il dottor Marco Spoliti illustra come curare nel modo migliore con Protesi la fratture di spalla di persone anziane, frattura omero prossimale, protesi inversa
Lecture function autonomic nervous systemMuhammad Saim
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system is activated during fight or flight responses and increases heart rate and metabolism. The parasympathetic system acts during rest and digestion and decreases heart rate and increases digestion. Both systems use acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters at synapses and target organs like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. Visceral reflexes are local reflex arcs that control automatic functions like digestion, urination and sexual arousal. The limbic system, hypothalamus and reticular formation in the brain help regulate autonomic outflow.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergencies while the parasympathetic restores homeostasis. Most organs are dually innervated. The document describes the neurotransmission process including the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine, and the receptor types. It compares the two divisions and discusses blocking agents that can interfere with stimulatory or inhibitory effects.
il dottor Marco Spoliti illustra come curare nel modo migliore con Protesi la fratture di spalla di persone anziane, frattura omero prossimale, protesi inversa
Lecture function autonomic nervous systemMuhammad Saim
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system is activated during fight or flight responses and increases heart rate and metabolism. The parasympathetic system acts during rest and digestion and decreases heart rate and increases digestion. Both systems use acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters at synapses and target organs like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. Visceral reflexes are local reflex arcs that control automatic functions like digestion, urination and sexual arousal. The limbic system, hypothalamus and reticular formation in the brain help regulate autonomic outflow.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergencies while the parasympathetic restores homeostasis. Most organs are dually innervated. The document describes the neurotransmission process including the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine, and the receptor types. It compares the two divisions and discusses blocking agents that can interfere with stimulatory or inhibitory effects.
This document discusses electrolytes and their role and regulation in the body. The main electrolytes discussed are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. Sodium and chloride are the major electrolytes in extracellular fluid and help regulate osmotic balance and membrane potentials. Potassium is the major intracellular cation and plays a key role in resting membrane potential and action potentials. Calcium and magnesium are also discussed along with their regulation by hormones like parathyroid hormone and functions. Disturbances in electrolyte levels can affect cardiac function, action potentials, and conduction.
This document discusses in-hospital cardiac arrest. It provides epidemiological data showing that cardiac arrest is a major cause of mortality, with 65,000 cases per year in Italy alone. The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest is about 1 per 1000 patients. Early defibrillation and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation are critical for survival, with outcomes declining rapidly after 4-6 minutes without circulation. Unmonitored ward areas account for the majority of in-hospital cardiac arrests, suggesting many could be avoided with improved monitoring of at-risk patients.
2009 terni, università di medicina, i farmaci nel trattamento delle tachicar...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses drugs used to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It begins by describing cardiac electrophysiology, including the cardiac action potential and ion channels. It then discusses various classes of antiarrhythmic drugs, including class I drugs that block sodium channels, class II drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors, class III drugs that prolong the action potential by blocking potassium channels, and class IV drugs that block calcium channels. The document emphasizes that while antiarrhythmic drugs can effectively treat arrhythmias, they may also cause arrhythmias as a side effect if not carefully monitored.
2009 roma, corso ablation frontiers nell'ablazione della fibrillazione atrialeCentro Diagnostico Nardi
The document describes limitations of current single electrode catheter technology for atrial fibrillation ablation including inefficient power delivery and lack of control over lesion creation. It then introduces a multi-electrode catheter system that offers selectable bipolar and unipolar radiofrequency energy delivery modes to tailor lesion size and depth for more efficient procedures. The system includes anatomically designed catheters for mapping, pacing and ablation from multiple electrodes with a single placement.
- The document discusses tools and techniques for achieving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
- It describes the limitations of conventional anatomical approaches, which often fail to achieve complete PVI in over 60% of patients.
- A new multi-electrode ablation system is proposed that uses anatomically designed catheters, a multi-channel RF generator, and selectable energy delivery modes to more efficiently create tailored lesions and achieve PVI in less time with fewer complications than conventional approaches.
