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Running Header: FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH CHALLENGES
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FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH CHALLENGES
FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH CHALLENGES
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The charitable organization chosen is Los Angeles food bank (Los Angeles Food bank, 2018).
The potential foundations likely to support a food bank discussed below
Collaborating with other food banks may help to accumulate resources. Teaming up with another entity that offers the same services increase the outreach of the foodbanks by bringing together efforts and similar skills on one table. It is easier to harness resources from leaders, community members by collaborating with other similar minds. More so, partnership makes some functions easier due to sharing of activities and ideas. Integration of ideas makes the presence of an entity felt throughout a community (Los Angeles Food bank, 2018).
The second source is enrolling in a foundation that offerssoft loan programs and other kinds of assistance. Revolving loan plans. Under such programs, an administrator is able to expand a charitable entity. The loans have very low interest rates and can keep a food bank afloat by purchasing equipment and other operational costs. The programs are under the reprocessing market improvement regions. Under the program, the food bank is a recycling firm. The loan can cover all operational costs. It is important to note that aw government can cover such costs when one applies for help as the money goes into a charitable course. Although not popular, loans can be donations as they offer direct assistance (Ohls, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., & United States, 2002).
Building prospects has to do with social networking and building lasting relationship with people that will offer financial assistance immediately without any supervision. One of the foundation with a low prospect is an international based food foundation such as FAO. International foundations handle manyresponsibilities under their belt and cannot stretch further to assist a local food bank. Therefore, it is good for an entity to utilize various diverse foundations. Stewardship organizations may not have enough finances to carry a charitable organization through thick and thin. Hence, it is good to find various foundations with a solid financial base (Ohls, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., & United States, 2002).
References
Los Angeles Food bank
Retrieved from: https://www.lafoodbank.org/
Ohls, J. C., Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., & United States. (2002). The emergency food assistance system-- findings from the provider survey: Vol. II. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Week 8, Reading Section 8.1: Introduction
I. Introduction
As an Introduction to Philosophy course will indicate, two of the greatest Philosophers were Plato and Aristotle. They asked all the right questions, and the rest of us have been providing footnotes, ever ...
Balanced Scorecard Essay. Balanced scorecard in restaurant Essay Example Top...Brandy Rose
The Balanced Scorecard - 524 Words | Free Essay Example on GraduateWay. ⇉The Balanced Scorecard Essay Essay Example | GraduateWay. (DOC) Balanced Scorecard essay 1000 words 1 | Ani Avanesyan - Academia.edu. Balanced Scorecard Essay - Federal Resume. Adoption of the Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Helpful Balanced Scorecard Template for Strategy Execution | monday.com .... The Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... The Balanced Scorecard Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Applying balanced scorecard - 282 Words - NerdySeal. 31 Professional Balanced Scorecard Examples & Templates. Balanced Scorecard Essay – Telegraph. How To Make A Balanced Scorecard Template Pdf Template - Riset. Balanced Scorecard of Halifax, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well .... the balanced scorecard essay. strategy simulation the balanced scorecard harvard. Balanced Scorecard Templates. Essays Balanced Scorecard Bachelor Thesis : — Balanced scorecard .... Balanced essay. Balanced Scorecard essay. 2022-11-05. Balanced Scorecard Approach in Organizations - 1932 Words | Report Example. Figure 1 from Application of the Balanced Scorecard in Higher Education .... balanced scorecard | Pathways International. Walmart Balanced Scorecard | Case Study Example. Balanced Scorecard Example Manufacturing Company. balanced scorecard exle intrafocus | Strategy map, Balance, Example. Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. The Cleveland Clinic's Balanced Scorecards - 5953 Words | Report Example. A Balanced Scorecard. Balanced Scorecard Assignment Report Example | Topics and Well Written ....
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules or consequences. This essay discusses virtue ethics and how developing the virtue of patience is important for overcoming obstacles in life. The author has chosen to work on being more patient, as it is a virtue that can help deal with challenges of the present day, such as peer pressure. According to Aristotle, every virtue has a vice of excess or deficit, and patience falls in between the extremes of indifference and irritability. The author's dog helps remind them to remain patient in the mornings.
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Module 2 OverviewEthics, Reason, and Utilitarian EthicsWelcome.docxannandleola
Module 2 Overview
Ethics, Reason, and Utilitarian Ethics
Welcome to Module Two. Ever since ancient times, philosophers from Plato and Aristotle to Immanuel Kant believed that ethics must be based on reason. Although you may have some doubts as to the perfect reliability of reason, most philosophers have held it as a more reliable guide to ethics than emotions, as reasoning provides more objectivity than emotion can. The first half of this module will focus on the impact of reason and emotion on ethical issues, including Kantian ethics and its emphasis on ethical reasoning. The second half of this module will discuss Utilitarian theory and its role in ethics.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
1B
explain the qualities of pleasure.
1C
discuss the impact of emotion and reason on ethical issues.
