDP (Post 2009 Recession) https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/canada/gdp as compared to the Liberals that was running about 2%
Cost of living has hit 40-year high
More and more of the middle class are left out of the housing market
Canada continues to face productivity and innovation challenges
Federal government refuses to review its carbon pricing model
Blog – The Failure of Trudeaunomics – April 2022
Trudeau deficits led to nothing but higher taxes and anemic growth
Trudeau did little to help the middle class
Trudeau policies towards the natural resource sector led to less FDI as compared to its peers like Australia
Trudeau’s carbon tax has not been revenue neutral
Trudeau critical metal strategy is relying on innovation that does not current exist when it comes to sourcing lithium from tailing ponds and/or other sources.
Trudeau’s ministers claim the PBO report did not look at all angle is incorrect. Canadians are looking at ways to deal with high inflation including curbing consumer spending
Trudeau never mentioned the fact that Canadians have the highest household debt ever in the history of Canada.
NDP has an agreement with the Liberals to support Trudeau until 2025. NDP will not support any non-confidence vote but will support any liberal budgets. NDP will be allow to push bills like GIS and other bills related to the NDP free stuff agenda!
This presentation looks at different areas of taxation. More work needs to be done in areas like reforming the tax act, tax treaties, shutting down tax havens, going after the underground economy, and other tax reforms
1. Housing affordability – During 2015 election is when Ralph Goodale said Harper had the worse household debt in Canadian history https://nationalpost.com/opinion/ralph-goodale-the-myth-of-the-roaring-canadian-economy . Fast forward to 2022 and now you are seeing household affordability the worse in over 30 years - https://www.macleans.ca/longforms/down-payments-are-less-affordable-than-ever-unless-you-have-generational-wealth/
2. Trudeau’s deficits with neither effective nor small - https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/goldstein-lets-stop-pretending-trudeaus-deficit-projections-are-real
3. Trudeau environmental policies had many issues - https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-contradictory-spending-slow-pace-trouble-trudeau-governments-emissions/
4. Immigration is a concern due to fact there is a job quality issue - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/has-canada-immigration-policies-been-effective
5. GDP was sluggish pre-covid19 and little was said by MSM and Trudeau’s team - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/world-and-slow-economic-growth
6. Supply chain was in bad shape pre-covid19 - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/analysis-of-the-goods-producing-sector-canada-august-2019-and-september-2019
7. Trudeau never brought Canada back on the world scene - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/foreign-affairs-and-policies-is-canada-back-250969830
8. Trudeau promise to help small business and the went on to hiking small businesses taxes as he called small business owners tax cheats. https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/canada-small-business-survival-analysis-and-commentary
9. Trudeau promise to be more open and transparent and has failed - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/justin-trudeau-governance-model-january-15-2022
10. Trudeau policies never address productivity - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/how-to-improve-canada-global-competitiveness-250791285
11. Trudeau’s team has ignored many audit reports. Trudeau has done little to improve outcomes on various programs - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/fiscal-update-for-canada-december-2021
Income inequality has been around your decades. Very few governments have had success with squashing income inequality. One could argue Scandinavia countries have done a good job eradication of income inequality but when you take a deep look then you will see high cost of living and lack of desire to work.
Elections lately have been won or lost through efforts of parties to market their leader as the one that can help their country. The problem is the messaging has been more about image projection than sound government policies.
Justin Trudeau and Liberals| Have Liberal Policies made things more Affordabl...paul young cpa, cga
This presentation looks at key areas of household budgets. Trudeau ran on a campaign back in 2015 that he would make things more affordable for Canadians.
Countries, states, provinces, and local governments are facing fiscal challenges due to declining revenue and higher program spending costs.
