The document discusses a study that examines how charitable contributions made by a family's reference group influence the family's own charitable giving. It presents an economic model showing how a family maximizes utility from consumption and donations based on income, taxes, and average donations of the reference group. The study uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate the relationship, controlling for demographic and economic factors. The results show that a family's donations positively correlate with the average donations of their reference group.
This document discusses Medicare in the United States and compares it to the single-payer healthcare system in Canada. It notes that the Medicare Trust Fund in the US is projected to be insolvent by 2026, while Canadian Medicare has controlled costs by spending less on administration and using a single-payer model to negotiate drug and hospital prices. The document advocates taking action on Medicare's birthday to address problems with the incomplete coverage and privatization seen in the US system versus the cost controls of Canada's single-payer approach.
Conservation spending on natural resources generates significant employment and economic in the United States. This presentation includes data and analysis for the American West.
This document provides a summary of the 2021 housing market forecast from the California Association of Realtors. It predicts that while home sales declined sharply in 2020 due to the pandemic, sales have rebounded strongly in recent months with existing home sales in August 2020 being the highest in over 10 years. Home prices have also risen, increasing over 14% year-over-year in August. Inventory remains low with months of supply at 2.1 months in August, down significantly from the prior year. The recovery in the housing market has been aided by historically low interest rates and continued buyer demand despite job losses during the pandemic.
Take a look at these annual side-by-side comparisons to see how your county sales and affordability hold up next to the state and country as a whole. Indicators provided are sales, median prices, supply, and affordability.
COVID-19 Update (US Counties): July 31, 2020Steve Shafer
This document provides data on COVID-19 cases and trends in various US counties as of July 31, 2020. It includes charts showing new cases, deaths, and case projections over time for major counties in California (e.g. Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Clara) and other states (e.g. New York City, King County WA). The charts compare actual case and death numbers to modeled predictions and illustrate differences in trends across populations and counties.
2017 Annual Economic Outlook - Lee McPhetersShay Moser
The document summarizes Arizona's economic performance in the first 100 days of the Trump administration and provides an outlook. Key points:
- Arizona experienced steady economic growth in the first quarter of 2017, adding over 56,000 new jobs.
- Several industries like finance, food services, and health care saw strong job growth. Arizona ranked 7th nationwide for private sector job growth.
- Population growth remains robust, with Arizona ranked 8th fastest growing state in 2016.
- The outlook is positive if domestic migration continues, but trade policy changes could negatively impact industries like manufacturing. Health care is also a risk depending on federal policy changes.
This document summarizes an economic forecast for Arizona presented at a luncheon. It finds that while Arizona has experienced strong job growth and remains a top state for population increases, long-term measures of economic prosperity like per capita income and GDP per worker rank the state below average. The forecast predicts Arizona will see a third consecutive year of job growth in 2017 at 3.0% but notes the greatest risk to the state's economy comes from the national business cycle. Key factors for the state's continued growth are its labor force, quality of life, and cost structure.
The document contains 5 figures that provide data on international donor government funding for HIV from 2002-2016. Figure 1 shows that total donor government disbursements for HIV increased from $1.2 billion in 2002 to $8.6 billion in 2016, with a peak of $8.6 billion in 2013. Figure 2 shows that donor government funding decreased between 2015-2016 for most donors. Figure 3 demonstrates that in 2016, the majority (79%) of international donor assistance for HIV came from the Global Fund and UNITAID, rather than directly from bilateral donors. Figure 4 compares donor government shares of global GDP and resources available for HIV in 2016, showing the US contributes 25.7% of HIV resources but only 24.
This document discusses Medicare in the United States and compares it to the single-payer healthcare system in Canada. It notes that the Medicare Trust Fund in the US is projected to be insolvent by 2026, while Canadian Medicare has controlled costs by spending less on administration and using a single-payer model to negotiate drug and hospital prices. The document advocates taking action on Medicare's birthday to address problems with the incomplete coverage and privatization seen in the US system versus the cost controls of Canada's single-payer approach.
Conservation spending on natural resources generates significant employment and economic in the United States. This presentation includes data and analysis for the American West.
This document provides a summary of the 2021 housing market forecast from the California Association of Realtors. It predicts that while home sales declined sharply in 2020 due to the pandemic, sales have rebounded strongly in recent months with existing home sales in August 2020 being the highest in over 10 years. Home prices have also risen, increasing over 14% year-over-year in August. Inventory remains low with months of supply at 2.1 months in August, down significantly from the prior year. The recovery in the housing market has been aided by historically low interest rates and continued buyer demand despite job losses during the pandemic.