5A
discuss Kantian ethics.
6A
explain the uses and criticisms of utilitarian theory.
Module 2 Reading Assignment
Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 4 and 5.
Course Login Instructions
If you are a first time user:
Please register your Pearson Online
Solution
s Student Access Code. You can find your Student Access Code in the AAU Course Registration e-mail that came with your text.
If you are a returning user:
Please visit the Access Code Registration page to log in. You must log in every time you access this course. If you are not logged in, you will not be able to access the premium resources.
NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended.
Please view Part 1 of the Online Presentation for Module 2.
Please view Part 2 of the Online Presentation for Module 2.
Lecture Notes
Ethics, Reason, and Utilitarian Ethics
Chapter 4 Lecture Notes: Ethics and Reason
Reasoning about Ethics
It is clear that we can engage in some level of reasoning about ethical issues, though the exact nature and extent of such reasoning is a contested issue. Although there may be some doubts about the reliability of our reason, most philosophers have favored it over emotions or pure intuition. We cannot deny that emotions may influence our moral decision making, but, as the violinist example from Judith Thomson demonstrates, it seems clear that we do in fact reason about ethics.
If we accept that we can reason about ethics, then we may want to examine the nature of the moral conclusions one reaches. Either the conclusion is a hypothetical (or conditional conclusion) or it is a categorical conclusion. A hypothetical conclusion has the form “if you desire some outcome x, then do y”. The truth or falsity of the conclusion depends in part on your desiring some outcome. On the other hand, categorical conclusions command absolutely as in “do x”—no ifs, ands, or buts.
Elements of Kantian Ethics
Kant claims that reason can establish fundamental and unconditional ethi ...
CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLESWhat sou.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES
What sources guide us in ethical decision making? How do they help us identify and act on the morally correct choice? Philosophers, theologians, and others grapple with such questions. The clearest tradition of ethics in Western medicine dates from the ancient Greeks. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, managers and nurses have formally sought to clarify, establish, and, sometimes, enforce ethical standards. Their codes and activities incorporate philosophies about the ethical relationships of providers to one another, to patients, and to society. For managers, the appropriate relationship with the organizations that employ them is an added dimension of their codes.
A natural starting point for discussing ethics and understanding how to resolve ethical problems is to review the moral philosophies that have had a major influence on Western European thought and values. Among the most prominent of these philosophies are utilitarian teleology; Kantian deontology; natural law as formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas; and the work of the 20th-century American philosopher John Rawls. The latter part of the 20th century saw renewed interest in casuistry and virtue ethics. Its emphasis on the individual makes virtue ethics especially helpful in guiding action for managers. In addition, the ethics of care is considered briefly.
Principles derived from these moral philosophies provide the framework or moral (ethical) underpinnings for delivery of health services by organizations. These principles will assist managers (and health services caregivers) in honing a personal ethic. The derivative operative principles are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Virtue ethics stands on its own as a moral philosophy; also, it helps supplement the principles when they lack rigor in analyzing or solving ethical problems.
The following case about Baby Boy Doe is true. State and federal law would prevent it today. Its simplicity and starkness make it a useful paradigm against which to apply the moral philosophies and derivative principles discussed in this chapter.
Baby Boy Doe
In 1970, a male infant born at a major East Coast medical center was diagnosed with mental retardation and duodenal atresia (the absence of a connection between the stomach and intestine). Surgeons determined that although the baby was very small, the atresia was operable, with a high probability of success. The surgery would not alter the baby's mental retardation, but would permit him to take nourishment by mouth.
The baby's parents decided to forego the surgery—something they had the legal right to do—and over the course of the following 2 weeks, the infant was left to die from dehydration and starvation. No basic determination of the extent of mental impairment had been made, nor could it have been, at the time the infant died. Neither hospital personnel nor state family and social services soug ...
Essays For Money. Essay on money - Its uses and abusesMelissa Chastain
Essay on Money | Money Essay for Students and Children in English - A .... Easy Essay on 'The Right use of Money' for 12th and 10th classes free .... Best Write Essays For Money ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on Money Can't Buy happiness [ Explained with Examples ]. ️ Argumentative essay about money. Best Argumentative Essay Topics .... The Importance of Money Essay | StudyHippo.com. Write essays for money - Purchase Custom Written Essays.. Money Seems To Be - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. An expository essay on money. One of the Most Important Things in our Lives: Money: [Essay Example .... Best Essay Writing Service, Essay Writing Skills, English Writing ....
