The document discusses software testing methodologies and emphasizes the importance of software quality documentation, unit testing, and behavior testing. It highlights the significance of maintainability through documentation consistency and various levels of documentation and testing, including acceptance and regression testing. Additionally, it addresses automated testing practices like continuous integration and the costs associated with testing, advocating for improved development over merely increasing testing efforts.

1. So ware Testing on the Web
Martin Schütte

2. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Outline
So ware Quality
Documentation
Unit Testing
PHPUnit
Continuity
Web Drivers
Behaviour Testing
Meta
PHP Behat and Ruby Cucumber
Codeception
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Main Questions
How can I know (my) so ware is correct?
How does my boss know so ware is correct?
How can we discuss what “correct” is, anyway?
We always need:
• implicit assumptions,
• explicit specifications.
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Walking on water and developing so ware from a specification are
easy if both are frozen.
– Edward V. Berard
Let’s just update PHP…
Let’s just change the DB schema…
Let’s just add feature X…
Is the so ware still correct?
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Maintainability requires Documentation
Consistency of:
1. Code
2. Comments
3. Documentation
When code and comments disagree, both are probably wrong.
– Norm Schryer
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Levels of Documentation
.
abstract
UI
External API
Subsystems
Libraries, Functions concrete
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. PHPdoc/JavaDoc/Doxygen etc.
/**
* Gets single server parameter for specified key.
*
* @param string $key A key of the parameter to get
* @param string $default A default value when key is undefined
*
* @return string A value of the parameter
*/
public function getServerParameter($key, $default = ’’)
{
return (isset($this->server[$key]))
? $this->server[$key] : $default;
}
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Low Level Documentation
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High Level Documentation
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Levels of Testing
.
abstract
Acceptance
Tests
System Tests
Unit Tests concrete
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Regression Testing
Bug Tracker = Documentation
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PHPUnit
class DTABaseTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
protected function setUp()
{
$this->fixture = new DTABase();
}
public function testGetNumTooShort()
{
$input = ”12345”;
$off = 3;
$len = 4;
$rc = $this->fixture->getNum($input, $off, $len);
$this->assertEquals(”45”, $rc);
}
// ...
}
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PHPUnit
~/Payment_DTA> phpunit tests/DTABaseTest.php
PHPUnit 3.6.11 by Sebastian Bergmann.
F....
Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 3.75Mb
There was 1 failure:
1) DTABaseTest::testGetNumTooShort
Failed asserting that 45.001 matches expected ’45’.
/usr/home/mschuett/Payment_DTA/tests/DTABaseTest.php:50
/usr/local/bin/phpunit:46
FAILURES!
Tests: 5, Assertions: 5, Failures: 1.
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Tests are Documentation
~/Payment_DTA> phpunit --testdox tests/DTABaseTest.php
PHPUnit 3.6.11 by Sebastian Bergmann.
DTABase
[ ] Get num too short
[x] Get num offset too big
[x] Get str too short
[x] Get str offset too big
[x] Get str invalid
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WordPress Unit Tests
. http://unit-tests.trac.wordpress.org/
vagrant@wp:~/trunk$ phpunit
Running as single site... To run multisite, use -c multisite.xml
Not running ajax tests... To execute these, use --group ajax.
PHPUnit 3.6.12 by Sebastian Bergmann.
Configuration read from /home/vagrant/trunk/phpunit.xml
................F....................................SS.....S 61 / 1437 ( 4%)
S...SSSSSS.............S..SSS..........SS................S... 122 / 1437 ( 8%)
.......SS.SSSS...............S.................S............. 183 / 1437 ( 12%)
...............................S............S................ 244 / 1437 ( 16%)
.S........................S.................S.......I........ 305 / 1437 ( 21%)
.........................SSSS.S..SSS......................... 366 / 1437 ( 25%)
............................................................. 427 / 1437 ( 29%)
............................................................. 488 / 1437 ( 33%)
............................................................. 549 / 1437 ( 38%)
............................................................. 610 / 1437 ( 42%)
..................................................S.......... 671 / 1437 ( 46%)
.......SSSSSSSSSSSSSS...........SS........................... 732 / 1437 ( 50%)
.............SS...............SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS............. 793 / 1437 ( 55%)
................SSS...S.SSSSSSS................SSSSSSS....... 854 / 1437 ( 59%)
.............S..SS....FFF....SSSS.SS......................SSS 915 / 1437 ( 63%)
............................................................. 976 / 1437 ( 67%)
......S..................................................S..S 1037 / 1437 ( 72%)
................SS.S.........................S............... 1098 / 1437 ( 76%)
...............S..................S.......................... 1159 / 1437 ( 80%)
............................................................. 1220 / 1437 ( 84%)
.......................F..............................S...... 1281 / 1437 ( 89%)
............................................................. 1342 / 1437 ( 93%)
.............................................SS.