Take a look at these annual side-by-side comparisons to see how your county sales and affordability hold up next to the state and country as a whole. Indicators provided are sales, median prices, supply, and affordability.
COVID-19 Update (US Counties): July 31, 2020Steve Shafer
This document provides data on COVID-19 cases and trends in various US counties as of July 31, 2020. It includes charts showing new cases, deaths, and case projections over time for major counties in California (e.g. Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Clara) and other states (e.g. New York City, King County WA). The charts compare actual case and death numbers to modeled predictions and illustrate differences in trends across populations and counties.
2017 Annual Economic Outlook - Lee McPhetersShay Moser
The document summarizes Arizona's economic performance in the first 100 days of the Trump administration and provides an outlook. Key points:
- Arizona experienced steady economic growth in the first quarter of 2017, adding over 56,000 new jobs.
- Several industries like finance, food services, and health care saw strong job growth. Arizona ranked 7th nationwide for private sector job growth.
- Population growth remains robust, with Arizona ranked 8th fastest growing state in 2016.
- The outlook is positive if domestic migration continues, but trade policy changes could negatively impact industries like manufacturing. Health care is also a risk depending on federal policy changes.
This document summarizes an economic forecast for Arizona presented at a luncheon. It finds that while Arizona has experienced strong job growth and remains a top state for population increases, long-term measures of economic prosperity like per capita income and GDP per worker rank the state below average. The forecast predicts Arizona will see a third consecutive year of job growth in 2017 at 3.0% but notes the greatest risk to the state's economy comes from the national business cycle. Key factors for the state's continued growth are its labor force, quality of life, and cost structure.
The document contains 5 figures that provide data on international donor government funding for HIV from 2002-2016. Figure 1 shows that total donor government disbursements for HIV increased from $1.2 billion in 2002 to $8.6 billion in 2016, with a peak of $8.6 billion in 2013. Figure 2 shows that donor government funding decreased between 2015-2016 for most donors. Figure 3 demonstrates that in 2016, the majority (79%) of international donor assistance for HIV came from the Global Fund and UNITAID, rather than directly from bilateral donors. Figure 4 compares donor government shares of global GDP and resources available for HIV in 2016, showing the US contributes 25.7% of HIV resources but only 24.
May 2016 Katy Area Economic Development Council General Assembly Presentation Chris Tanea
The document summarizes the General Assembly meeting of the Katy Area EDC on May 17, 2016. It includes the order of business such as introductions, announcements of anniversaries and new members, and a presentation by a representative from SiEnergy on natural gas development projects. It also provides a summary of the Katy Area EDC's activities and accomplishments in 2015, including new memberships, marketing initiatives, supported projects, and selected new home sales and development in the Katy area.
Este documento presenta un resumen de tres oraciones del curso de Electrónica Básica. El objetivo del curso es proveer conocimientos teóricos y prácticos de Electrónica Básica para realizar mantenimiento sencillo de equipo electrónico. El curso será útil para personas con diferentes niveles de conocimiento y cubrirá temas como elementos electrónicos básicos, conceptos de circuitos eléctricos y mediciones eléctricas.
Monique Sentosa is an Indonesian citizen born in 1990 in Jakarta. She received her Bachelor's degree in Finance from Tarumanagara University, where she is currently a tutor of mathematics and operations research. Her work experience includes private tutoring, working as an assistant lecturer at Tarumanagara University, and various roles at PT. Daric Semesta International including her most recent position as Sales and Marketing Assistant Manager. She speaks Indonesian natively and has intermediate English skills.
Wuxi Xinfa Railway Equipment Co.,Ltd is a Chinese company that manufactures railway fasteners and related products. It has over 30 years of experience in the railway industry and serves customers worldwide. The company implements quality control systems and has a testing center to ensure products meet standards and customer requirements. It produces a variety of fasteners including railway spikes, bolts, clips, joints and plates for different rail systems.
Este documento describe las lentes de contacto como la primera opción terapéutica cuando las gafas no logran una buena agudeza visual. Se detallan los diferentes tipos de lentes de contacto, sus indicaciones y ventajas. El proceso de adaptación requiere paciencia e incluye un seguimiento regular para evaluar la evolución y realizar los ajustes necesarios. Si las lentes de contacto no funcionan, se deben considerar opciones quirúrgicas como anillos intraestromales o cross-linking corneal.
Reality Solutions is an independent provider of IT, communications, and financial business software solutions located in Kingston Upon Hull, UK. They offer consultancy, training, software, systems management, and new technology solutions. Their areas of specialization include Sage, SAP, secure communications, converged communications, high performance communications, and cloud services. They aim to help clients achieve business efficiency and success through tailored solutions.