Critical Analysis Essay. 4 Easy Ways to Write a Critical Analysis with PicturesRoberta Turner
Critical Analysis Essay Examples for Students. 009 Critical Review Essay Example Sample Analysis Paper Thatsnotus. Writing a Critical Essay Structure and Tips Pro Essay Help. How to write a critical analysis essay example - Critical Analysis .... How to Write a Critical Essay: Ultimate Guide by Bid4Papers. Critical Analysis Essay: Full Writing Guide with Examples EssayPro .... How to Write Critical Analysis Essay with Examples. 017 Critical Essay Example Thatsnotus. Example of a critical analysis essay. Critical Analysis Essay: Full .... 006 Critical Analysis Essay 130885 Review Thatsnotus. Critical Response Essay : How to write a research paper for thesis. 003 Essay Example Critical Review Analysis Resume Acierta Us Picture .... Essay outline: What is critical analysis essay. How to write a critical analysis essay key - Key Critical Thinking .... Critical Analysis Essay 101: How to Write a Literary Analysis
Balanced Scorecard Essay. Balanced scorecard in restaurant Essay Example Top...Brandy Rose
The Balanced Scorecard - 524 Words | Free Essay Example on GraduateWay. ⇉The Balanced Scorecard Essay Essay Example | GraduateWay. (DOC) Balanced Scorecard essay 1000 words 1 | Ani Avanesyan - Academia.edu. Balanced Scorecard Essay - Federal Resume. Adoption of the Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Helpful Balanced Scorecard Template for Strategy Execution | monday.com .... The Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... The Balanced Scorecard Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Applying balanced scorecard - 282 Words - NerdySeal. 31 Professional Balanced Scorecard Examples & Templates. Balanced Scorecard Essay – Telegraph. How To Make A Balanced Scorecard Template Pdf Template - Riset. Balanced Scorecard of Halifax, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well .... the balanced scorecard essay. strategy simulation the balanced scorecard harvard. Balanced Scorecard Templates. Essays Balanced Scorecard Bachelor Thesis : — Balanced scorecard .... Balanced essay. Balanced Scorecard essay. 2022-11-05. Balanced Scorecard Approach in Organizations - 1932 Words | Report Example. Figure 1 from Application of the Balanced Scorecard in Higher Education .... balanced scorecard | Pathways International. Walmart Balanced Scorecard | Case Study Example. Balanced Scorecard Example Manufacturing Company. balanced scorecard exle intrafocus | Strategy map, Balance, Example. Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. The Cleveland Clinic's Balanced Scorecards - 5953 Words | Report Example. A Balanced Scorecard. Balanced Scorecard Assignment Report Example | Topics and Well Written ....
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules or consequences. This essay discusses virtue ethics and how developing the virtue of patience is important for overcoming obstacles in life. The author has chosen to work on being more patient, as it is a virtue that can help deal with challenges of the present day, such as peer pressure. According to Aristotle, every virtue has a vice of excess or deficit, and patience falls in between the extremes of indifference and irritability. The author's dog helps remind them to remain patient in the mornings.
Ethics in Science Essay
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Philosophy of Ethics Essay
Ethical Practices Essay
Ethics In The Workplace Essay
Ethics in Research Essay
My Personal Ethics Essay
Ethics In Nursing Essay
An Ethical Responsibility Essays
Ethics in Psychology Essay
Module 2 OverviewEthics, Reason, and Utilitarian EthicsWelcome.docxannandleola
Module 2 Overview
Ethics, Reason, and Utilitarian Ethics
Welcome to Module Two. Ever since ancient times, philosophers from Plato and Aristotle to Immanuel Kant believed that ethics must be based on reason. Although you may have some doubts as to the perfect reliability of reason, most philosophers have held it as a more reliable guide to ethics than emotions, as reasoning provides more objectivity than emotion can. The first half of this module will focus on the impact of reason and emotion on ethical issues, including Kantian ethics and its emphasis on ethical reasoning. The second half of this module will discuss Utilitarian theory and its role in ethics.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
1B
explain the qualities of pleasure.
1C
discuss the impact of emotion and reason on ethical issues.
5A
discuss Kantian ethics.
6A
explain the uses and criticisms of utilitarian theory.
Module 2 Reading Assignment
Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 4 and 5.
Course Login Instructions
If you are a first time user:
Please register your Pearson Online
Solution
s Student Access Code. You can find your Student Access Code in the AAU Course Registration e-mail that came with your text.
If you are a returning user:
Please visit the Access Code Registration page to log in. You must log in every time you access this course. If you are not logged in, you will not be able to access the premium resources.
NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended.
Please view Part 1 of the Online Presentation for Module 2.
Please view Part 2 of the Online Presentation for Module 2.
Lecture Notes
Ethics, Reason, and Utilitarian Ethics
Chapter 4 Lecture Notes: Ethics and Reason
Reasoning about Ethics
It is clear that we can engage in some level of reasoning about ethical issues, though the exact nature and extent of such reasoning is a contested issue. Although there may be some doubts about the reliability of our reason, most philosophers have favored it over emotions or pure intuition. We cannot deny that emotions may influence our moral decision making, but, as the violinist example from Judith Thomson demonstrates, it seems clear that we do in fact reason about ethics.
