1. 22
NGON NGU 8c OOI SONG SO 5 (163)^2009
NGOAI NGU VOI BAN NGU
DAC TRUNG VAN HOA DAN TOC
TRONG NGON N G C
Cmpt so lien he vol tieng Viet va tieng Anh)
1. Ngay. nay, qua trinh hdi nh^p, toan
cau hoa phat trien da thue day manh me
viee giao thoa van hoa dan den viee nhieu
ngdn ngiJ cd mang nhiing • dae diem van
hoa gid'ng nhau. Tuy nhien, d cau true be
sau ngdn ngi2 van phan anh nhutng dae
truing rieng biet, difdc ke thiia tri the he
nay sang the he khac ve kinh nghiem, tri
thiie va ea each tu duy bang ngdn ngiJ.
Do vay, ngdn ngii da diide khang dinh
la yeu to' quan trgng hang dau mang dam
net yeu td' van hoa-dan tgc. Dae diem nay
the hien d nhieu binh dien khac nhau eua
ngdn ngii. Song trong khudn khd' bai vie't
nay, chung tdi xin de cap chii yeu de'n mat
ngii nghia cua ngdn ngii.
Trong ngii nghia eiia ngdn ngi3, dac
triing van hoa dan tgc diidc the hien d 5
khia canh chinh sau day:
- dinh danh ngdn ngii
- y nghia cua tii, ngii
- each ehia cat va pham trii hoa the
gidi khach quan
- each y niem hoa eac sii vat trong the
gidi khach quan
- each mieu ta cac sii vat-hien tiidng
ciia the gidi khach quan bang ngdn ngii.
2. Cac dac trifng van hoa dan toe
diitfc the hien trong ngon ngtif
2. 1. Dinh danh bdng ngdn ngd
Triide he't, dac triing van hoa-dan tdc
diidc bieu hien d viec liia ehgn dac triing
cua dd'i tiidng de lam cd sd cho ten ggi ciia
LE HONG LINH
(Dai hoc Ngoai thirdng Ha No!)
nd. Dieu nay bi quy dinh bdi nhieu nhan
to' trong dd mdt phan thudc ve nhiing dac
diem sinh 11 ciia con ngiidi, mdt phan
thudc ve cae chiic nang va cd che' eua ldi
ndi...
Trong the gidi khach quan, cac sii vat,
va hien tiidng ed nhiing md'i lien he, thudc
tinh khac nhau, tao thanh nhiing bieu
tiidng kha phiic tap. Qua trinh tam li liia
ehgn cae dae triing d mdi dan tdc thiidng
khac nhau, vi thiidng ngiidi ta chi ehgn
nhiing dac triing nao tha'y la tieu bieu, di
khu biet vdi cac dae triing khac. Chang
han, ngiidi Anh va ngiidi Viet ciing nhin
cac mdn the thad vdi nhiing thudc tinh
rieng:
Tieng Anh Tieng Viet
football bdng da
handball bdng nem
Xet hai vi du tren ta nhan tha'y: Trong
dinh danh ngiidi Anh ehii trgng den sii
vat, tha'y sii vat thiic hien hanh dgng cd
vai trd tien yeu hdn hanh ddng, nen hg sxL
dung foot (chan) trong football, va hand
(tay) trong handball. Day la hai mdn the
thao vdi bdng diidc phan biet nhau bSng
sii vat thiic hien hoat ddng dd: chan hay
tay. Cdn dd'i vdi ngiidi Viet thi lai thien ve
hanh ddng, ehii y phan biet hai mdn chdi d
each thiie hien hanh ddng: da hay nem.