Time: 08:56, Memory: 122.75Mb
[...]
FAILURES!
Tests: 1390, Assertions: 5640, Failures: 5, Incomplete: 1, Skipped: 117.
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PHPUnit Code Coverage
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Things to build upon Automated Testing
• git bisect run phpunit:
find commit that introduces a bug
• Continuous Integration:
• frequent check-ins to mainline branch
• verified by automated builds and tests
• Continuous Deployment:
• automated deployment to production
• useful: automated rollback
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Example: Jenkins CI
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Example: Travis CI for GitHub
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Approaches to Unit Testing
• Exploratory testing (e. g. for 3rd party libs)
• Regression testing (for found & fixed bugs)
• Spike and Stabilise testing (a er code, before refactoring)
• Test Driven Development (TDD): test first, then code
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Program testing can be used to show the presence of bugs,
but never to show their absence!
– Edsger Dijkstra,
Notes on Structured Programming
Testing by itself does not improve so ware quality.
Test results are an indicator of quality, but in and of themselves,
they don’t improve it. […]
If you want to improve your so ware, don’t test more; develop
better.
– Steve McConnell, Code Complete
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Cost of Testing
• Testing (like Documentation) has a cost
• o en: productivity improvement > cost
• but ROI depends on type of project/so ware
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HTTP API
class TumblrAPITest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
public function testPostDatetime()
{
$url = ”http://staff.tumblr.com/api/read”;
$ch = curl_init($url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
$xmlsrc = curl_exec($ch);
$xmlobj = new SimpleXMLElement($xmlsrc);
$str_date = date_timestamp_get(date_create(
$xmlobj->posts->post[0][’date-gmt’]));
$unix_date = intval(
$xmlobj->posts->post[0][’unix-timestamp’]);
$this->assertEquals($str_date, $unix_date);
}
}
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HTML-Content
class WpCampTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
public function testSiteTitle()
{
$url = ”http://wpcamp.de/”;
$ch = curl_init($url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
$xmlsrc = curl_exec($ch);
$dom = @DOMDocument::loadHTML($xmlsrc);
$title = $dom->getElementsByTagName(’title’)
->item(0)->textContent;
$this->assertContains(’Das WordPress Event’, $title);
}
}
.
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Goutte
a simple PHP Web Scraper
class WpCampTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
public function testSiteTitle()
{
$client = new Client();
$crawler = $client
->request(’GET’, ’http://wpcamp.de/’);
$title = $crawler
->filter(’html head title’)
->first()->text();
$this->assertContains(’Das WordPress Event’, $title);
}
}
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Selenium
a suite of tools to automate web browsers across platforms
class WpTest extends PHPUnit_Extensions_SeleniumTestCase
{
public function setUp()
{
$this->setHost(”localhost”);
$this->setBrowser(”firefox”);
$this->setBrowserUrl(”http://wpcamp.de/”);
}
public function testSiteTitle()
{
$this->open(”/”);
$this->assertText(”//html/head/title”,
”Das WordPress Event *”);
}
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Selenium, contd.
public function testSearch()
{
$this->open(”/”);
$this->type(”id=s”, ”sponsoren”);
$this->click(”id=searchsubmit”);
$this->waitForPageToLoad(”30000”);
$this->assertText(”css=#content”,
”regexp:.*Premium-Sponsor Chocri.*”);
$this->assertText(”css=#content”,
”regexp:.*Platin-Sponsor Adobe.*”);
}
}
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Behat Mink
an acceptance test framework for web applications
class WpCampTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
public function setUp()
{
$driver = new BehatMinkDriverGoutteDriver();
$this->session = new BehatMinkSession($driver);
}
public function testSiteTitle()
{
$this->session->visit(’http://wpcamp.de/’);
$title = $this->session->getPage()
->find(’css’, ’html head title’)->getText();
$this->assertContains(’Das WordPress Event’, $title);
}
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Behat Mink, contd.
public function testSearch()
{
$this->session->visit(’http://wpcamp.de/’);
$page = $this->session->getPage();
$page->find(’css’, ’#s’)->setValue(’Sponsoren’);
$page->find(’css’, ’#searchsubmit’)->press();
$text = $this->session->getPage()
->find(’css’, ’#content’)->getText();
$this->assertContains(
’Premium-Sponsor Chocri’, $text);
$this->assertContains(
’Platin-Sponsor Adobe’, $text);
}
}
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The Big Picture
PHPUnit
.