If we accept that we can reason about ethics, then we may want to examine the nature of the moral conclusions one reaches. Either the conclusion is a hypothetical (or conditional conclusion) or it is a categorical conclusion. A hypothetical conclusion has the form “if you desire some outcome x, then do y”. The truth or falsity of the conclusion depends in part on your desiring some outcome. On the other hand, categorical conclusions command absolutely as in “do x”—no ifs, ands, or buts.
Elements of Kantian Ethics
Kant claims that reason can establish fundamental and unconditional ethi ...
CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLESWhat sou.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES
What sources guide us in ethical decision making? How do they help us identify and act on the morally correct choice? Philosophers, theologians, and others grapple with such questions. The clearest tradition of ethics in Western medicine dates from the ancient Greeks. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, managers and nurses have formally sought to clarify, establish, and, sometimes, enforce ethical standards. Their codes and activities incorporate philosophies about the ethical relationships of providers to one another, to patients, and to society. For managers, the appropriate relationship with the organizations that employ them is an added dimension of their codes.
A natural starting point for discussing ethics and understanding how to resolve ethical problems is to review the moral philosophies that have had a major influence on Western European thought and values. Among the most prominent of these philosophies are utilitarian teleology; Kantian deontology; natural law as formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas; and the work of the 20th-century American philosopher John Rawls. The latter part of the 20th century saw renewed interest in casuistry and virtue ethics. Its emphasis on the individual makes virtue ethics especially helpful in guiding action for managers. In addition, the ethics of care is considered briefly.
Principles derived from these moral philosophies provide the framework or moral (ethical) underpinnings for delivery of health services by organizations. These principles will assist managers (and health services caregivers) in honing a personal ethic. The derivative operative principles are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Virtue ethics stands on its own as a moral philosophy; also, it helps supplement the principles when they lack rigor in analyzing or solving ethical problems.
The following case about Baby Boy Doe is true. State and federal law would prevent it today. Its simplicity and starkness make it a useful paradigm against which to apply the moral philosophies and derivative principles discussed in this chapter.
Baby Boy Doe
In 1970, a male infant born at a major East Coast medical center was diagnosed with mental retardation and duodenal atresia (the absence of a connection between the stomach and intestine). Surgeons determined that although the baby was very small, the atresia was operable, with a high probability of success. The surgery would not alter the baby's mental retardation, but would permit him to take nourishment by mouth.
The baby's parents decided to forego the surgery—something they had the legal right to do—and over the course of the following 2 weeks, the infant was left to die from dehydration and starvation. No basic determination of the extent of mental impairment had been made, nor could it have been, at the time the infant died. Neither hospital personnel nor state family and social services soug ...
Essays For Money. Essay on money - Its uses and abusesMelissa Chastain
Essay on Money | Money Essay for Students and Children in English - A .... Easy Essay on 'The Right use of Money' for 12th and 10th classes free .... Best Write Essays For Money ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on Money Can't Buy happiness [ Explained with Examples ]. ️ Argumentative essay about money. Best Argumentative Essay Topics .... The Importance of Money Essay | StudyHippo.com. Write essays for money - Purchase Custom Written Essays.. Money Seems To Be - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. An expository essay on money. One of the Most Important Things in our Lives: Money: [Essay Example .... Best Essay Writing Service, Essay Writing Skills, English Writing ....
Critical Analysis Essay. 4 Easy Ways to Write a Critical Analysis with PicturesRoberta Turner
Critical Analysis Essay Examples for Students. 009 Critical Review Essay Example Sample Analysis Paper Thatsnotus. Writing a Critical Essay Structure and Tips Pro Essay Help. How to write a critical analysis essay example - Critical Analysis .... How to Write a Critical Essay: Ultimate Guide by Bid4Papers. Critical Analysis Essay: Full Writing Guide with Examples EssayPro .... How to Write Critical Analysis Essay with Examples. 017 Critical Essay Example Thatsnotus. Example of a critical analysis essay. Critical Analysis Essay: Full .... 006 Critical Analysis Essay 130885 Review Thatsnotus. Critical Response Essay : How to write a research paper for thesis. 003 Essay Example Critical Review Analysis Resume Acierta Us Picture .... Essay outline: What is critical analysis essay. How to write a critical analysis essay key - Key Critical Thinking .... Critical Analysis Essay 101: How to Write a Literary Analysis
Interdisciplinary study disciples of disciplinesUpdated Tuesda.docxvrickens
Interdisciplinary study: disciples of disciplines?
Updated Tuesday 20th October 2015
What are 'disciplines' and what is 'interdisciplinary study'?
Introduction
In 1959, C.P.Snow gave a lecture on which he later expounded in publication and which became a seminal work, still discussed and debated fifty years later. Snow’s thesis concerned the ‘gulf of mutual incomprehension ’ (Snow, 1965) between those who followed the sciences and those who saw the arts and humanities as their natural home. Each ‘sect’ saw their own disciplines as being superior in their contribution to humanity and believed that disciples of the other were only able to engage with ideas from their own field of expertise.