Qualitative Research in Conversion OptimizationAndra Baragan
The document discusses how qualitative research, such as surveys and on-site user testing, can be applied to conversion optimization. It provides examples of how Marketizator used qualitative research methods like on-site surveys, web analytics, and A/B testing to help clients like Marketview Liquor and Avon improve their conversion rates and key metrics. The author argues that qualitative research helps identify user pain points and barriers, which can then be addressed through testing and personalization to drive better performance.
El documento describe la Web 3.0 como una evolución de la interacción entre personas en Internet a través de contenidos accesibles en múltiples aplicaciones y el empuje de tecnologías como la inteligencia artificial y la web semántica. También menciona desafíos como el costoso proceso de adaptar documentos de Internet para su procesamiento semántico y la necesidad de unificar estándares semánticos.
“NEM is more than just a cryptocurrency or a new altcoin; it is an entire platform built on revolutionary blockchain technology, reimagining from scratch the ideal blockchain. NEM does not only allow for standard peer-to-peer value transfer transactions, but instead does much more – store data, make transactions, prove identity, timestamp documents, and create arbitrary digital assets. Using secure cryptography, it can be used for a wide variety of applications across many industries, including the financial industry, government, logistics, and the medical industry. The NEM platform is a highly available system that any business, government, and/or an individual can make use of to shorten the design lifecycle and reduce their cost of operation.”
Lon Wong, Dragonfly Fintech CEO
Licensed Social Worker (LCSW) Independent Status 2015Timothy Gregory
This document provides biographical information about Timothy R. Gregory, including his education, licensure, certifications, and professional experience. It details that he received his MSW from the University of Pittsburgh in 1989. It provides information on his licensure as an independent advanced practice social worker in multiple states. It then outlines his experience working for the Northern Arizona Veterans Administration Healthcare Services, Gregory Family Services (which he owned), DECIDE, the Sullivan County Department of Community Services, Mercy Hospital of Watertown, Jefferson Community College, and Ulster County ARC. His experience includes providing various clinical services, case management, program development/management, and teaching.
The document provides an economic update for the 7 Rivers region. It discusses several topics including the "TRUMP Bump" in stock markets following the 2016 election, recent income inequality research, American trade deals, healthcare and tax reforms, and trends in non-profit funding sources and demand. Charts show post-election stock market gains and regional economic growth comparisons. The presentation aims to inform the audience about recent economic indicators while disclaiming any political views of the presenter or sponsors.
This document summarizes a presentation on new research findings related to legacy giving and charitable estate planning. Some key findings from the research presented include:
- Most donors over age 50 who give at least $500 per year to charity do not have a charitable estate plan in place, despite their lifetime giving.
- Factors like having a graduate degree, volunteering regularly, and making regular charitable gifts increase the likelihood someone will have a charitable estate plan.
- People are more likely to drop charitable plans from their estate after becoming a grandparent or parent. Estates of those who do make charitable plans tend to grow faster than average.
- Future demographics, with rising educational levels and childlessness, are generally positive
This document is a thesis submitted by Jessica Clark to the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Applied Economics. The thesis examines the relationship between income inequality and health indicators in the United States at the county level from 2006 to 2010, a period that includes the Great Recession. The thesis provides background on rising income inequality in the US and reviews previous literature finding links between inequality and poorer health outcomes. The objective is to re-examine this relationship at the county level and during a time of economic crisis to add new insights to the topic. The thesis presents data sources and methodology for analyzing the relationship while controlling for other factors.
During this presentation, Kristen Power discusses trends in financial aid and affordability. She examines who is currently receiving financial aid, noting that applicants come from a wider range of incomes than in the past. She also analyzes how tuition growth has outpaced income growth, challenging affordability. Finally, she considers strategies like diversifying financial aid funding sources and articulating a school's broader benefits to address affordability issues.
May 2016 Katy Area Economic Development Council General Assembly Presentation Chris Tanea
The document summarizes the General Assembly meeting of the Katy Area EDC on May 17, 2016. It includes the order of business such as introductions, announcements of anniversaries and new members, and a presentation by a representative from SiEnergy on natural gas development projects. It also provides a summary of the Katy Area EDC's activities and accomplishments in 2015, including new memberships, marketing initiatives, supported projects, and selected new home sales and development in the Katy area.
