مقدمة عن لغة بايثون.pdf-اهم لغات البرمجةelmadrasah
تعتبر لغة البرمجة بايثون من أشهر لغات البرمجة في العالم بفضل تصميمها البسيط وسهولة تعلمها، مما يجعلها خيارًا ممتازًا للمبتدئين والمحترفين على حد سواء. تأسست بايثون في أواخر الثمانينات من القرن الماضي على يد المبرمج الهولندي جيدو فان روسوم، ومنذ ذلك الحين تطورت لتصبح واحدة من أكثر اللغات استخدامًا في مجالات متعددة، بدءًا من تطوير الويب وحتى تحليل البيانات والذكاء الاصطناعي.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
مقدمة عن لغة بايثون.pdf-اهم لغات البرمجةelmadrasah
تعتبر لغة البرمجة بايثون من أشهر لغات البرمجة في العالم بفضل تصميمها البسيط وسهولة تعلمها، مما يجعلها خيارًا ممتازًا للمبتدئين والمحترفين على حد سواء. تأسست بايثون في أواخر الثمانينات من القرن الماضي على يد المبرمج الهولندي جيدو فان روسوم، ومنذ ذلك الحين تطورت لتصبح واحدة من أكثر اللغات استخدامًا في مجالات متعددة، بدءًا من تطوير الويب وحتى تحليل البيانات والذكاء الاصطناعي.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
نظم كتابة اللغات ومنزلة الكتابة العربية منها
1. نظم كتابة اللغات ومنزلة الكتابة العربية
منها
تقديم
د. عادل الشيخ عبد الله
محاضر أول
جامعة السلطان الشريف علي الإسلامية
بروناي
2. رسوم وأشكال تعريف الكتابة
حرفية تدل على
الكلمات المسموعة الدالة على
ما في النفس
رسوم وأشكال حَرْفية تدل على
الكلمات المسموعة الدالة على
ما في النفس
3. لمَ تُعَد الكتابة نظاماَ
؟ً
تُعَد الكتابة نظام اً ممنهج اً لسببين هما:
- 1 علاقتها المنتظمة مع اللغة.
-2 وجود نظام من داخلها ذي أسسوقواعد
4. أهداف النظام الكتابي
النظام الكتابي المكتمل يجب أن يحقق الأهداف
الآتية :
1. أن يكون الغرض منه التواصل.
2. أن يتكون من علامات يمكن أن تمثل على
ورق أو على أي شكل صلب أو تظهر في
شكل إليكتروني.
3. أن يتم فيه استخدام علامات ذات علاقة
بالكلام.
5. تاريخ الكتابة
1. بدأت الكتابة في العراق، في القرن الرابع
قبل المبلاد
2. حيث كانت الكتابة تصويرية
3. ثم رموز كتابية
4. وأول نظام كتابي رمزي هو نظام الكتابة
المسمارية
9. تصنيف الأنظمة الكتابية القائمة
Abjads / Consonant Alphabets 1. النظام الأبجدي
Alphabets 2. النظام الألفبائي
Syllabic Alphabets / Abugida 3. الألفبائي المقطعي
Syllabaries 4. النظام المقطعي
Alphabets Semanto-phonetic 5. الألفبائي الدلالي الصوتي
writing systems
Undeciphered writing 6. أنظمة كتابية لم تفك رمزوها بعد
systems
10. Abjads / Consonant أولا النظام الأبجدي
Alphabets
نظام يحتوي على رموز الحروف
فقط consonants الساكنة
بعلامات تشكيل قد vowels ويتم كتابة أحرف العلة
تظهر أو تُخفى
ويتم كتابة الصوائت بحركات في العربية خاصة في
الكتب الدينية. ومن اللغات التي تستخدم النظام
الأبجدي: اللغة العربية ، اللغة العبرية ، البنجابية،
الأردو ، الكشميري.
12. Alphabets ثاني اً:النظام الألفبائي
به رموز تمثل الأصوات الساكنة والمتحركة.
ومن أمثلته نظام كتابة اللغة الإنجليزية
والفرنسية والألمانية اللغة البروسية،
والكرواتية ،والصربية
هذا النظام للكتابة الروسية
14. ثالث اً النظام الألفبائي المقطعي/ أبو
Syllabic Alphabets/ Abugidas جيداس
1. المقطع هو العنصر الرئيسي في الكتابة ) ساكن +
علة(
2. يــُعد كل صامت وعلة وحدة كتابية.