Dac diem khac biet ve dan tdc, tdn giao
ciing anh hiidng sau sic de'n cac dinh
danh cua eae dan tdc. Ngiidi Anh da sd'
theo Thien Chiia giao, dd'i vdi ho "heari"

2. SO 5 (163)-2009 NGON NGJ/ & Odi SONG 23
(con tim/trai tim) cd vai trd dac biet quan
trgng. Dieu nay ta thay rd trong cae tii
ngii:
kind-hearted: td't bung, nhan hau
light-hearted: nhe da, de tin ngiidi
warm-hearted: td't bung
sweet-heart: ngiidi yeu
learn by heart: hgc thudc ldng
from the bottom of one's heart: tan day
long
Trong eac dinh danh tren, heart diidc
coi la yeu to' trung tam va xua't hien nhieu
trong cac ca'u tao tii mdi. Cdn dd'i vdi ngiidi
Viet, cd ddi sd'ng gan lien vdi ndng nghiep
va da tiing trai qua eae thdi ki ddi kem,
nen cai bung, long, da...ludn diidc dat d
vi tri quan trgng. Do vay, trong tie'ng Viet
cd nhieu cac cum tii:
tdi bung, tii tan ddy long, md cd trong
bung, hd long hd dg, nhe dg, sdng long
sdng dg, hgc thudc long
Dac diem van hoa-dan tdc cdn the hien
d viec quy loai khai niem cua dac triing
diidc dinh danh chii khdng chi d viec ehgn
dae triing nao de dinh danh. Vi du: Ngiidi
Anh thiidng quan niem "vegetable" (rau)
gom eac loai thiic vat cd ri mgc tii da't,
gom than, la, canh. Hg cd cac loai rau:
lettuce (rau diep), cabbage (rau cai bap),
colza (rau eai be). Cdn dd'i vdi ngiidi Viet,
trong khai niem "rau" khdng nha't thiet
phai cd du ca than, la, canh. Chang han
nhif rau bi eua ngiidi Viet, thiic ra chi la
phan nggn ciia mdt loai thiic vat an qua
(qua hi); hay triidng hdp rau ngdt ciing
vay: Ngiidi Viet Nam chi an phan la ciia
cay ngdt ma thdi.
Dieu nay ta edn thay trong cae tii tie'ng
Viet ma neu diing ye gdc do sinh hgc ma
xet thi khdng phu hdp. Vi du ngiidi Viet
Nam ggi cu Igc (diing ra phai ggi la qua
lac); cu chudi (than cay chudi); cu su hdo
(than su hao). Ma dieu nay ta it thay ed sii
sai lech nhif vay trong tie'ng Anh. Dd'i vdi
ngiidi Viet, cac tii dinh danh diidc sii dung
trong sinh hoat hang ngay khdng nha't
thie't phai mang tinh khoa hgc cao.
Cac sii vat hien tiidng ludn chiia diing
nhiing dac tinh nham phan biet vdi cac sii
vat hien tifdng khac. Song, dong thdi nd
ciing bad gom nhiing thudc tinh, yeu td'
chung, gid'ng cac sii vat hien tiidng khac.
Dd dd, khi ggi ten sii vat hien tiidng ngiidi
ta thifdng ket hdp ca hai dac trifng nay:
thudc tinh chung giiip phan nhdm sii vat
hien tiigng; cdn thudc tinh rieng biet de
khu biet tiing sii vat hien tifdng. Vi du
ciing la loai cay cd eu, mgc ngam trong da't
ngifdi Viet ggi chung la "khoai". Nhifng
ehiing ta eg cac loai khoai khac nhau nhU:
khoai lang, khoai sg, khoai tdy, khoai
mdn, khoai niidc...
Chiing ta thay nhiing dieu tren d hau
khSp cac ngdn ngii. Song, d mdi ngdn ngii
tinh chat nay ed the difdc the hien khac
nhau, trifdc he't la d trat tii sap xe'p ciia
cac yeu td' ngdn ngii ham chiia y nghia
chung va nhiing yeu to' chi net rieng.
Chang han, trong tieng Viet yeu to' chung
thifdng difdc dat d vi tri dau trong tii ghep
nhif: bdng da, bdng rd, bdng chuyen, bdng
nem. Nhifng ngifdi Anh thi lai khac: Hg
dat yeu to' chung h phia sau: football,
basketball, volleyball^ handball.
Dieu nay ciing cdn tha'y trong each dat
ten ngifdi. Ngifdi Viet Nam thifdng dat ten
gan vdi mdt sii kien, mdt dia danh ndi
difdc sinh ra, hoac theo ten cac con giap, vi
du: Nguyin Qud'c Khanh, Thanh The Thai
Binh, Tran Van Mao... Trong cac ten rieng
nay, bao gid ciing gom mdt yeu td' chung:
hg (dung de ggi cho mdt nhdm ngiidi ciing
huye't thd'ng); va mgt yeu td' mang tinh
cha't ca nhan: ten (ggi ten ngifdi cu the).