Este documento presenta un resumen de tres oraciones del curso de Electrónica Básica. El objetivo del curso es proveer conocimientos teóricos y prácticos de Electrónica Básica para realizar mantenimiento sencillo de equipo electrónico. El curso será útil para personas con diferentes niveles de conocimiento y cubrirá temas como elementos electrónicos básicos, conceptos de circuitos eléctricos y mediciones eléctricas.
Monique Sentosa is an Indonesian citizen born in 1990 in Jakarta. She received her Bachelor's degree in Finance from Tarumanagara University, where she is currently a tutor of mathematics and operations research. Her work experience includes private tutoring, working as an assistant lecturer at Tarumanagara University, and various roles at PT. Daric Semesta International including her most recent position as Sales and Marketing Assistant Manager. She speaks Indonesian natively and has intermediate English skills.
Wuxi Xinfa Railway Equipment Co.,Ltd is a Chinese company that manufactures railway fasteners and related products. It has over 30 years of experience in the railway industry and serves customers worldwide. The company implements quality control systems and has a testing center to ensure products meet standards and customer requirements. It produces a variety of fasteners including railway spikes, bolts, clips, joints and plates for different rail systems.
Este documento describe las lentes de contacto como la primera opción terapéutica cuando las gafas no logran una buena agudeza visual. Se detallan los diferentes tipos de lentes de contacto, sus indicaciones y ventajas. El proceso de adaptación requiere paciencia e incluye un seguimiento regular para evaluar la evolución y realizar los ajustes necesarios. Si las lentes de contacto no funcionan, se deben considerar opciones quirúrgicas como anillos intraestromales o cross-linking corneal.
Reality Solutions is an independent provider of IT, communications, and financial business software solutions located in Kingston Upon Hull, UK. They offer consultancy, training, software, systems management, and new technology solutions. Their areas of specialization include Sage, SAP, secure communications, converged communications, high performance communications, and cloud services. They aim to help clients achieve business efficiency and success through tailored solutions.
Qualitative Research in Conversion OptimizationAndra Baragan
The document discusses how qualitative research, such as surveys and on-site user testing, can be applied to conversion optimization. It provides examples of how Marketizator used qualitative research methods like on-site surveys, web analytics, and A/B testing to help clients like Marketview Liquor and Avon improve their conversion rates and key metrics. The author argues that qualitative research helps identify user pain points and barriers, which can then be addressed through testing and personalization to drive better performance.
El documento describe la Web 3.0 como una evolución de la interacción entre personas en Internet a través de contenidos accesibles en múltiples aplicaciones y el empuje de tecnologías como la inteligencia artificial y la web semántica. También menciona desafíos como el costoso proceso de adaptar documentos de Internet para su procesamiento semántico y la necesidad de unificar estándares semánticos.
“NEM is more than just a cryptocurrency or a new altcoin; it is an entire platform built on revolutionary blockchain technology, reimagining from scratch the ideal blockchain. NEM does not only allow for standard peer-to-peer value transfer transactions, but instead does much more – store data, make transactions, prove identity, timestamp documents, and create arbitrary digital assets. Using secure cryptography, it can be used for a wide variety of applications across many industries, including the financial industry, government, logistics, and the medical industry. The NEM platform is a highly available system that any business, government, and/or an individual can make use of to shorten the design lifecycle and reduce their cost of operation.”
Lon Wong, Dragonfly Fintech CEO
Licensed Social Worker (LCSW) Independent Status 2015Timothy Gregory
This document provides biographical information about Timothy R. Gregory, including his education, licensure, certifications, and professional experience. It details that he received his MSW from the University of Pittsburgh in 1989. It provides information on his licensure as an independent advanced practice social worker in multiple states. It then outlines his experience working for the Northern Arizona Veterans Administration Healthcare Services, Gregory Family Services (which he owned), DECIDE, the Sullivan County Department of Community Services, Mercy Hospital of Watertown, Jefferson Community College, and Ulster County ARC. His experience includes providing various clinical services, case management, program development/management, and teaching.
The document provides an economic update for the 7 Rivers region. It discusses several topics including the "TRUMP Bump" in stock markets following the 2016 election, recent income inequality research, American trade deals, healthcare and tax reforms, and trends in non-profit funding sources and demand. Charts show post-election stock market gains and regional economic growth comparisons. The presentation aims to inform the audience about recent economic indicators while disclaiming any political views of the presenter or sponsors.
This document summarizes a presentation on new research findings related to legacy giving and charitable estate planning. Some key findings from the research presented include:
- Most donors over age 50 who give at least $500 per year to charity do not have a charitable estate plan in place, despite their lifetime giving.
- Factors like having a graduate degree, volunteering regularly, and making regular charitable gifts increase the likelihood someone will have a charitable estate plan.