Mink
Selenium Sahi Goutte Zombie.js
Firefox Opera
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Problems with Web Drivers
Differences in:
• web functionality (HTML, CSS, JS, AJAX)
⇒ performance
• selectors (ID, CSS, XPath, DOM)
• test functionality and integration with test framework
Recommendation: Select two Drivers,
1. simple and fast one for unit testing and
2. Selenium/Sahi for integration and UX testing.
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Testing in Production = Monitoring
Example: check webshop availability
Possible layers:
• ping server
• check HTTP status ”200 OK”
• check homepage title
• login as user
• complete order process
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The next level: Behaviour Tests
Funktionalität: Selbstpräsentation
Um etwas über das WPCamp zu erfahren
Als Besucher
Möchte ich Infos auf der Website finden
Szenario: Sponsoren suchen
Angenommen ich bin auf ”/”
Und ich suche nach ”sponsoren”
Dann ich sollte ”Premium-Sponsor Chocri” sehen
Und ich sollte ”Platin-Sponsor Adobe” sehen
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Next Level: Behaviour Driven Development
TDD with other syntax?
Is BDD the same as TDD? Yes. If you’re a programmer, and your
entire team is programmers, and all your stakeholders are
programmers.
– Dan North
We don’t call them “acceptance tests” because you can’t ask
a business person “Please help me with my acceptance test”.
Try “I’d like to talk to you about the scenario where…” instead. Or,
“Can you give me an example?” Either of these are good.
– Liz Keogh
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Unit & Behaviour Testing
Unit Tests Behaviour Tests
• unit testing • acceptance test scenarios
• programmers • non-developers
• programming language • language of business domain
• bottom-up • top-down / outside-in
• assertXYZ • X should do Y
• tests derived from user stories • execute user stories
⇒ development tool ⇒ communication tool
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One Notation/“Language”: Gherkin
Feature: [one line describing the story]
In order to [benefit]
As a [role]
I want [feature]
Scenario: [A scenario specific goal]
Given [Something that needs to have happened or be true]
When [Some task I must do]
And [Another task]
Then [Some way I know I’ve achieved my goal]
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I18N
# language: de
Funktionalität: [one line describing the story]
Um zu erreichen [benefit]
Als [role]
Möchte ich [feature]
Szenario: [Title]
Angenommen [context]
Wenn [event]
Dann [outcome]
Und [another outcome]
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TDD with other syntax?
Scenario: New lists are empty
Given a new list
Then the list should be empty.
Scenario: Lists with things in them are not empty.
Given a new list
When we add an object
Then the list should not be empty.
.
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Implementation / Translation
A look behind the curtain:
• framework is clever but not magical
• some translation needed
• statements have to become executable code
Mechanism:
• plain sentence → method name
• quoted words → arguments
• matching with annotated RegExp
• methods yield success, exception, or pending exception
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Behat/Mink FeatureContext.php
use BehatMinkExtensionContextMinkContext;
class FeatureContext extends BehatContext
{
public function __construct(array $parameters)
{
$this->useContext(’mink’, new MinkContext());
}
}
MinkContext adds web-related methods and their I18N translations,
e. g.:
• visit($page)
• fillField($field, $value)
• pressButton($button)
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Behat Output
[mschuett@dagny] ~/wpcamp/code% ./vendor/bin/behat
Funktionalität: Selbstpräsentation
Um etwas über das WPCamp zu erfahren
Als Besucher
Möchte ich Infos auf der Website finden
Szenario: Sponsoren suchen # features/wpcamp.feature:8
Angenommen ich bin auf ”/” # BehatMinkExtensionContextMinkContext::visit
Und ich suche nach ”sponsoren”
Dann ich sollte ”Premium-Sponsor Chocri” sehen # BehatMinkExtensionContextMinkContext::asser
Und ich sollte ”Platin-Sponsor Adobe” sehen # BehatMinkExtensionContextMinkContext::asser
1 scenario (1 undefined)
4 steps (1 passed, 2 skipped, 1 undefined)
0m1.574s
You can implement step definitions for undefined steps with these snippets:
/**
* @Given /^ich suche nach ”([^”]*)”$/
*/
public function ichSucheNach($arg1)
{
throw new PendingException();
}