It is, perhaps, in this debate that we can see how distinctions between ‘disciplines’ emerge – disciples or followers fight for their belief in the ontological and epistemological ‘truths’ associated with their way of seeing and experiencing the world. Snow was arguing that members of the two camps needed to learn to communicate with each other but that the answers to human problems, health, security, food, water etc lay in the hand of scientists and this was thus the most important language. His challenge was taken up by the renowned literary critic, F.R Leavis, and an acrimonious debate ensued which has re-emerged periodically in letter pages of the quality press until the present day.
What are ‘disciplines’?
The term discipline implies both the aforementioned idea of a subject which has disciples or followers and - in the Foucaultian sense - discipline which forces a particular way of seeing the world and behaving in it. Writing about the discipline of education itself, for example, Bridges suggests that: ‘Discipline meant that enquiry was conducted in accordance with some established rules and procedures which provided the basis for among other things distinguishing truth from falsity, warranted from unwarranted belief. The requirement for disciplined enquiry became translated into the ‘disciplines’ which embodied such enquiry.’ (Bridges, 2004)
Holley (2009) proposes three ways in which academic disciplines might be understood as: as
1. fields of study;
2. bodies of knowledge associated with fields of study;
3. communities of scholars engaged in specific fields of knowledge.
The problem with such definitions is that the disciplines as we know them are not immutable. Whilst criminologists, for example, might see themselves as distinct from sociologists they often share fields of study, bodies of knowledge and community membership. Communities of criminologists often emerge from sociology communities but forensic criminologists may well have emerged from schools of psychology. The boundaries would appear to be forming and re-forming over time. A second difficulty is that disciplines may also contain ‘factions’ with contradictory ontological stances. In Sociology, for instance, positivists and interpretivists share a field of study and engage in the same ...
This document is an introduction to a paper assignment for a philosophy class on ethics. It provides three potential paper topics for students to choose from: 1) Explaining and assessing John Stuart Mill's principle of utilitarianism, 2) Commenting on the debate between Kant and Mill's foundations of morality, and 3) Explaining Kant's categorical imperative and assessing this moral position. The document outlines the requirements for the 3-4 page paper and provides relevant background readings to draw from for each topic.
PHIL 212 Introductory Ethics Module 3Meta-ethical Questions.docxmattjtoni51554
This document provides a summary of key ideas from several philosophers on the origins of ethics, including:
- Immanuel Kant argued that morality comes from duty and recognition of moral obligations, not emotions or self-interest. He believed humans have intrinsic worth because we are rational beings capable of morality.
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that morality stems from economic and material conditions related to labor and class exploitation. They argued existing morality supports the status quo.
- Charles Darwin believed that morality evolved through social instincts like sympathy combined with intellectual abilities like memory and language in socially cooperative animals like humans.
- Friedrich Nietzsche saw a "revaluation of values" from an older morality of strong leaders to a "
Business Ethics Research PaperPhase 1 (5)A brief one page pa.docxhumphrieskalyn
Business Ethics Research Paper
Phase 1: (5%)
A brief one page paper that identifies the unique ethical issue (topics to choose from are below), the ethical dilemma and the traditional theories (utilitarian, deontological, virtue, teleological) that will be used to suggest potential resolution of the dilemmas.
Phase 2: (30%)
Required Elements of Final Project:
Using the information from Phase 1, students will thoroughly research the topic and define the ethical concerns in detail.
Using two of the traditional theories from week 2, suggest potential resolutions to the dilemma(s)
Week 2 readings
What Is the Relationship Between Business Ethics and Decision Making?
Norman Bowie: a Kantian Approach to Business Ethics
Terms In and Types of Ethical Theory
In the discussion of the resolution, include the impact that ethical relativism and globalization may have upon the suggested dilemma resolution.
Relativism readings
Ethical relativism
Ethical Relativism and Business
Theory of Ethical Relativism (Criticism of the theory of ethical relativism)
Ethical Relativism discussion of points for and against theory
Rules, Standards, and Ethics: Relativism Predicts Cross-National Differences in the Codification of Moral Standards
Criticism of Ethical Relativism
Ethical Relativism (Points Against the Theory)
Effects of Globalization readings
Distributive Justice
Figures on the distribution of wealth in the world: Richest 1% of People Own Nearly Half of Global Wealth, says Report
It's A "0.6%" World: Who Owns What Of The $223 Trillion In Global Wealth
Wealth, Income, and Power
The 147 Companies That Control Everything
Who Controls the World? Resources for Understanding this Visualization of the Global Economy
Select the best resolution and explain in detail why.
Required Formatting of Final Project:
· This paper should be double-spaced, 12-point font, and six to eight pages in length excluding the title page and reference page;
· Title page;
· Introductory paragraph and a summary paragraph;
· Use headings to demarcate your discussion;
· Write in the third person;
· Use APA formatting for in-text citations and a reference page. You are expected to paraphrase and not use quotes. Deductions will be taken when quotes are used and found to be unnecessary;
· Submit the paper in the Assignment Folder.