Theo thdi quen cua ngifdi Viet, khi ggi ten
ngifdi thifdng dung ten rieng nhif: anh
Khanh, anh Binh, anh Mao. Va mgt dieu
rat kieng ki trong viec dat ten cua ngifdi
Viet, dac biet trong thdi ki phong kien, la:
Ten ggi cua ngifdi d thii bac thap hdn
khdng difdc trdng vdi ngifdi d thii bac cao
hdn (xet ve dia vi trdng xa hgi, thii bac tdn
ti trong gia dinh, ddng hg).

3. 24 NGON NGUr 8c OOI SONG s6 5(163)-2009
Dd'i vdi ngiidi Anh, viec dat ten triing
nhau lai bieu thi sii quy men, kinh trgng.
Trong khi ggi ten, ngifdi Anh thifdng dung
hg chii it dung ten rieng. Va thiidng ten
rieng difde dat d phia sau, vi du: John
Smith, Elton John, Thomas Scovel. ?
Mgt dieu khac niia la ten con gai Vigt
Nam thifdng cd dem "thi" va hay lay theo
ten ciia cac loai hoa: Nguyen Thi' Lan,
Tran Thi Lay On, Pham Thi Thuy Tien...
va hg ten nay thifdng gan vdi hg sudt cugc
ddi. Cdn d ngifdi Anh, ngifdi con gai khi
mdi sinh ra eho de'n khi lay chong thi
mang hg cua bd' (ciing cd trifdng hdp mang
hg me), nhifng khi da lay chong phai lay
hg eiia chong.
Ngoai ra, dd'i vdi ngifdi Viet, viec ggi ten
rieng ngifdi ldn tudi se bi coi la vd le, bat
lich sii. Trong xa hdi cii, thay vi ggi diing
ten khai sinh (hay edn ggi la "ten ciing
cdm") thi ngifdi ta ggi theo ten cua ngifdi
eon ca. Cdn ngay nay, ngifdi ta thifdng ggi
diing ten hg nhifng di kem chifc vi, vai trd,
vi du: bac Minh, chii Quye't, me Ngan...
Dd'i vdi ngifdi Anh, khdng nha't thiet phai
lam vay. Hg cd the cho them cae tif chi
ehiic vu, gidi: Mr. John, Miss. Mary,
Doctor, Bean... Tuy nhien trong quan he
hg hang than thie't, hg ciing diing ten
rieng. Tham ehi dd'i vdi bd' me, khi than
thien ngifdi ta ciing cd the ggi ten rieng
nhif: John!, Mary!...
2. 2. Sii chuyen nghia vd nghia bieu
triing
Sii chuyen nghia hay cai bie'n nghia
chinh la "sii chuyen ten ggi cd ca'u triic
ngii nghia nay sang ca'u triic ngii nghia
khac". Dong thdi, cd sd cua cac bie'n dd'i
(md rdng hay thu hep) nghia nay la cae
quy luat logic-hinh thdc ciia tif duy, quan
he giiia cac khai niem. De thiic hien cdng
viec nay, ngifdi ta cd the sif dung cac phep
chuyen nghia nhif an du, hoan du. Vi du:
Trong tie'ng Viet cd tii "bung" vdi nghia
gd'c chi bd phan cd the, ndi chiia thiic an,
chang han: Bung anh ta dang sdi len vi
ddi. .. . , ,, , ,
Sdng ciing cd cac trifdng hdp khac difdc
ehuyen nghia tif "bung" d tren nhif:
Anh ta nghl thdm trong bung.
("bung" liie nay ehi la suy nghi trong
dau, trong dc: la tii duy)
Anh dy Id ngiidi tdt bung.
("bung" chi thai do sd'ng, each cif xif,
quan he vdi ngifdi khae)
Dieu nay ta ciing tha'y trong tie'ng Anh.