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Edit FeatureContext.php
add method
/**
* @Given /^ich suche nach ”([^”]*)”$/
*/
public function ichSucheNach($arg)
{
return array(
new When(”I fill in ”s” with ”$arg””),
new When(”I press ”searchsubmit””),
);
}
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43. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Behat Output
[mschuett@dagny] ~/wpcamp/code% ./vendor/bin/behat
Funktionalität: Selbstpräsentation
Um etwas über das WPCamp zu erfahren
Als Besucher
Möchte ich Infos auf der Website finden
Szenario: Sponsoren suchen # features/wpcamp.feature:8
Angenommen ich bin auf ”/” # BehatMinkExtensionContextMinkContext::visit
Und ich suche nach ”sponsoren” # FeatureContext::ichSucheNach()
Dann ich sollte ”Premium-Sponsor Chocri” sehen # BehatMinkExtensionContextMinkContext::asser
Und ich sollte ”Platin-Sponsor Adobe” sehen # BehatMinkExtensionContextMinkContext::asser
1 scenario (1 passed)
4 steps (4 passed)
0m2.59s
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44. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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The Big Picture (PHP)
Behat PHPUnit
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Mink
Selenium Sahi Goutte Zombie.js
Firefox Opera
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45. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Cucumber
original Ruby version, nicer syntax
# Example Webrat step definitions
When /I search for ”(.*)”/ do |query|
@browser.text_field(:name, ’s’).set(query)
@browser.button(:name, ’searchsubmit’).click
end
Then /I should see/ do |text|
@browser.text.should =~ /#{text}/m
end
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46. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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The Big Picture (Ruby)
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Cucumber
Selenium Watir Webrat Celerity
Firefox Opera
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47. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Codeception unit test
a new full-stack testing PHP framework
$I = new CodeGuy($scenario);
$I->wantTo(’perform actions and see results’);
$I->testMethod(’DateTime.getTimestamp’);
$date = new DateTime(”2012-10-13T14:45:00+02:00”);
$I->executeTestedMethodOn($date);
$I->seeResultIs(’int’);
$I->seeResultEquals(1350132300);
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48. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Codeception acceptance test
$I = new WebGuy($scenario);
$I->wantTo(’find infos on the website’);
$I->see(’Das WordPress Event’, ’html head title’);
$I->fillField(’s’, ’sponsoren’);
$I->click(’searchsubmit’);
$I->see(’Premium-Sponsor Chocri’, ’#content’);
$I->see(’Platin-Sponsor Adobe’, ’#content’);
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49. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Codeception Output
[mschuett@dagny] ~/wpcamp/code% php codecept.phar run --steps
Codeception PHP Testing Framework v1.1.4
Powered by PHPUnit 3.6.10 by Sebastian Bergmann.
Suite unit started
Trying to perform actions and see results (exampleCept.php)
Scenario:
* I test method ”DateTime.getTimestamp”
* I execute tested method on ”DateTime”
* I see result is ”int”
* I see result equals ”1350132300”
OK
Suite functional started
Suite acceptance started
Trying to find infos on the website (wpcampCept.php)
Scenario:
* I am on page ”/”
* I see ”Das WordPress Event”,”html head title”
* I fill field ”s”,”sponsoren”
* I click ”searchsubmit”
* I see ”Premium-Sponsor Chocri”,”#content”
* I see ”Platin-Sponsor Adobe”,”#content”
OK
Time: 4 seconds, Memory: 9.50Mb
OK (2 tests, 5 assertions)
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50. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Problems
• most Web tests require known DB state
• behaviour testing is slow
• only run locally
• use in-memory DB
• draw the line
• features in documentation (what) → add behaviour test
• mere implementation (how) → only unit tests
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51. So ware Quality Documentation Unit Testing Web Drivers Behaviour Testing Conclusion
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Summary
Value individuals and interactions over processes and tools
– The Agile Manifesto
Links:
• PHPUnit • Sebastian Bergmann (PHPUnit)
• Selenium • Dan North’s blog (BDD)
• Behat & Mink • Liz Keogh’s blog (BDD)
• Cucumber • Geek and Poke
• Codeception • Not Invented Here
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