Please also read the Professors notes below
Topics to choose from – Blue is main topic green is articles that relate to that topic
1. Snowden and the Ethics of Whistleblowing
Whistleblowing: Redefining Ethics
2. Is Business Bluffing Ethical?
Critique of Is Business Bluffing Ethical
3. Value-Led Business/Show me the money: How sustainability Creates Revenue at Bloomberg
Harnessing the Power of Corporate Culture (Developing Leaders for a Sustainable Global Society).
Lesson Four: The Ethical Dimension of Sustainability
4. When Robots Lie: How should we program computers to deceive?
Unchartered Territory: When Innovatio ...
Essay On Dishonesty. Discuss dishonesty. - GCSE Law - Marked by Teachers.comCaroline Barnett
Essay ON Dishonesty - Grade: FIRST CLASS - ESSAY ON DISHOENTY QUESTION .... The Dishonesty of Honest People - PHDessay.com. Moral Issue of Academic Dishonesty Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. College Essay: Academic dishonesty essay. NJIT Essay Academic Dishonesty Educational Psychology. ᐅ Essays On Academic Dishonesty Free Argumentative, Persuasive .... What is ACADEMIC DISHONESTY. PDF ACADEMIC DISHONESTY AND WORKPLACE DISHONESTY. AN OVERVIEW. Effects of Academic Dishonesty on Higher Education Free Essay Example. Hamlets World: The Rising Perils of Deceit and Dishonesty Free Essay .... Academic Dishonesty, Plagiarism, and Academic Integrity Free Essay .... Honesty vs dishonesty essay. Honesty vs. Dishonesty essays. 2019-02-19. Academic Dishonesty: Are More Students Cheating? - Dorothy L. R. Jones .... Academic Dishonesty Classification - 337 Words Essay Example. Discuss dishonesty. - GCSE Law - Marked by Teachers.com. Dishonesty in the law of crime Essay Example Topi
The document discusses several frameworks for categorizing and thinking about ethics, including deontology vs. teleology (ethics based on duty vs. consequences). It provides examples of prominent philosophers who exemplified different approaches, such as Immanuel Kant supporting deontology by focusing on duty and the categorical imperative, and John Stuart Mill supporting teleology as a utilitarian who believed ethics is determined by producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses other ethics classifications like direct vs. indirect views and pragmatic vs. humanistic theories.
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Overview of ethics and information technologySJBennett228
This module provide an overview of Ethical Theories and how these are used when making decisions. There is an Information Technology focus in the slides.
Admission Essay Essays University And College AdAshley Fisher
The document discusses modern slavery and forced labor, noting that while slavery has been abolished, various forms of human trafficking and forced labor still exist around the world today, with an estimated 40 million people living in modern slavery; it affects people of all ages and can include practices like debt bondage, forced marriage, commercial sexual exploitation, and forced labor.
Pay For An Essay To Be Written Essay Writing Service 0 Pay For Essay ...Tina Williams
The document provides instructions for paying for an essay writing service through HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and ensure satisfaction.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility F.docxtidwellveronique
This document provides an introduction to ethics and social responsibility. It discusses why studying ethics is important, as ethical debates can help deepen our understanding of moral issues even if we don't solve them completely. It also introduces some of the dominant ethical theories in Western philosophy, such as utilitarianism and deontology. The document examines how we can have reasoned arguments about ethics while managing the emotions involved in debates about important issues.
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docxjeremylockett77
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.
2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
Question 1 (a) Explain, with the aid of diagrams, how an outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East might be expected to impact the Australian markets for petrol and passenger cars with large engines that run on petrol. (6 marks)
(b) The latest electric car is expected to be released in Australia shortly at a very affordable price. What impact might this have on the market for cars which run on petrol? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
Question 2 (a) Australian government is encouraging young people to attend universities with a view to increase the proportion of educated youth workforce. While this policy certainly reduces the number of people available for work today it will increase their skills when they eventually complete their university degrees and enter the workforce. Use the production frontier model and graph to show the effects of such a policy on Australian output. (6 marks)
(b) What are the long-term determinants of economic growth and how can government influence economic growth. (4 marks)
Question 3 (a) Suppose the government is thinking of imposing a sales tax on all brands of cigarettes. What will be the likely impact of this tax on the price of cigarettes and who will bear the major burden of the tax? How will your answer change if the tax was imposed on the consumption of coffee instead? Explain with the help of appropriate diagrams. (6 marks)
(b) Coles and Woolworths dominate the Australian supermarket/grocery sector. Which type of market structure does this sector resemble? Provide a brief explanation. Based on the concepts learnt in this unit explain the likely reasons for the prevalence of this market structure in the Australian supermarket sector. (4 marks)
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded da ...