Vi du: tii "world" cd nghia gd'c chi the gidi,
chang han: He has travelled all over the
world. (Anh ta da di khlp the gidi), nhifng
ta tha'y tii nay ciing diidc sif dung trong
phep ehuyen nghia nhif:
/ think the world of him. (Tdi rat thich
anh ay) _ ,, :„ ,,..,>
Trong vi du thii hai, nghia gd'c "the gidi"
da chuyen thanh y nghia "nhieu, rat
nhieu"
Trong tie'ng Viet, ta tha'y cd nhiing cau
thd nhif:
Ngdy ngdy mat trdi di qua tren ldng
Thdy mgt mat trdi trong ldng rdt dd
Trong hai cau thd tren mdi cau deu cd
tii "mat trdi", nhifng y nghia cua chiing
khac nhau. "Mat trdi" trong cau thd dau
chi sii vat ton tai thiic sii trong the gidi, dd
la mat trdi thiic sii, dem lai anh sang.
Nhifng mat trdi h cau sau lai la mat trdi
difdc chuyen nghia, tifdng trifng cho mot
con ngifdi vi dai, mgt vi lanh tu xua't sSc:
Bac Ho.
Trong sii chuyen nghia, cd the nhan
tha'y khdng chi la cai cd tinh chat phd'
bie'n, qud'c te', ma cdn cd tinh dac thii dan
tdc. Sii lien tifdng vd'n bi tien dinh bdi dieu
kien lich sif, tam li cu the eiia mdt cdng
dong van hoa-ngdn ngii cu the, cd the d^n
den sii chuyen nghia trong cac ngdn ngii
khae nhau ed the khdng gid'ng nhau. Vi du
tii "chan" trong tie'ng Viet cd the chuyen
nghia thanh "cifdng vi vdi tif each la thanh
vien cua mdt td chiic": Ong dy cd chdn
trong hdi dong nhdn ddn.
Nhifng neu dieh cau nay sang tieng
Anh, thi khdng the ndi:

4. so 5 (163)-2009 NGON NGlT 8c 0 6 l SONG 25
*He has got a leg in the People's
Committee.
Ma phai ndi la:
He has got a chair in the People's
Committee. (Ong ay cd ghe trong hdi dong
nhan dan).
Hay trong tie'ng Viet chiing ta ndi: "dat
cat co". Nhifng trong ngdn ngii cua ngifdi
Anh lai cd each ndi:
It costs me an arm and a leg. Nd ton
cua tdi mdt cai chan va mdt cai tay).
Xin la'y mdt vi du khac trong tie'ng Anh
cd lien quan de'n dia li:
Bring coal to Newcastle. (Chd than ve
Newcastle).
Cdn ngifdi Viet lai ndi: "Chd ciii ve
rifng".
Nifdc Anh la mdt niidc tieu thu san
pham khoai tay ldn tren the gidi. Do vay
"cii khoai tay;" (potato) dUdc ehuyen nghia
thanh "nhan vat quan trgng, ngifdi cd dia
vi trong xa hdi", chang han: He is a big
potato. (Ong ta la mdt nhan vat quan
trgng)
Cdn ngifdi Viet Nam khdng bao gid ndi:
* Ong ta la mgt cii khoai tay to.
Trong khi thiic hien phep chuyen
nghia, ngifdi ta thifdng ehii y de'n nhiing
dac trifng cd ban ciia sii vat, hien tifdng.
Tuy nhien sii nhin nhan nhifng dae trifng
dd khdng gid'ng nhau d mdi dan tdc.Chang
han nhif "con gau" trong tie'ng Viet bieu
thi sii hdn lao, to ldn, nhieu, vi du: .;r;'t
Thdng dy nd gdu ldm.
Nd dn nhii gdu vgy.
Cdn trong tie'ng Anh, "ga'u" lai ed y
nghia la "thd kech". Vi du:
He behaves like a bear. '
(Nd cif xif thd Id lim)
Hay mdt vi du khac: Trong tie'ng Viet
tii "niif'mang chi sii ldn lao, ki vi. Vi du:
Cdng cha nhii nui Thdi Sdn
Nghia me nhii niidc trong nguon chdy
ra.