3. تستخدم رموز التشكيل لتغيير أو غلق المقطع،
4. يمكن استخدام حروف العلة منفصلة عندما تكون
حروف العلة في بداية مقطع لفظي
5. يتنشر هذه النوع من الكتابة في جنوب شرق آسيا
ومن أشهر اللغات التي تستخدمه اللغة الهندية،
البنغالية، النيبالية والعديد من اللغات الأخرى في
هذه المنطقة
16. رابعا : الألفبائي الدلالي الصوتي
Semanto-phonetic writing systems
–الرموز المستخدمة في هذا النظام تجسد
كلا من الصوت والمعنى. يتفرع هذا النظام إلى
قسمين هما:
Pictograms and أ- الكتابة التصويرية
logograms and
ideograms ) ب- إيديوغرافيا )الكتابة بالفكرة
17. Pictograms and logograms الكتابة التصويرية
الرسم التخطيطي )الكتابة التصويرية( هو وسيلة
للكتابة والذي يستخدم في صورة / الرسم من كائن
لتمثيل الكائن. ويجب على العلاقة التقليدية القائمة
بين الرمز وتفسيرها تستخدمه المصرية القديمة .
اللغة الصينية ( ويستخدم أيضاً في حروهذا شبيه
برموز حركة المرور
19. ideograms ) إيديوغرافيا )الكتابة بالفكرة
الكتابة بالفكرة ما هي إلا رموز تمثل فكرة مجردة، حيث
يدل الرمز الواحد على فكرة مجردة مثال ذلك في اللغة
الصينية
20. مثاله في الحياة
المعاصرة
هذه الصور لا تمثل الأشياء وإنما
تمثل فكرة مقصودة
21. خامس اً: أنظمة كتابية لم تفك رموزها
Undeciphered writing systems
لا يوجد من يعرف دلالة رموز هذه الأنظمة معرفة تامة، وظلت
هذه الأنظمة لغز اً.
الذي كتبت به اللغات الأوربية القديمة. Vinča ومنها نظام فينكا
في الهند، Indus في إقليم الإندوس Harappa ونظام هارابا
22. اتجاهات مسار أنظمة
الكتابة
يقصد باتجاه مسار الكتابة على السطح الذي
تُكْتَب عليه. والاتجاهات تتبعها النظم الكتابية
ثمانية.
27. خصائص الكتابة العربية
Abjads / Consonant 1. تنتمي إلى الألفبائي الأبجدي
Alphabets
Aramaic 2. تطورت العربية من النظام لكتابي الآرامي
عن طريق الأبجدية النبطية script
3. يكتب أفقي اً من اليمن إلى الشمال .
يكون السطر التالي أفقي اً تحت السابق . •
تكتب الأرقام من الشمال إلى اليمين . •
1. • شكل الحرف في اللغة العربية يتغير بحسب
موضعه من الكلمة
فقد يكون منعزلا كما في حروف زرع .
وقد يكون متصلا بما سبقة كما في شبع
1. من أكثر اللغات تمثلا للصوت، وبها تطابق شبه كامل
بين الصوت والحرف.
28. الخلاصة
إن لكل لغة نظام اً كتابي اً
وآخر صوتي اً
ظهرت الكتابة في مرحلة
متأخرة. وتعد منطقة
الرافدين هي المهد الأول
لظهور الكتابة
انتشر إلى بقية أنحاء
العالم، حيث اقتبس
الصينيون والمصريون من
السومرين ؛ فجاء المصريون
القدماء بالهيروغليفية منذ
مدة تزيد على 3000 سنة،
مرت الكتابةالمراحل
29. مرت الكتابة بعدة مراحل إلى أن استقرت
على الأشكال الكتابية الآتية
1. مرحلة الكتابة التصويرية.
2. مرحلة الكتابة الرمزية
3. الكتابة الصوتية أو المقطعية.
4. الكتابة الأبجدية.
30. أوضحت الدراسة أيض اً أن هنالك صلة
ما بين الصوت والرمز. وهذه الصلة
تتفاوت من حيث درجة التطابق بين
النظام الكتابي والنظام الصوتي للغة.
بيد أوثق العلاقات ما بين الرمز
الكتابي والصوتي يوجد في نظام
الكتابة العربية فالعلاقة تكاد تصل
إلى درجة التطابق
31. الأنظمة الكتابية القائمة الآن يمكن
تقسيمها إلى:
Abjads / Consonant Alphabets 1. النظام الأبجدي
Alphabets 2. النظام الألفبائي
Syllabic Alphabets / Abugida 3. الألفبائي المقطعي
Syllabaries 4. النظام المقطعي
Alphabets Semanto- 5. الألفبائي الدلالي الصوتي
phonetic writing systems
6 أنظمة كتابية لم تفك رمزوها بعد . .6
Undeciphered writing systems
32. ووضح أيض اً أن أنظمة الكتابة تختلف من
جهة المسار إذ يكتب بعضها من اليمين
إلى الشمال بومنها ما يكتب من
الشمال إلى اليمين من الأعلا إلى
الأسفل ومنها ما يكتب من الاسفل إلى
الأعلا كما يوجد بعض الأنظمة ذات
المسارات المتعددة إذ تسير خطوطها
من الشمال إلى اليمين، ومن اليمين
إلى الشمال.