2009 ferrara, congresso regionale, i tools da raggiungere nell'ablazione dell...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
1) The document discusses tools and techniques for achieving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) to treat atrial fibrillation, including efficacy and safety data from multiple studies and techniques.
2) Mapping and ablation technologies have advanced, including 3D mapping systems, cryoballoon ablation, and multi-electrode catheters, improving identification of arrhythmogenic substrates and tailored lesion formation.
3) Large surveys of AF ablation outcomes show success rates without antiarrhythmic drugs of 74.9-84% for paroxysmal AF, 74.8% for persistent AF, and 71% for permanent AF, with overall complication rates of 4.54%. Advancing technologies may further improve results.
2009 castel volturno, congresso sicoa regionale, l'ablazione della fibrillazi...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses ablation techniques for atrial fibrillation. It provides an overview of the state of the art for AF ablation, including different mapping and ablation technologies used. It summarizes findings from randomized controlled trials comparing rate and rhythm control strategies. The document also discusses electrical, contractile, and structural remodeling due to AF and the relationship between AF and congestive heart failure. Ablation of AF in congestive heart failure patients is discussed, including studies showing improvement in left ventricular function and outcomes.
2009 bologna, workshop interattivo. strategie ablative nel trattamento delle ...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
Left atrial tachycardia can be treated using catheter ablation guided by electrophysiological and anatomical mapping. Electrophysiological mapping involves identifying the earliest site of activation to target focal tachycardias, or locating protected isthmuses to target macroreentrant tachycardias. Anatomical mapping with 3D systems helps visualize barriers and isthmuses, improving localization of ablation targets. Success rates are limited by challenges locating all active circuits, but outcomes are better than drugs and ablation may improve left ventricular function.
2009 acerra, congresso regionale sicoa, la terapia elettrica dello scompenso ...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with standard pacing indications and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and short QRS durations. It notes that CRT can reduce pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and improve cardiac output in these patient populations compared to right ventricular apical pacing, which mimics left bundle branch block and has detrimental effects on left ventricular function and remodeling. The document advocates for CRT to correct delayed ventricular activation and contraction seen in heart failure patients.
2008 terni, workshop interattivo, tecniche di impianto dei pacemaker in urgenzaCentro Diagnostico Nardi
The document provides guidance on temporary pacemaker implantation in emergency situations. It discusses the principles and indications for temporary pacing in various bradyarrhythmias and conduction blocks. Specific recommendations are given for temporary pacing in sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular blocks, and intraventricular blocks due to various causes. Complications of temporary pacing like failure to capture, oversensing, and undersensing are also reviewed. The document emphasizes the importance of confirming electrical and mechanical capture when using a temporary pacemaker.
2008 roma, convegno updating in cardiologia. l'ablazione della fibrillazione ...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses ablation techniques for atrial fibrillation. It begins by describing the anatomical considerations for ablation, including pulmonary vein anatomy and the importance of reconstructing the virtual geometry. It then discusses different ablation strategies such as pulmonary vein trigger ablation and substrate modification. The document highlights some of the challenges and pitfalls of atrial fibrillation ablation. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate patients for ablation and properly defining success criteria and long-term follow-up.
A 65-year-old man presented to the emergency department with chest pain radiating to his left arm and jaw for 2.5 hours. His EKG showed tall R waves in leads V1-V3 and downsloping ST depression in V1-V4, suggestive of a posterior wall myocardial infarction (MI). Echo revealed akinesia of the posterior left ventricular wall. He received fibrinolytic therapy, which resolved his symptoms. However, he later developed cerebral hemorrhage. The EKG findings, in combination with his risk factors and history, suggested a posterior MI despite the unconventional presentation on EKG.