- People are more likely to drop charitable plans from their estate after becoming a grandparent or parent. Estates of those who do make charitable plans tend to grow faster than average.
- Future demographics, with rising educational levels and childlessness, are generally positive
This document is a thesis submitted by Jessica Clark to the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Applied Economics. The thesis examines the relationship between income inequality and health indicators in the United States at the county level from 2006 to 2010, a period that includes the Great Recession. The thesis provides background on rising income inequality in the US and reviews previous literature finding links between inequality and poorer health outcomes. The objective is to re-examine this relationship at the county level and during a time of economic crisis to add new insights to the topic. The thesis presents data sources and methodology for analyzing the relationship while controlling for other factors.
During this presentation, Kristen Power discusses trends in financial aid and affordability. She examines who is currently receiving financial aid, noting that applicants come from a wider range of incomes than in the past. She also analyzes how tuition growth has outpaced income growth, challenging affordability. Finally, she considers strategies like diversifying financial aid funding sources and articulating a school's broader benefits to address affordability issues.
Rare Coronavirus with Foresight Webinar 03.06.2020 Ben Pask
Each week we interview 1,500 in the UK to understand their emotions, sense of community and levels of engagement with key consumer categories, such as retail, grocery, DIY & home management, alcohol, entertainment, travel and exercise
The document summarizes fundraising efforts at the University of Minnesota Foundation. It discusses the Foundation's mission to engage private sector resources to support the University. It provides details on fundraising results including $267 million raised in total, with the largest amounts going towards academic programs (27%) and facilities (26%). Additionally, it outlines the Foundation's role in providing central development services and strategic support to development teams across University colleges and units.
The document is the 2016 San Diego Regional Quality of Life Dashboard produced by the Equinox Project. It provides a summary of key findings and metrics related to quality of life issues in the San Diego region. The dashboard tracks indicators across multiple categories including air quality, the economy, energy, housing, transportation, water, and climate change. It highlights trends, compares data to other regions, and provides ideas for improving metrics that are declining.
In 2014, foundation funding for LGBTQ issues reached a record high of $153.2 million, an 18.7% increase from 2013. However, this only represents 0.28% of total foundation funding. Of the 100 largest foundations in the US, 62 provided no LGBTQ-specific grants, while only 5 awarded over 1% of their funding to LGBTQ issues. The majority of increased funding came from HIV/AIDS and non-LGBTQ funders increasing their grants. Funding gaps remain for many LGBTQ issues and populations.
K99/R00 Awards - Pathways to IndependenceUCLA CTSI
Dr. Evans provides considerations in applying for a K99 Award. Provided by the UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute. More information at https://ctsi.ucla.edu/education/pages/edtools and https://ctsi.ucla.edu/education/pages/kprogram
Presenter:
Christopher Evans, PhD
Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at UCLA
Director, Brain Research Institute
The affects of government budgets on inequalitiesCCPANS
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This document summarizes a presentation on a health impact assessment (HIA) of a proposed Kentucky tax credit to encourage worksite wellness programs. The HIA found that such a tax credit could reduce childhood obesity by educating parents through worksite programs. It may also increase jobs by reducing healthcare costs and improving productivity. The tax credit was also found to potentially improve social cohesion and well-being in workplaces. Preliminary recommendations included enacting the tax credit bill and conducting further research on worksite wellness programs in the state.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Dr. Michael Wayne Naylor, detailing his education, training, appointments, administrative roles, teaching experience, honors, and memberships. It shows that he received his medical degree from the University of North Dakota in 1983 and has had a long career in child and adolescent psychiatry, including roles at the University of Michigan, Northwestern University, and University of Illinois at Chicago.
In recognition of Earth Day, Acxiom analyzed 1.4 million individuals, approximately 1% of its vast data repository, to gauge environmental consciousness and understand how people participate in endeavors to go green.
In recognition of Earth Day, Acxiom analyzed 1.4 million individuals, approximately 1% of its vast data repository, to gauge environmental consciousness and understand how people participate in endeavors to go green.
In recognition of Earth Day, Acxiom analyzed 1.4 million individuals, approximately 1% of its vast data repository, to gauge environmental consciousness and understand how people participate in endeavors to go green.
PurpleStride Charlotte 2015 Celebration Party Mark Weber
The Charlotte Affiliate of the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network shared this presentation at our PurpleStride Charlotte 2015 celebration party on October 3, 2015 to show the success that our organization is making in rewriting the future of pancreatic cancer.