This presentation looks at taxation including how best to reform tax policy
Blog – Failure of Trudeaunomics
Justin Trudeau may key promises in 2015.
a) Making housing more affordable. Housing has grown on average of nearly 10% per year as compared to wage growth of 3.2%
b) Household debt has hit record levels since 2015
c) FDI has gone elsewhere to countries like Australia - https://www.austrade.gov.au/news/economic-analysis/who-invests-in-australia-analysing-2020-s-4-trillion-record-for-foreign-investment
d) Inflation is at an 18-year high - https://www.linkedin.com/posts/malundy_canadian-inflation-hits-30-year-high-as-omicron-activity-6877347398188982272-DjpM/
e) Trudeau’s deficits were neither small nor effective to address issues facing the economy like productivity, innovation, skills gaps, housing costs, etc. - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/how-can-bank-of-canada-achieve-its-2-inflation-target-for-canada
1. Wage growth – https://www.saltwire.com/nova-scotia/news/wage-growth-outpaces-inflation-as-job-vacancies-surge-to-record-100672882/
2. Housing - https://betterdwelling.com/canadas-gap-between-real-estate-prices-and-incomes-looks-ridiculous-beside-us-data/
3. Record household debt - https://www.reuters.com/markets/rates-bonds/canada-q3-household-debt-to-income-ratio-rises-1773-2021-12-10/
4. FDI in decline as compare to Canada’s peers - https://www.cpacanada.ca/en/public-interest/public-policy-government-relations/policy-advocacy/cpa-canada-tax-review-initiative/taxes-and-canadians/stifling-foreign-investment-holding-canada-back
5. Job Quality - https://www.thestar.com/business/2021/12/09/small-businesses-automating-to-deal-with-worker-shortage-survey.html
6. Canadian dollar - https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/canada-fx-debt-canadian-dollar-extends-rebound-as-domestic-economy-grows
7. GDP and slow growth - https://thoughtleadership.rbc.com/the-great-canadian-restart-how-2022-can-spark-an-era-of-greener-more-robust-growth/ and https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/canadian-consumers-power-5-4-annualized-growth-1.1688906
8. Immigration - https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/canada-tops-record-immigration-goal-of-401-000-residents-1.1700063
9. Inflation - https://www.healthing.ca/opinion/opinion-ottawa-gets-an-inflation-dividend-the-rest-of-us-dont/
10. Job vacancies - https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/labour-shortages-continue-as-quarterly-job-vacancies-reach-all-time-high-1.5718167
Global Housing Market Analysis and Commentary- September 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Summary:
Homebuilders are walking a fine line when it comes to new projects as high mortgage rates curb demand.
New residential construction, including single-family homes and multifamily, dropped 11.3% month over month in August to 1.283 million units on a seasonally adjusted basis, according to Census Bureau data released Tuesday. That's down 14.8% compared with a year ago and well below the 1.44 million units economists surveyed by Bloomberg projected.
But authorized residential permits — an indicator of potential future activity — rose 6.9% to 1.543 million permits in August from July. That was still down 2.7% from last August. Single-family permits, though, were up 2% from July to 949,000. Multifamily permits came in at 535,000.
The data reflects two opposing forces builders are trying to balance: the ongoing need for new construction to fill in limited inventory and elevated mortgage rates that are hurting their biggest customer right now, the first-time homebuyer.
"High mortgage rates are clearly taking a toll on builder confidence and consumer demand, as a growing number of buyers are electing to defer a home purchase until long-term rates move lower," Robert Dietz, chief economist of the National Association of Home Builders, said Monday in a press release after builder confidence dropped for the second straight month.