Nhifng trong tie'ng Anh, "niii" lai bieu
thi sii "gia cdi, lau ddi". Vi du: He is as old
as a hill. (Ong a'y da gia lim roi)...
2.3. Sii chia cdt vd y niem hod the gidi
The gidi hien thiic la mdt the lien tuc,
vd ciing yd tan. Do dd con ngifdi mud'n
nhan thiic difdc nd, thi phai ehia clt ca'u
true hoa lai theo nhiing each thiic nha't
dinh. Va dieu nay ciing mang da'u an ciia
dan tdc mdt each rd net. Chang han: ngifdi
Viet xae dinh rat rd eac sii vat: liia, thdc,
gao, cdrn, cdn ngifdi Anh thi chi dilng mdt
tii duy nha't cho ca ba dang tren: rice. Hay
tifdng iing vdi "di bd"trong tie'ng Viet trong
tieng Anh cd cac tii nhif: walk (di bg ndi
chung); go on foot (di bd, phan biet vdi di
xe dap, d td); jog (di bg de tap luyen).
Sii thieu vang mdt tii nao dd trong mdt
ngdn ngii cd the la do d dan tdc ndi ngdn
ngii nay khdng cd khai niem tifdng dng.
Song, cung cd khi d dan tdc ay cd sii nhan
biet cac khai niem nhifng lai khdng cd
each the hien bang ngdn ngii. Ngoai ra,
dieu kien sd'ng, van hoa khac nhau ciing
cd the anh hifdng de'n ngdn ngii. Nifdc Anh
la mdt trong so' mifdi nifdc diing hang dau
ve tieu thu rifdu con. Trong ngdn ngii ciia
hg tha'y xua't hien rat nhieu cac tii chi cac
loai rifdu khac nhau nhif: wine, whisky,
alcdhol, brandy, spirit, liquor, gin. Trong
tie'ng Viet, chi gap cac tii ghep cd yeu to'
chung la "rifdu", vi du: rifdu gad, rifdu
trang, rifdu nep, rifdu vang.
Sii y niem hoa the gidi ciing cd anh
hifdng rd net de'n mat ngii nghia cua cac
ngdn ngii.
Trifdc he't phai ndi den viec dinh vi
khdng gian. Ngifdi Viet Nam cd thdi quen
ndi: di vao Nam, di ra Bac, di vao buong,
di ra eufa. Cdn vdi ngifdi Anh, ta't ca cac
diin dat "vao, ra" dd chi cin dien dat bing
mgt gidi tif chi phifdng hifdng "to": go to
the South, go to, the North, go to the
bedroom, go to the door.
Ngifdi Anh, khi mieu ta vi tri ciia cac sii
vat, thifdng dat trong md'i tiidng quan vdi
nhau mgt each chat che hdn sd vdi ngifdi
Viet. Vi du: Khi mieu ta mdt ngifdi xua't
hien d mgt trong nhiing phifdng tien giao
thdng nhif: bus (xe buyt), bicycle (xe dap).

5. 26 NGON NGUT 8c o6l SONG s6 5(163)-2009
taxi (xe tac-xi), car (d td con), train (tau),
plane (may bay)... thi hg phan biet bang
each sif dung "in" (trong) va "on" (tren).
Cac phifdng tien cd khoang khdng rgng
nhif: bus, train, plane thi sif dung "on";
hoac tKifdng hdp xe dap (bicycle), xe gin
may (motorcycle) ciing sii dung "on".
Trong cac trifdng hdp ma tifdng quan giiia
ngifdi va phifdng tien khdng nhieu, chang
han nhif: xe tac-xi, hoac d td con, thi su£
dung "in". Vi du:
We were on the bus when it rained.
He saw the car crashed when he was in
the taxi.
Cdn trong tie'ng Viet cac trifdng hdp
tren cd the diing ca hai each dien dat deu
diing. Chang han, cd the ndi:
Liic trdi dd miia, chiing tdi dang d
tren /trong xe buyt.
Anh ta chiing kien vu tai nan khi dang
d tren I trong xe tdc-xi.
Nhifng ciing cd khi trong tie'ng Viet lai
cu the hdn trong tieng Anh. Vi du vdi cau:
John is in Nam's house.