The document discusses statistics on charitable giving in the United States and Georgia. It finds that 77.5% of Georgia households gave to charity in 2007, compared to 70.2% nationally. On average, Georgia households gave $1,840 to charity in 2007, $250 more than the national average. Religious organizations received over half of donations in Georgia. The recession has led non-profits to cut costs through measures like salary freezes and program reductions. Southern Baptist giving through the Cooperative Program has declined in recent years. Experts offer different views on whether charitable giving will rise or fall as the economy recovers.
This document presents data from surveys conducted in the US, Japan, and China on altruism, bequest motives, bequest division, and parent-child relations. The data is used to shed light on which theoretical models of household behavior apply in each country. The key findings are:
1) Bequest motives are strongest in China, second strongest in the US, and weakest in Japan.
2) Americans and Japanese show similar levels of altruism towards family, but Americans are more altruistic towards charities. Chinese show less altruism towards family but more towards charities.
3) Bequest motives and division are more altruistic and equally distributed in the US,
Medicaid expansion discrepancies between the Lewin report and Evergreenakame2015
Representative Liz Vazquez has compiled information showing dramatic differences between two reports projecting the costs of Medicaid expansion in Alaska. The Lewin Group report projected much higher enrollment numbers and costs than the Evergreen Economics report commissioned by the state health department. For example, the Lewin report projected 77.1% higher total state costs between 2016-2020. These discrepancies raise questions about the real costs of expansion that require further review.
Utah's ACA enrollment exceeded 175,000 in 2016. Enrollment was highest in Salt Lake, Utah, Davis, Weber, and Washington counties. In 2016, 13 of Utah's top 20 ZIP codes for enrollment were outside of Salt Lake County. Enrollment of children in Utah was over 2.5 times the national average. 85% of Utah enrollees received premium subsidies, with subsidies reducing costs by an average of $189 per month. Half of existing ACA consumers in Utah switched health plans in 2016.
1. The Influence of Reference Group Contributions
on a Family’s Charitable Giving
Keegan Skeate
University of California, Irvine
April 22, 2016
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 1 / 20
6. Outline:
1 Quick introduction
2 My economic model
3 The data / estimation
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 3 / 20
7. Outline:
1 Quick introduction
2 My economic model
3 The data / estimation
4 Results and Conclusion
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 3 / 20
8. Main Contribution:
I provide evidence that charitable contributions made
by a family’s reference group have a positive effect
on the amount that the family donates.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 4 / 20
10. Importance:
1 Non-negligible portion of income:
Food ≈ 10%,
Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 5 / 20
11. Importance:
1 Non-negligible portion of income:
Food ≈ 10%, Health care ≈ 5%,
Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 5 / 20
12. Importance:
1 Non-negligible portion of income:
Food ≈ 10%, Health care ≈ 5%, Entertainment ≈ 4%.
Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 5 / 20
13. Importance:
1 Non-negligible portion of income:
Food ≈ 10%, Health care ≈ 5%, Entertainment ≈ 4%.
Data Source: Internal Revenue Service (2000-2012)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 5 / 20
14. Importance:
2 Policy implications
Tax deductions are offered for charitable contributions,
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 6 / 20
15. Importance:
2 Policy implications
Tax deductions are offered for charitable contributions, so,
arguably it is important to understand why people give to
charity.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 6 / 20
16. Importance:
2 Policy implications
Tax deductions are offered for charitable contributions, so,
arguably it is important to understand why people give to
charity.
The government provides many of the same goods and
services as charities,
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 6 / 20
17. Importance:
2 Policy implications
Tax deductions are offered for charitable contributions, so,
arguably it is important to understand why people give to
charity.
The government provides many of the same goods and
services as charities, so, arguably it is important to
understand how much charity will be provided.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 6 / 20
18. Importance:
3 Relevance to the economics literature
Altruism: Feldstein (1975), Abrams and Schmitz (1978),
Roberts (1984)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 7 / 20
19. Importance:
3 Relevance to the economics literature
Altruism: Feldstein (1975), Abrams and Schmitz (1978),
Roberts (1984)
Joy of giving: Andreoni (1990)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 7 / 20
20. Importance:
3 Relevance to the economics literature
Altruism: Feldstein (1975), Abrams and Schmitz (1978),
Roberts (1984)
Joy of giving: Andreoni (1990)
Signal social status: Glazer and Konrad (1996)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 7 / 20
21. Importance:
3 Relevance to the economics literature
Altruism: Feldstein (1975), Abrams and Schmitz (1978),
Roberts (1984)
Joy of giving: Andreoni (1990)
Signal social status: Glazer and Konrad (1996)
Interdependent values: Frank (2005)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 7 / 20
22. Importance:
3 Relevance to the economics literature
Altruism: Feldstein (1975), Abrams and Schmitz (1978),
Roberts (1984)
Joy of giving: Andreoni (1990)
Signal social status: Glazer and Konrad (1996)
Interdependent values: Frank (2005)
Reference Group Theory: Merton (1968), Frank (2005)
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 7 / 20
23. Economic Model:
A family i at time t seeks to maximize their utility
Uit = U(Cit, Dit, ¯Rit)
by choosing consumption Cit and donation amount Dit, subject
to their budget
Cit + Dit = Yit − Tit(Yit − Dit),
where
Yit is their total family income,
Tit is their tax rate,
¯Rit is the average amount contributed by the family’s reference group.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 8 / 20
24. The budget constraint can be written as
1
“Price of consumption”
Cit + (1 − Tit)
“Price of giving”
Dit = Yit − Tit(Yit).