Source: https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/homebuilders-face-a-tough-balancing-act-on-new-construction-amid-high-mortgage-rates-130744368.html
Blog – What is next for the Mining Sector – September 2023
The mining sector provides critical material that support solar, wind, and lithium-ion batteries as part of the green transition. https://www.iea.org/news/critical-minerals-market-sees-unprecedented-growth-as-clean-energy-demand-drives-strong-increase-in-investment
The mining sector products play a key role with the global GDP - https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/global-mining-industry-value-was-69-of-world-gdp-last-year-china-says
Mining practices need to be sustainable including following all ESG policies - https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-can-you-monitor-sustainable-mining-practices
Other links and sources –
Lithium Supply and Price - https://zbr.com.mx/en/sin-categoria-es/lithium-prices-fall-44-in-china-due-to-lack-of-demand/138168/
Cobalt - https://www.linkedin.com/posts/mahmut-karada%C5%9F-a2b7a5151_china-exportrestrictions-gallium-activity-7082603182589157376-Zrty/?trk=public_profile_like_view
Nickel https://www.eureporter.co/business/2023/09/15/stanislav-kondrashov-from-telf-ag-nickel-prices-outlook-remains-positive/
Iron-ore - https://www.brecorder.com/news/40263584/sgx-iron-ore-set-for-best-week-in-3-months
TD Bank / Metals - https://www.tdsecurities.com/ca/en/setting-the-stage-for-gold-outlook
Biodiversity / Mining - https://worldcrunch.com/green/lithium-green-energy-argentina-indigenous
ESG - https://iriscarbon.com/the-added-value-of-integrated-esg-reporting-a-threefold-framework/
Blog – Manufacturing Shipments and Orders – The United States – August 2023
Summary:
New orders for manufacturing technology in the United States totaled $353.9 million in July 2023, as per the latest report by AMT – The Association For Manufacturing Technology. This figure marked a 12.4% decline from June 2023 but remained only 10.5% lower than July 2022. Year-to-date orders amounted to $2.83 billion, reflecting a 12.7% decrease compared to the same period the previous year.
Douglas K. Woods, President of AMT, noted that July is typically a slower month for manufacturing technology orders, so a slight drop was expected. However, he pointed out a notable trend: over the last two months, the year-to-date order gap has narrowed during historically slow periods. While job shops have seen decreased orders, other industries that benefited from reshoring or government investments have helped fill the gap.
Among specific sectors, job shops, the largest customer segment, placed their lowest total monthly orders since August 2020. In contrast, metal valve manufacturers recorded their third-highest monthly order value on record, last seen in September 2018, making up nearly 5% of the total manufacturing technology order value for July 2023. Manufacturers of motor vehicle transmissions continued to order machinery at an elevated pace. However, the aerospace industry continued to order below its early 2022 peaks, with hopes that recent projects like the federal government's $1.5 billion investment in communications satellites might reverse this trend.
Source: https://www.sme.org/technologies/articles/2023/september/u.s.-manufacturing-technology-orders-dip-in-july-but-show-resilience-amid-economic-uncertainty
Stock Market Analysis and Commentary for WE September 15 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Blog – Analysis and Commentary – Stock Market – WE September 15 2023
Summary:
Stocks fell Friday as investors wrap up a volatile week ahead of the Federal Reserve's policy meeting.
The Dow Jones Industrials tumbled 288.87 points to close out Friday and the week at 34,618.24. At its lows, it completely wiped out Thursday's 332-point rally.
The S&P 500 index sank 54.78 points, or 1.2%, to 4,450.32.
The NASDAQ index plunged 217.72 points, or 1.6%, to 13,708.33.
The Dow held onto a winning week. The S&P 500 and NASDAQ both closed out the week with losses.
Information technology was the worst-performing sector in the S&P 500, down nearly 2%. Adobe shares fell more than 4% even after the software firm posted better-than-expected quarterly results. Shares of Arm Holdings were lower one day after its successful public debut.
Auto stocks General Motors and Stellantis N.V. were higher Friday, while Ford Motor was about flat. Thousands of members of the United Auto Workers went on strike after failing to reach a deal with the automakers Thursday night.
Elsewhere, Lennar shares slid 3%. The home construction firm posted third-quarter results that beat on the top and bottom lines.