This document discusses electrolytes and their role and regulation in the body. The main electrolytes discussed are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. Sodium and chloride are the major electrolytes in extracellular fluid and help regulate osmotic balance and membrane potentials. Potassium is the major intracellular cation and plays a key role in resting membrane potential and action potentials. Calcium and magnesium are also discussed along with their regulation by hormones like parathyroid hormone and functions. Disturbances in electrolyte levels can affect cardiac function, action potentials, and conduction.
This document discusses in-hospital cardiac arrest. It provides epidemiological data showing that cardiac arrest is a major cause of mortality, with 65,000 cases per year in Italy alone. The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest is about 1 per 1000 patients. Early defibrillation and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation are critical for survival, with outcomes declining rapidly after 4-6 minutes without circulation. Unmonitored ward areas account for the majority of in-hospital cardiac arrests, suggesting many could be avoided with improved monitoring of at-risk patients.
2009 terni, università di medicina, i farmaci nel trattamento delle tachicar...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses drugs used to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It begins by describing cardiac electrophysiology, including the cardiac action potential and ion channels. It then discusses various classes of antiarrhythmic drugs, including class I drugs that block sodium channels, class II drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors, class III drugs that prolong the action potential by blocking potassium channels, and class IV drugs that block calcium channels. The document emphasizes that while antiarrhythmic drugs can effectively treat arrhythmias, they may also cause arrhythmias as a side effect if not carefully monitored.
2009 roma, corso ablation frontiers nell'ablazione della fibrillazione atrialeCentro Diagnostico Nardi
The document describes limitations of current single electrode catheter technology for atrial fibrillation ablation including inefficient power delivery and lack of control over lesion creation. It then introduces a multi-electrode catheter system that offers selectable bipolar and unipolar radiofrequency energy delivery modes to tailor lesion size and depth for more efficient procedures. The system includes anatomically designed catheters for mapping, pacing and ablation from multiple electrodes with a single placement.
- The document discusses tools and techniques for achieving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
- It describes the limitations of conventional anatomical approaches, which often fail to achieve complete PVI in over 60% of patients.
- A new multi-electrode ablation system is proposed that uses anatomically designed catheters, a multi-channel RF generator, and selectable energy delivery modes to more efficiently create tailored lesions and achieve PVI in less time with fewer complications than conventional approaches.
2009 ferrara, congresso regionale, i tools da raggiungere nell'ablazione dell...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
1) The document discusses tools and techniques for achieving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) to treat atrial fibrillation, including efficacy and safety data from multiple studies and techniques.
2) Mapping and ablation technologies have advanced, including 3D mapping systems, cryoballoon ablation, and multi-electrode catheters, improving identification of arrhythmogenic substrates and tailored lesion formation.
3) Large surveys of AF ablation outcomes show success rates without antiarrhythmic drugs of 74.9-84% for paroxysmal AF, 74.8% for persistent AF, and 71% for permanent AF, with overall complication rates of 4.54%. Advancing technologies may further improve results.
2009 castel volturno, congresso sicoa regionale, l'ablazione della fibrillazi...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses ablation techniques for atrial fibrillation. It provides an overview of the state of the art for AF ablation, including different mapping and ablation technologies used. It summarizes findings from randomized controlled trials comparing rate and rhythm control strategies. The document also discusses electrical, contractile, and structural remodeling due to AF and the relationship between AF and congestive heart failure. Ablation of AF in congestive heart failure patients is discussed, including studies showing improvement in left ventricular function and outcomes.
2009 bologna, workshop interattivo. strategie ablative nel trattamento delle ...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
Left atrial tachycardia can be treated using catheter ablation guided by electrophysiological and anatomical mapping. Electrophysiological mapping involves identifying the earliest site of activation to target focal tachycardias, or locating protected isthmuses to target macroreentrant tachycardias. Anatomical mapping with 3D systems helps visualize barriers and isthmuses, improving localization of ablation targets. Success rates are limited by challenges locating all active circuits, but outcomes are better than drugs and ablation may improve left ventricular function.