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 8 / 20
25. I solve the maximization problem for a donation function
D∗
it(Yit, Tit, Rit),
and assume a functional form
D∗
it = α + Xitβ + λ ¯Rit + µit, (1)
or
D∗
it = AXγ
it
¯Rρ
ite it
, (2)
where
λ is the change in family donations from a $1 increase in ¯Rit,
ρ is the % change in family donations from a 1% change in ¯Rit.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 8 / 20
26. Data:
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 9 / 20
27. Data:
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
12,956 families surveyed biannually from 2002 to 2012:
48,667 observations.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 9 / 20
28. Data:
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
12,956 families surveyed biannually from 2002 to 2012:
48,667 observations.
Reference group: All families who live and work in the
same or neighboring state and same industry as the family.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 9 / 20
29. Data:
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
12,956 families surveyed biannually from 2002 to 2012:
48,667 observations.
Reference group: All families who live and work in the
same or neighboring state and same industry as the family.
Total charity Dit: Donations to all religious, medical,
cultural, educational, environmental, or any other
organizations that provide help to people in need.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 9 / 20
30. Data:
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
12,956 families surveyed biannually from 2002 to 2012:
48,667 observations.
Reference group: All families who live and work in the
same or neighboring state and same industry as the family.
Total charity Dit: Donations to all religious, medical,
cultural, educational, environmental, or any other
organizations that provide help to people in need.
Average reference group contribution Rit: Average
donation made by families in the same industry and the
same or neighboring state as the family.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 9 / 20
31. Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 10 / 20
32. Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 11 / 20
33. Percent of the Sample that Donates
Overall 55%
By family income:
Greater than $250, 000 91%
$100, 000 to $250, 000 85%
$60, 000 to $99, 999 69%
$25, 000 to $59, 999 51%
Less than $25, 000 36%
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 12 / 20
34. Percent of Donators that Itemize
Overall 43%
By family income:
Greater than $250, 000 77%
$100, 000 to $250, 000 69%
$60, 000 to $99, 999 48%
$25, 000 to $59, 999 29%
Less than $25, 000 22%
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 12 / 20
35. For family i at time t, their price of giving $1 is
Pit =
1, if i does not itemize deductions,
1 − fit, if i itemizes and state deductions not allowed,
1 − (fit + sit), if i itemizes and state deductions allowed,
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 13 / 20
36. For family i at time t, their price of giving $1 is
Pit =
1, if i does not itemize deductions,
1 − fit, if i itemizes and state deductions not allowed,
1 − (fit + sit), if i itemizes and state deductions allowed,
where
fit is their federal income tax rate,
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 13 / 20
37. For family i at time t, their price of giving $1 is
Pit =
1, if i does not itemize deductions,
1 − fit, if i itemizes and state deductions not allowed,
1 − (fit + sit), if i itemizes and state deductions allowed,
where
fit is their federal income tax rate,
sit is their state income tax rate.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 13 / 20
38. For family i at time t, their price of giving $1 is
Pit =
1, if i does not itemize deductions,
1 − fit, if i itemizes and state deductions not allowed,
1 − (fit + sit), if i itemizes and state deductions allowed,
where
fit is their federal income tax rate,
sit
“Changes in state tax identify changes
in donations from external factors”
is their state income tax rate.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 13 / 20
39. Average Price of the First Dollar Given
Overall $0.93
By family income:
Greater than $250, 000 $0.72
$100, 000 to $250, 000 $0.81
$60, 000 to $99, 999 $0.90
$25, 000 to $59, 999 $0.96
Less than $25, 000 $0.98
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 14 / 20
43. Estimation:
1 Empirical models
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
Instrumental Variable (IV)
Instrument: zit = Average state income tax of family i’s
reference group members who live in neighboring states.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 16 / 20
44. Estimation:
1 Empirical models
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
Instrumental Variable (IV)
Instrument:
“Correlated with reference group giving, but not individual giving”
zit = Average state income tax of family i’s
reference group members who live in neighboring states.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 16 / 20
45. Estimation:
1 Empirical models
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
Instrumental Variable (IV)
Instrument:
“Correlated with reference group giving, but not individual giving”
zit = Average state income tax of family i’s
reference group members who live in neighboring states.