On the economic front, the University of Michigan's consumer sentiment survey showed one-year inflation expectations dropped to 3.1% in
September, tied for the lowest since January 2021. Also, the five-year outlook fell to 2.7%, matching its lowest since December 2020.
Electricity Analysis - Canada and the OECD - June 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Summary:
Over three-quarters of the world’s total coal-generated electricity is consumed in just three countries. China is the top user of coal, making up 53.3% of global coal demand, followed by India at 13.6%, and the U.S. at 8.9%.
Burning coal—for electricity, as well as metallurgy and cement production—is the world’s single largest source of CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, its use in electricity generation has actually grown 91.2% since 1997, the year when the first global climate agreement was signed in Kyoto, Japan.
However, even as non-renewables enjoy their time in the sun, their days could be numbered.
In 2022, renewables, such as wind, solar, and geothermal, represented 14.4% of total electricity generation with an extraordinary annual growth rate of 14.7%, driven by big gains in solar and wind. Non-renewables, by contrast, only managed an anemic 0.4%.
The authors of the Statistical Review do not include hydroelectric in their renewable calculations, even though many others, including the International Energy Agency, consider it a “well-established renewable power technology.”
With hydroelectric moved into the renewable column, together they accounted for over 29.3% of all electricity generated in 2022, with an annual growth rate of 7.4%.
Source - https://energynow.ca/2023/09/infographic-what-electricity-sources-power-the-world-see-them-here-visual-capitalist/
Stock Market Analysis and Commentary for WE September 9 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
What did the markets tell us this week?
1. Housing supply and costs continue to plague countries around the world.
2. Gasoline prices are on the rise that puts pressure on central banks ability to hit their core inflation targets.
3. ESG adoption by both the private and public sector is leading to both funding concerns and the overall cost of implementing ESG policies.
4. Adopting technology as part of increasing food production is facing both capital and operational funding concerns.
5. Strike at LNG facility in Australia is leading to concerns around a supply chain disruption of natural gas for EMEA and Asia.
6. The threat of China dumping batteries into markets - https://www.ft.com/content/b6038e51-7b5b-4f97-a5da-9202e71562fc
7. Adoption of generative AI has been facing many challenges related to security, privacy, and ethical issues.
8. Lack of biodiversity planning as part of the overall climate mitigation including sustainable mining, forestry, oil, gas, agriculture, and housing
9. Geopolitical issues continue to impact supply chain.
10. The concerns of recession continue to plague both the private and public sector.
11. Productivity issues continue to plague governments around the world.
Global (Mining Oil and Gas Forestry and Agriculture) Analysis and Commentary ...paul young cpa, cga
The mining, oil, gas, agriculture, forestry, and mining continue to face environmental, social, and governance policy review including reporting of key metrics as part of ESG reporting cycle.
There is more focus on profitability and investment returns as part of the integrated planning and reporting cycle.
Summary:
The global economy faces what at least one forecaster is calling a mild trade recession as shipments from China slump and German factories downshift.
China’s export declines extended into August, though there were signs that the worst of a world trade slowdown may be over for the leading exporter.
Overseas shipments from China fell 8.8% in dollar terms from a year earlier while imports contracted 7.3%, both better than economists’ estimates and significantly less severe than July’s downturn.
Other data have suggested trade may be stabilizing after weakening for most of this year. Exports from South Korea also declined at a more moderate pace in August than the previous month.
Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-09-07/supply-chain-latest-world-trade-faces-a-shallow-recession?srnd=economics-v2
Additional sources and links:
Lithium - https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/falling-lithium-prices-challenge-potential-cost-advantages-of-sodium-batteries
Oil Production - https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/06/business/oil-price-goldman-sachs/index.html
Natural gas - https://www.fxstreet.com/news/natural-gas-holds-up-as-markets-in-limbo-over-strikes-202309070956
Lumber - https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/sawmill-capacity-closures-reshape-us-lumber-supply
Critical metals - https://www.wasterecyclingmag.ca/feature/how-recycling-could-solve-the-shortage-of-minerals-essential-to-clean-energy/
Agriculture - https://www.morningagclips.com/economists-forecast-positive-end-of-year-crop-outlook-despite-warmer-midwestern-climate/
ESG - https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2023/09/the-informed-board/the-eus-new-esg-disclosure-rules
Ports - https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/HAPAG-LLOYD-AG-24857717/news/Hapag-Lloyd-chief-warns-of-rougher-seas-ahead-for-container-shipping-44789017/
Top destination for reshoring - https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/2023/08/29/uae-in-top-10-most-powerful-passports-for-investment-opportunity/
Global Trade - https://phys.org/news/2023-09-opinion-broke-global-climate-finish.html
What is next for the Forestry Sector and Lumber Production - September 2023.pptxpaul young cpa, cga
Lumber production in Canada continues to face many hurdles
Canada forest management practices are some of the bests in the world
Canada planted over 440M in seedlings back in 2018. It is now 2022 which means close 2M seedlings have been planted.
All levels need to put more focus on urban and rural planning solutions
More work including spending on wildfire and forest fire mitigation
Canada and USA need to find a path forward to resolve the softwood lumber dispute
There needs to a better balanced between climate change policies and growing the economy in a sustainable way
3D printing for housing needs to become mainstream
More protection needs to happen with key ecosystems like wetlands, forest, and peatlands.
There is a risk of debt default if interest rates are hike over the next few months
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
3. PAUL YOUNG - PRESENTER
Bio
• CPA/CGA
• 25 years of experience in Academia, Industry and Financial solutions
• Youtube Channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAArky1bAXPSuV2NLtUnyLg
4. AGENDA
• Who are the top 1%
• Re-distribution of Wealth
• GDP Tax flow
• Tax Bracket
• Blog – Wealthiest
• Blog – Middle Class and Top 1%
• Blog - Income Tax Splitting
• Regressive taxes
5. TOP INCOME
EARNER/CANADA
• Here’s what it takes to be among Canada’s top earners:
• Top 1 per cent: income of at least $222,000. A total of 264,030 tax-
filers earned that amount or more in 2013,
• Top 5 per cent: income of at least $115,700,
• Top 10 per cent: income of at least $89,200.
6. TOP 1% / TAX
Source - https://www.wealthprofessional.ca/market-
talk/top-incomeearners-paying-more-than-their-fair-
share-234809.aspx
7. TOP INCOME EARNER/CANADA
Combined Provincial/Territories range 47% to 55%
•NB has highest combine Personal Income Tax in Canada
•269K pay 20% of the total income tax in Canada (2014 Stats)
Alberta accounted for much of the increase in the nation's top 1%
of taxfilers between 2013 and 2014. This predated the drop in oil
prices in 2015. Nearly 68,600 of the high-income group lived in
the province in 2014, an increase of more than 6,000 over 2013.
In contrast, the number of top 1% taxfilers living in Ontario fell by
1,900, from 109,100 in 2013 to 107,200 in 2014. However,
Ontario retained the largest share of Canada's top 1% of taxfilers
(39.9%) in 2014. Ontario and Alberta combined accounted for
65.5% of the country's top 1% of taxfilers, which was above their
share of the country's total taxfilers at 49.1%.
•The small group is a big source of federal revenue, contributing more than 20 per cent
of all income tax collected. Canada’s rich may be getting a little richer, but their
income growth of 1.2 per cent between 2012 and 2013 was in line with the growth of
all other tax filers.
•http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/higher-taxes-on-rich-may-miss-
revenue-targets-experts-say-1.3031842 or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pICUvNi95AY
9. REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME:
Facts:
• Top 1% account for 20% of
the Federal Income Tax
• Corporate Tax account for
1/3 of the transfer
payments
• Equalization benefits come
from the have not
promises via royalties as
well as other revenue
sources
10. GDP / WEALTH FLOW
Factors in play that impact wealth
distribution
• Companies invest into projects as part of return
on investment for their shareholders
• Pensions Funds like CPP investment in
companies for their return on investment
• Wealth distribution is done from transfers to
provinces to support healthcare.