Trong tie'ng Anh, viee xae dinh vi tri
giiia John, Nam, va ngifdi phat ngdn
khdng can cu the nhif trong cau tie'ng Viet.
Cdn dd'i vdi ngifdi Viet, chiing ta se cd cac
phat ngdn khac nhau phu thudc vao vi tri
giiia hg: Neu nhd nha John va Nam ciing
toa nha, nha Nam d tang cao hdn nha
John, ta se ndi:
John d chdi tren nhd Nam.
Trong trifdng hdp ngifdc lai, nha Nam h
tang tha'p hdn thi ndi:
John d diidi nhd Nam.
Neu trong trifdng dd la hai toa nha
khac nhau thi phai ndi:
John dchdi ben nhd Nam. '• ';- '''•':•• •
Hoac mgt trifdng hdp khac: Ngifdi Viet
Nam ta thifdng ndi:
Cau be dang ngoi dUdi gd'c cdy. '•
Cdn trong tieng Anh thi lai ndi: . ' ' ? ••'
He is sitting under the tree. " ; ''"
(Cau be dang ngoi difdi cay) - >''
Hoac trong tieng Viet: • •'"
Cau he dang ngdi tren liing trdu. :* ''••'•'• •
trong tie'ng Anh lai ndi:
He is sitting on the buffalo.
(Cau be dang ngdi tren trau)
Nhif vay, sii dinh vi khdng gian va each
tri nhan nd d cac dan tdc cd the khdng
gidng nhau. Dieu nay cang phan anh rd
them dac trifng van hoa dan tdc cua tiing
ngdn ngii tren the gidi.
2. 4. Cdc mieu td the gidi khach quan
Ndi de'n dac trifng van hoa dan tdc
khdng the nao khdng xem xet nd trong
each mieu ta the gidi khach quan. Mdi dan
tdc cd mdt each mieu ta sii vat, hien tifdng
ton tai trong the gidi khac nhau. Khi mieu
ta, ngifdi ta thifdng gin lien vdi mdt sii
vat, hien tiidng eu the, rieng biet va rd
nha't la viec mieu ta gan lien vdi tinh tii.
Khi ta "may", ngifdi Viet cd the ndi:
Bdu trdi ddy mdy den.
Cdn khi mieu ta cu the hdn,thi ndi:
Tren trdi hdng trdm ddm mdy den kit.
Hoac khi ndi den "tay", ta ndi:
Nd diia tay ra hdng nhiing gigt niidc miia
dang nho diidi hien nhd.
Hoac:
Nd diia hdn tay day biin quel nhUng gigt
nUdc con dgng lai tren khudn mat.
Trong cau tie'ng Viet, khi danh ngii di
kem vdi cae tinh td mieu ta cu the thi bat
bugc nd phai di kem vdi cac loai tii cu the
nhif: ban (tay), dam (may), con(ga), vien
(phan), cue (da't).
Dac biet, trong cac trdng hdp dao trat
tii (dao chii ngii va vi ngii) de mieu ta thi
sii xua't hien ciia loai ddng trifdc danh tif
la hg't siic can thiet.Vi du:
Trong cong vien nhgc vang len.
=> Trong cdng vien vang len tieng
nhgc.
Tren ludng hoa, biidm bay rap rdn.
=> Tren ludng hoa, hay rgp rdn nhdng
canh biidm.
• Liia bap bimg trong dem.
=> Bap biing dnh liia trong dem.
Trong tie'ng Anh ta ciing thay ton tai
loai tii di kem vdi danh td de mieu ta.
Song sd lifdng cae loai tii trong tieng Anh

6. so 5 (163)-2009 NGON NGUT 8c 06l SONG 27
it hdn nhieu so vdi tieng Viet. Trong tie'ng
Anh cd nhieu trifdng hdp khdng nha't thie't
phai sii dung loai tii. Vi du:
To me, red shoes are preferrable. .f, ,.
Va: -^
To me, a pair of red shoes is prefferable.
(Theo tdi, giay dd difdc ifa chudng hdn).
Tuy nhien, ciing ed nhiing trifdng hdp bat
bugc phai cd cac loai tii di kem, dac biet la
cac danh tii khdng dem difdc, vi du:
/ like bread.