2 Controls
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 16 / 20
46. Estimation:
1 Empirical models
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
Instrumental Variable (IV)
Instrument:
“Correlated with reference group giving, but not individual giving”
zit = Average state income tax of family i’s
reference group members who live in neighboring states.
2 Controls
Demographic: Age, education, sex, marital status, number
of children, religious affiliation, and homeowner status.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 16 / 20
47. Estimation:
1 Empirical models
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
Instrumental Variable (IV)
Instrument:
“Correlated with reference group giving, but not individual giving”
zit = Average state income tax of family i’s
reference group members who live in neighboring states.
2 Controls
Demographic: Age, education, sex, marital status, number
of children, religious affiliation, and homeowner status.
Economic: Total U.S. contributions, family income, and
the price of giving.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 16 / 20
48. Estimation Results
Model (1) : λ
Dependent Variable Estimated Coefficient
Total Charity (OLS)
Independent Variable
Average Reference
Group Contribution
0.16∗∗
(0.03)
R2 0.19
Notes: Variables in levels. Standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ denotes significance at the 5% level.
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 17 / 20
49. Estimation Results
Model (1) : λ
Dependent Variable Estimated Coefficient
Total Charity (OLS) (IV)
Independent Variable
Average Reference
Group Contribution
0.16∗∗
(0.03)
1.03∗∗
(0.43)
R2 0.19 0.11
Notes: Variables in levels. Standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ denotes significance at the 5% level.
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 17 / 20
50. Estimation Results
Model (1) : λ
Dependent Variable Estimated Coefficient
Total Charity (OLS) (IV)
Independent Variable “Large difference!”
Average Reference
Group Contribution
0.16∗∗
(0.03)
1.03∗∗
(0.43)
R2 0.19 0.11
Notes: Variables in levels. Standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ denotes significance at the 5% level.
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 17 / 20
51. Estimation Results
Model (2): ρ
Dependent Variable Estimated Coefficient
Total Charity (OLS)
Independent Variable
Average Reference
Group Contribution
0.08∗∗
(0.02)
R2 0.25
Notes: Variables in natural log. Standard errors in paren-
theses. ∗∗ denotes significance at the 5% level.
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 17 / 20
52. Estimation Results
Model (2): ρ
Dependent Variable Estimated Coefficient
Total Charity (OLS) (IV)
Independent Variable
Average Reference
Group Contribution
0.08∗∗
(0.02)
1.08∗∗
(0.35)
R2 0.25 0.13
Notes: Variables in natural log. Standard errors in paren-
theses. ∗∗ denotes significance at the 5% level.
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 17 / 20
53. Estimation Results
Model (2): ρ
Dependent Variable Estimated Coefficient
Total Charity (OLS) (IV)
Independent Variable “Still a large difference!”
Average Reference
Group Contribution
0.08∗∗
(0.02)
1.08∗∗
(0.35)
R2 0.25 0.13
Notes: Variables in natural log. Standard errors in paren-
theses. ∗∗ denotes significance at the 5% level.
Data Source: PSID 2002-2012
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 17 / 20
54. Conclusions
Families who care about contributions by their reference group
change their giving almost dollar for dollar with the group,
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 18 / 20
55. Conclusions
Families who care about contributions by their reference group
change their giving almost dollar for dollar with the group,
however, not everyone is influenced.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 18 / 20
56. Conclusions
Families who care about contributions by their reference group
change their giving almost dollar for dollar with the group,
however, not everyone is influenced.
Donations are made for personal benefit.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 18 / 20
57. Conclusions
Families who care about contributions by their reference group
change their giving almost dollar for dollar with the group,
however, not everyone is influenced.
Donations are made for personal benefit.
Tax deductions for charitable contributions primarily benefit
high income families.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 18 / 20
61. Main Takeaway:
Charitable contributions made by a family’s reference group
have a positive effect on the amount that the family donates.
Keegan Skeate (UC Irvine) AGS Symposium April 22, 2016 20 / 20