• Provincial government collect tax dollars to fund
education and healthcare
GDP Growth:
• 2/3 of the economic
growth is driven by
retail Sales
• Exports are about ¼ of
GDP. Canada needs
exports
• Canada needs FDI in
order to develop its
resources,
manufactured goods,
build transportation
systems
11. BLOG #1 – WEALTHIEST
• Wealthiest pay 20% of the federal income tax - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/wealthiest-income-analysis-and-
commentary-canada-2017
• Governments have an issue with their delivery model which is ignored by your post, why?
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/social-spending-and-taxation-government-sustainability-april-2019
• I am sure you believe in a wealth tax, right? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWarBMfshaA
• Income equality is an issue, but won’t be fixed with bad policies like C69 or C48 or Carbon Taxation or other bad policies that
discourage business investment – https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/business-competitivesness-canada-march-2019
• You do not fixed income inequality either by handing moneys out to able bodied people or by taxing others to death. The problem
with socialism is that you eventually run out other people’s moneys! - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/guarantee-
income-canada-analysis-and-commentary-february-2019
• FYI – We need to stop finding more ways to tax people and start looking at how government operates!
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/social-spending-and-taxation-government-sustainability-april-2019 or
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/canada-public-sector-vs-private-sector-april-2019
12. MIDDLE CLASS AND WEALTHIEST
• Liberals are attacking income classes as way to pander for votes!
• https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/class-warfare-canada-taxation-february-2019
• Again, you are misinformed! https://globalnews.ca/news/1356467/tax-cuts-since-2005-net-canadians-30b-
pbo/
Low income had many programs
https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/harper-changes-canada-a-cut-at-a-time/
• @AndreaHorwath I bet people like think taxing wealth is the right approach!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWarBMfshaA&t=257s or
https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/09/13/canadian-incomes-jump-but-ontario-residents-hit-by-
manufacturing-downturn-statistics-canada.html
• https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/wealthiest-income-analysis-and-commentary-canada-2017
13. OTHER
INFORMATION/COMMENTS:
• NDP and Liberal Comments - http://www.torontosun.com/2015/08/15/trudeau-and-mulcair-selling-a-
fantasy-to-the-middle-class or http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-speech-chamber-commerce-
1.3513939
• I hear the same comments that Harper has killed the middle class when it is has been bad provincial policies
led by various provincial government that felt social policy at all costs is the solution to run their various
budgets. Here are facts/videos on the middle class - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqLDHQ-iJU8 (is this
a lie? or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOl37VcG89c (is this a lie? - http://globalnews.ca/.../tax-cuts-
since-2005-net.../ (is this a lie?) or http://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/taxation-policies (are my slides
8-11 wrong).
• BTW: Hiking the corporation tax to 18-22% range will add 2-8% more to cost of your iPhone, iPad, Clothes,
transit passes, food, beer, wine, etc. http://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/corporation-taxation-canada-
44675640.