Discussion Questions 1
From visiting https://www.nlrb.gov, evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. Next, summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., and give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. Support your response with specific details from the selected case.
Evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Discussion Questions 2
From information from https://www.osha.gov, evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. Next, give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=33651 Support your response with specific details from the selected news story.
Evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Lesson Three: Ethical Theories
Lesson Two introduced leadership, some of the qualities that are generally associated with successful leadership, and some of the types of power that leaders wield. Lesson Three will i.
Essay About Social Problem. Essay On Social Issues Social Issues Essay for S...Morgan Daniels
Essay On Social Issues | Social Issues Essay for Students and Children .... Outstanding Social Issues Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Social problems essay | 1008CCJ - Understanding Social Problems .... (PDF) Social Problems. ️ Examples of social problems sociology. Personal Troubles & Social .... Social problems and social issues1 Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Social problem essay - Edwina Reese SOC 220 April 13, 2020 Mary .... Essay on Understanding Social Problems | 1008CCJ - Understanding Social .... Introduction to Social Problem Essay - 2020). In today’s society, drug .... Essay Social Problems. Essay about society problems. Social Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Essay about societal problems. Social issues essay By Kelvin. Social Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words.
The document discusses performing a lifecycle analysis of paper to examine its environmental impacts from production to disposal. It will focus on resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, as these can have wide-ranging effects. Resource depletion is problematic as it negatively impacts not just humans but other species reliant on forests. The analysis will look at harvesting materials, production, distribution, and waste disposal to trace paper's full lifecycle and environmental footprint.
There are two main types of egoism discussed in the document: psychological egoism and ethical egoism. Psychological egoism holds that people are always motivated by self-interest, even in seemingly selfless acts, while ethical egoism argues that people should act in their own self-interest. Ethical egoism can be further divided into act egoism, which evaluates individual actions, and rule egoism, which looks at rules that would be in one's long-term self-interest if followed consistently. While the two types of egoism share a focus on self-interest, they differ in whether people are described as always acting from self-interest (psychological egoism) or should act from self-interest (ethical
Business UseWeek 1 Assignment #1Instructions1. Plea.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Week 1: Assignment #1
Instructions
1. Please read these two articles:
· Using forensics against a fitbit device to solve a murder: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-fitbit-alibi-21st-century-technology-used-to-help-solve-wisconsin-moms-murder/
· How Amazon Echo could be forensically analyzed! https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14189384/amazon-echo-murder-evidence-surveillance-data
2. Then go around in your residence / dwelling (home, apartment, condo, etc) and be creative.
3. Identify at least five appliances or devices that you THINK could be forensically analyzed and then identify how this might be useful in an investigation. Note - do not count your computer or mobile device. Those are obvious!
4. I expect at least one paragraph answer for each device.
Why did I assign this?
The goal is to have you start THINKING about how any device, that is capable of holding electronic data (and transmitting to the Internet) could be useful in a particular investigation!
Due Date
This is due by Sunday, May 10th at 11:59PM
Surname 6
Informative speech on George Stinney Jr.
A. Info research analysis
The general purpose of the speech was to inform people about the civil injustice being done against the African American community in the United States. The specific purpose of the speech was to portray to the audience how an innocent 14-year old black boy suffered in the hands of the South Carolina State law enforcing officers. He was falsely accused of killing two white girls and electrocuted within two months after conviction.
I decided the topic of my speech after perusing through all the suggested topics ad found that the story of George Stinney Jr. was touching and emotional entirely.
This topic benefits the audience and the society in general by giving them an insight of the cruelty that the American law system has against the African American community. The audience gets to know how the shady investigations were done with claims that George had pleaded guilty to the charges of murder when there was no real evidence tying him to the crime or a signed plea agreement.
The alternative view that I found in the research was the version of the investigating officer of the case who claimed that the 14-year old boy managed to kill two girls aged 11 and 7 with a blunt object and ditch them in a nearby trench. This alternative point of view did not make sense because it is hard for a 14-year old boy to use the force that was reported by postmortem results to kill the girls. Therefore, I knew everything was a lie and I had to take the point of view of George’s innocence.
B. informative outline
Introduction:
George Stinney Jr. was an African American boy born on October 21, 1929 in Pinewood, South Carolina, U.S. He is considered as the youngest person to be executed by the United State government in 20th century.
Main body
Investigations of the alleged crimes (Bickford, 05)
The investigations concerning the alleged crimes of George S.
Business UsePALADIN ASSIGNMENT ScenarioYou are give.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
PALADIN ASSIGNMENT
Scenario:
You are given a PC and you are faced with this scenario: you don’t know the password to the PC which means you can’t login so you can use a forensic tool like FTK IMAGER to capture the hard drive as a bit-for-bit forensic image AND/OR
1. The hard drive is either soldiered onto the motherboard (there are some new hard drives like this!) or cannot be removed because the screws are stripped (this has happened to me);
2. Even if you figured out the password or got an admin password the PC may have its USB ports blocked via a GPO policy (this is very common in corporations now);
3. Even if you can get the GPO policy overridden you may have some concerns about putting it on the network (which is true especially if you are dealing with malware).