2009 acerra, congresso regionale sicoa, la terapia elettrica dello scompenso ...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with standard pacing indications and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and short QRS durations. It notes that CRT can reduce pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and improve cardiac output in these patient populations compared to right ventricular apical pacing, which mimics left bundle branch block and has detrimental effects on left ventricular function and remodeling. The document advocates for CRT to correct delayed ventricular activation and contraction seen in heart failure patients.
2008 terni, workshop interattivo, tecniche di impianto dei pacemaker in urgenzaCentro Diagnostico Nardi
The document provides guidance on temporary pacemaker implantation in emergency situations. It discusses the principles and indications for temporary pacing in various bradyarrhythmias and conduction blocks. Specific recommendations are given for temporary pacing in sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular blocks, and intraventricular blocks due to various causes. Complications of temporary pacing like failure to capture, oversensing, and undersensing are also reviewed. The document emphasizes the importance of confirming electrical and mechanical capture when using a temporary pacemaker.
2008 roma, convegno updating in cardiologia. l'ablazione della fibrillazione ...Centro Diagnostico Nardi
This document discusses ablation techniques for atrial fibrillation. It begins by describing the anatomical considerations for ablation, including pulmonary vein anatomy and the importance of reconstructing the virtual geometry. It then discusses different ablation strategies such as pulmonary vein trigger ablation and substrate modification. The document highlights some of the challenges and pitfalls of atrial fibrillation ablation. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate patients for ablation and properly defining success criteria and long-term follow-up.
A 65-year-old man presented to the emergency department with chest pain radiating to his left arm and jaw for 2.5 hours. His EKG showed tall R waves in leads V1-V3 and downsloping ST depression in V1-V4, suggestive of a posterior wall myocardial infarction (MI). Echo revealed akinesia of the posterior left ventricular wall. He received fibrinolytic therapy, which resolved his symptoms. However, he later developed cerebral hemorrhage. The EKG findings, in combination with his risk factors and history, suggested a posterior MI despite the unconventional presentation on EKG.
3. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• Attività extrasistolica
• Attività ripetitiva
– focale
– non focale
Iniziatori
extrasistolia attività ripetitiva!
4. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• Meccanismo aritmogenico ad origine da un’area di
dimensioni limitate, che può essere abolita mediante
lesioni di dimensioni molto limitate (“focali”) pari a
quelle di una erogazione in RF (~ 150 mm³)
Iniziatori
Attività ripetitiva focale
5. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• “Multiple wavelet reentry” (ipotesi di Moe),
fondata su barriere di blocco funzionale determinate
da aree migranti di refrattarietà prodotta dai fronti
d’attivazione immediatamente precedenti
• Supporto di barriere anatomiche (naturali e
patologiche)
Perpetuatori
6. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
I fattori della potenziali della FA
Anatomici Funzionali
-Orifizi
-Creste
-Tendini
-Cicatrici
-Dilatazione
-Stiramento
- Extrasistolia
- Archi di blocco
- Modulazione o
parossismi autonomici
- Ischemia
- Anisotropismo
- Disomogeneità di
ripolarizzazione
- Ritardo della
depolarizzazione
12. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• Può il focolaio anatomo-funzionale iniziatore
della fibrillazione atriale fungere anche da
perpetuatore?
• Se sì, in quali forme e con quale prevalenza?
Quesito interpretativo
enormi implicazioni terapeutiche!
14. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• Elevata efficacia (90% di persistenza RS in FU)
• Bassa incidenza complicanze
• Elevata aggressività
• Basso numero di centri di eccellenza
Risultati
scarsamente applicabile nella pratica clinica!
16. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• Bassa efficacia (< 10% di persistenza RS in FU, se
biatriale)
• Lunga durata della procedura ed esposizione a fluo
• Elevata aggressività
Risultati
richiesta di strategie alternative!
17.
18. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
Autom. Att.Trigg. Micror. Macror.