• How about childcare: http://www.iedm.org/fr/2821-quebecs-failed-child-care-model
• Canada is one of the most admired countries in the world: http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canada-ranked-as-
most-admired-country-in-the-world-report-1.2470040
• Canada also has done well compared to its peers across the world -
http://www.bmonesbittburns.com/economics/forecast/int/intmodel.pdf
• http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/top-business-stories/canadians-scale-the-income-
ladder-with-the-best-of-them/article25533315/?click=sf_globefb
• Remind me again why we should change to either Mulcair or Trudeau government as the facts do not align
with their policies! http://www.torontosun.com/2015/08/15/trudeau-and-mulcair-selling-a-fantasy-to-the-
middle-class
• FYI – Canada is still one of the best countries in the world -
http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canada-named-the-country-with-the-best-reputation-by-global-
survey-again or https://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/dailybrew/canada-tops-the-world-as-most-reputable-
country-021908756.html
• FYI – Taxing the richest - http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/higher-taxes-on-rich-may-miss-
revenue-targets-experts-say-1.3031842 or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pICUvNi95AY
• Hydro rates - http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-4.html
14. BLOG - WEALTHIEST CANADA
• Wealthiest pay 20% of the federal income tax - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/wealthiest-income-analysis-and-commentary-canada-2017
• Governments have an issue with their delivery model which is ignored by your post, why? https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/social-spending-and-
taxation-government-sustainability-april-2019
• I am sure you believe in a wealth tax, right? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWarBMfshaA
• Income equality is an issue, but won’t be fixed with bad policies like C69 or C48 or Carbon Taxation or other bad policies that discourage business investment –
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/business-competitivesness-canada-march-2019
• You do not fixed income inequality either by handing moneys out to able bodied people or by taxing others to death. The problem with socialism is that you
eventually run out other people’s moneys! - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/guarantee-income-canada-analysis-and-commentary-february-2019
•
• FYI – We need to stop finding more ways to tax people and start looking at how government operates! https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/social-
spending-and-taxation-government-sustainability-april-2019 or https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/canada-public-sector-vs-private-sector-april-2019 or
fiscal management - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/federal-transfers-equalization-payments-canada-may-2018
•
15. INCOME SPLITTING / TAXATION
• Income Tax splitting / Accountant perspective:
• http://www.pwc.com/en_CA/ca/tax-insights/publications/pwc-income-splitting--other-tax-measures-
for-families-introduced-2014-10-en.pdf
• http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/income-splitting-among-new-tax-breaks-aimed-at-families-1.2079559
• http://www.imfcanada.org/sites/default/files/IMFC_Income%20Splitting_June2014.pdf
• http://www.charteredaccountants.ca/newsletters.html
• Vern Krishna - http://business.financialpost.com/2014/12/17/vern-krishna-income-splitting-is-fair/
•
• So, how does income splitting not help one spouse that makes 60K and the other none or one spouse
that makes 40K the other 70K
16. REGRESSIVE TAX
• Definition: A regressive tax is a tax applied uniformly, taking a larger percentage of income from low-
income earners than from high-income earners. It is in opposition to a progressive tax, which takes a
larger percentage from high-income earners.
• Who introduced Carbon tax? Liberals, right?
• The carbon tax is regressive tax. The Liberals decided to offer tax credit to families. The problem the true cost of
carbon tax is about $750 to $1,500 per family - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/art-of-taxing-
pollution-canada-environment (see slide 45)
17. SUMMARY
• Top 1% pay over 50% of the income to taxation
• Top 1% earned their wealth through investment in stocks, bonds and real estate
• Top 1% have good accountants and lawyers as such no how to work within the tax laws to moved income around as part of managing
their taxes
• Top 1% may take their investment elsewhere as part of managing their wealth - http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-
quotidien/161017/dq161017a-eng.htm
• Pensions fund by companies as part of managing their returns
• Bad policies hurt the low to middle class worst than the 1%
• Carbon Taxation will force up household spending by $1,200 to $1,500
• Hikes to CPP will impact hiring (Companies may not be able to afford the hikes)
• Hydro rates impact both business investment as well as household spending
• Money flows from companies through the following ways
• Dividends payout
• Capital Investment (debt, working capital or stock issuance)
• Share buyback
18. SOURCES:
• Income inequality – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TulkPgfR-R0
• Middle Class - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoZ96sCQ-sQ or
http://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/middle-class-analysis-and-commentary-canada
• Labor Market and Policies - http://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/government-policies-labour-
market-canada-67545343
• Trickle down economics - http://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/what-is-trickle-down-economics
• Guarantee Income - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UrgSeNDCPo