(Tdi thich banh mi)
I bought two loaves of bread yesterday, J
(Hdm qua, tdi mua hai d banh mi)
Trong cau dao tie'ng Anh, viec dUa loai tif
vao khdng cd tinh cha't bat bugc nhif trong
tie'ng Viet. Vi du:
Hardly have I eaten such delicious
chocolate.
(Tdi chifa tiing bao gid an sd-cd-la ngon
de'n the)
Va:
Hardly have I eaten such a delicious bar
ofchocolate.
(Tdi chifa tiing bao gid an mdt thanh sd-
cd-la ngon de'n the)
Trong tie'ng Viet, tinh tif mieu ta it khi
phan biet diing cho ngifdi hay vat. Cdn
trong tie'ng Anh thi trong nhieu trifdng hdp
phan biet ranh mach hdn. Chang han, trong
tie'ng Viet ta cd tinh tif "cao" dilng cho ca sii
vat va ngifdi.
Anh dy la ngiidi cao nhdt dIdp toi. > '-
Ngdi nhd cua cd dy rdt cao.
Cdn trong tie'ng Anh ngifdi ta ddi khi
phan biet tinh tii ddng cho vat la: "high"
(cao); dung cho ngifdi thi la "tall" (cad). Vi
du:
He is the tallest man in my class. ~
Her house is very high.
Tuy nhien, trong trifdng hdp ta mdt ngdi
nha choc trdi, ngifdi Anh lai cd xu hifdng sif
dung tinh tif "tall" vd'n hay dilng cho ngifdi,
la do liie nay hg quan tam nhieu de'n dang
ve (shape) cua chiing:
That skyscraper is very tall.
(Toa nha dd ra't cao)
Hoac trong trifdng hdp ciia tinh tii "nd'i
tieng" trdng tie'ng Viet khdng cd xu hifdng
phan biet y nghia td't, xau. ChIng han:
Ong dy Id mdt nhd khoa hgc rdt ndi tieng.
Hdn ta la mdt ten trgm noi tieng.
Cdn trong tieng Anh thi phan biet rd
rang hdn. Ddng cho nghia td't, sif dung tinh
tif "famous"; cdn vdi y nghia xau, dilng
"notorious". Vi du:
He is a famous scientist.
(Ong a'y la mgt nha khoa hgc nd'i tie'ng)
He is a notorious thief.
(Han la mdt ten trdm nd'i tieng (khet
tieng))... ,
3. Ket luan
Qua phan tich, so sanh ddi chieu mdt so'
khia canh cua tie'ng Anh va tieng Viet, ta
phan nao tha'y dUdc mdt each rd net tinh
dan tdc difdc the Men d mdi ngdn ngii rat
khae nhau. Dieu nay cang khlng dinh them
ring md'i quan he giiia ngdn ngii-van hoa-tu
duy la md'i quan he "tay ba" khdng the nao
tach rdi nhau. Trong ngdn ngii ludn ludn cd
yeu td van hoa phan anh each nghi, each
nhan thiie va bieu dat ve the gidi ve con
ngifdi va ca nhiing suy nghi cua mdt cdng
dong.
Tim hieu mdt ngdn ngir, chiing ta can chii y
tdi khia canh tam li. Dd la tam li chung, xu
hudng chung ciia ca cgng ddng va ciing la ciia
mgt nhdm ngudi trong cdng ddng ay, hoac cua
rieng ca nhan ngudi phat ngdn. Ngdn ngu
hgc tam li la chuyen nganh phai di sau tim
hieu tat ca nhiing khia canh xung quanh van
de rat phiic tap va ciing rat hap dan nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ly Toan Thing, Mdy vdn de Viet ngii
hgc vd ngon ngd hgc dgi ciidng. Nxb Khoa hoc
Xahoi, H., 2002.
2. Nguyen Ddc Ton, Tim hieu ddc trUng
vdn hod - ddn tdc cua ngon ngd vd tU duy. Nxb
DHQGHN, 2002.
3. Tii dien Viet - Anh, Nxb Dong Nai.
1995.
4. Tii dien Anh - Viet, Nxb Thuan Hoa.
1997.
(Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 09-04-2009)