• Attività extrasistolica + + + +
• Attività ripetitiva
– focale + + +++ -
– non focale - - - +++
Iniziatori
27. Hocini et al, 2002
Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
28. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
I fattori della potenziali della FA
Anatomici Funzionali
-Orifizi
-Creste
-Tendini
-Cicatrici
-Dilatazione (compresi i
diametri delle vene in
continuità anatomica con
l’atrio)
-Stiramento
- Extrasistolia
- Archi di blocco
- Modulazione o
parossismi autonomici
- Ischemia
- Anisotropismo
- Disomogeneità di
ripolarizzazione
- Ritardo della
depolarizzazione
29. • FA di ogni tipo refrattaria a farmaci AA
• Età > 18 aa
• ASn > 55 mm
• EF > 35%
Criteri d’ingresso
Approccio Probabilistico a Gradini Multipli
popolazione selezionata!
30. • 94 pz, 55±16 aa, 72 (79%) M
• A Fib
– parossistica in 51 (55%)
– persistente in 32 (34%)
– permanente in 9 (11%)
• Cardiopatia in 16 (18%)
• Ipertensione in 21 (25%)
Pazienti
Approccio Probabilistico a Gradini Multipli
• 7 pz (8%), 69±4 aa, 4 (67%) M
• A Fib
– parossistica in 4 (58%)
– persistente in 2 (28%)
– permanente in 1 (14%)
• Cardiopatia in 6 (85%)
• Ipertensione in 4 (58%)
Popolazione generale Popolazione anziana (>65 aa)
31. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
Approccio Probabilistico a Gradini Multipli
Fine protocollo
39 pz, 4 anziani
Non sintomi
non AA
*36 pz (93%), 4 (100%)
1 o 2 recidive di FA
non sintomi in AA
3 pz (7%), 0 (0%)
FU mediano,
9 mesi
*12 pz, 2 procedure; 14 pz, 3 procedure; 3 pz, 4 procedure
32. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• Quale prevalenza fra le FA
– nella popolazione generale
– nell’anziano (maggiore probabilità della
influenza di fattori non focali nella
perpetuazione maggiore complessità del
disegno asociato a strategie interventistiche)
Considerazioni aggiuntive
33. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
• Recenti conoscenza nella fisiopatologia della FA hanno
modificato le prospettive terapeutiche
• Tecniche di micro-compartimentalizzazione transcatetere
efficaci e promettenti, anche nel cuore invecchiato
• Prevalenza di substrati “semplici” di perpetuazione non
noti, ma probabilmente minore nel cuore invecchiato
Conclusioni
34. Activation Delay between Earliest and Latest Activated Site within
Recording Area During BCL of 500 ms (Delay at BCL) and after Premature
Stimulus that Exceeded the Refractory Period (Delay at RP) by 2 ms
RA PV Ostium Distal PV Mid PV
Stimulation Stimulation Stimulation Stimulation
(n=5) (n=7) (n=5) (n=4)
Delay at BCL, ms 14±6.8 19.1±10.6 18.2±10.4 36.8±2.1
Delay at RP, ms 17.6±7.3 35.9±28.2 37.0±7.3 78.7±14.1
Increase in delay, ms 3.6±3.9 16.7±23.3 18.8±10.9 42.0±16.1
Hocini et al, 2002
35. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
Approccio probabilistico di isolamento VP
a gradini multipli
• Sintomi o evidenza
di FA o frequente
BPAs?
EP I
EP II
Fina protocollo
No!
3 mesi (in Rx AA! fino
a 15 gg pre EP II)
36. Fisiopatologia della FA in un Atrio Invecchiato
Approccio probabilistico di isolamento VP
a gradini multipli
• Sintomi o evidenza di
FA o frequenti BPAs?
EP I
EP II
EP III
Fine protocollo
Sì!
3 mesi (in Rx AA! fino
a 15 gg pre EP III)
37. Review on A Fib Primary Ablation
The probabilistic step-wise approach
EP I (86 pts)
EP II (52 pts)
EP III (*35 pts)
End of protocol (19 pts)
End of protocol (17 pts)
*16 pts awaiting EP III