So what you can you do? The best solution is to boot the PC up into forensically sound environment that lets you bypass the password aspect; GPO policy; etc and take a bit-for-bit image. One software that has done the job very well for me is Paladin.
How to get points
If you can send me a screenshot showing me that you had installed Paladin .ISO and made your USB device a bootable device with Paladin using Rufus then you get 10 points.
If you can send me a screenshot showing that you had a chance to boot your computer into Paladin then you will earn an extra 10 points. It is not necessary for you to take a forensic image of your PC but I have included generic instructions here.
Assumptions:
1. You have downloaded Rufus on your computer
2. You have downloaded Paladin on your computer.
Instructions:
1. Make sure you have at least one USB drive.
2. If not down already, download Rufus from https://rufus.ie/.
3. If not done already, download the Paladin ISO image from this website: https://sumuri.com/product/paladin-64-bit-version-7/ which is free. It’s suggested price is $25.00 but you can adjust the price to $0 then order. To be clear – do not pay anything.
4. Insert the USB device in your computer.
5. Run Rufus where you install the Paladin .ISO file on the USB device and make it bootable. Now I could provide you step by step instructions, but this is a Masters class so I want you to explore a bit and figure this out. One good video is this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6JehM0WDTI.
6. After you are done using Rufus where you have installed Paladin.ISO on the USB device and made it bootable then make sure the USB device is in the PC.
7. Restart your PC. Press F9(HP) laptop) or F12 (Dell laptop) so you can be taken into the BIOS bootup menu.
8. This is where things get a bit tricky e.g. your compute may be configured differently where you have to adjust your BIOS settings. If you do not feel comfortable doing this then stop here. I do not want you to mess up your computer. You have already earned ten extra points!
9. If you still proceed then you will see a list of bootable devices. You may, for example, see a list of devices. Pick the device .
Business UsePractical Connection WorkThis work is a writte.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Practical Connection Work
This work is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and been put into practice within their own career.
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course, to date, have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment.
If you are not currently working, then this is where you can be creative and identify how you THINK this could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word minimum reflection.
Use of proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
You should NOT provide an overview of the assignments given in the course. Reflect and write about how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
// Pediatric depressionTherapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The client is an 8-year-old African American male who arrives at the ER with his mother. He is exhibiting signs of depression.
Client complained of feeling “sad” Mother reports that teacher said child is withdrawn from peers in class Mother notes decreased appetite and occasional periods of irritation Client reached all developmental landmarks at appropriate ages Physical exam unremarkable Laboratory studies WNL Child referred to psychiatry for evaluation Client seen by Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Alert & oriented X 3, speech clear, coherent, goal directed, spontaneous. Self-reported mood is “sad”. Affect somewhat blunted, but child smiled appropriately at various points throughout the clinical interview. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. Judgment and insight appear to be age-appropriate. He is not endorsing active suicidal ideation, but does admit that he often thinks about himself being dead and what it would be like to be dead.
The PMHNP administers the Children's Depression Rating Scale, obtaining a score of 30 (indicating significant depression)
RESOURCES
§ Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale--Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Decision Point OneSelect what the PMHNP should do:Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID
.
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Interdisciplinary study disciples of disciplinesUpdated Tuesda.docxvrickens
Interdisciplinary study: disciples of disciplines?
Updated Tuesday 20th October 2015
What are 'disciplines' and what is 'interdisciplinary study'?
Introduction
In 1959, C.P.Snow gave a lecture on which he later expounded in publication and which became a seminal work, still discussed and debated fifty years later. Snow’s thesis concerned the ‘gulf of mutual incomprehension ’ (Snow, 1965) between those who followed the sciences and those who saw the arts and humanities as their natural home. Each ‘sect’ saw their own disciplines as being superior in their contribution to humanity and believed that disciples of the other were only able to engage with ideas from their own field of expertise.
It is, perhaps, in this debate that we can see how distinctions between ‘disciplines’ emerge – disciples or followers fight for their belief in the ontological and epistemological ‘truths’ associated with their way of seeing and experiencing the world. Snow was arguing that members of the two camps needed to learn to communicate with each other but that the answers to human problems, health, security, food, water etc lay in the hand of scientists and this was thus the most important language. His challenge was taken up by the renowned literary critic, F.R Leavis, and an acrimonious debate ensued which has re-emerged periodically in letter pages of the quality press until the present day.
What are ‘disciplines’?
The term discipline implies both the aforementioned idea of a subject which has disciples or followers and - in the Foucaultian sense - discipline which forces a particular way of seeing the world and behaving in it. Writing about the discipline of education itself, for example, Bridges suggests that: ‘Discipline meant that enquiry was conducted in accordance with some established rules and procedures which provided the basis for among other things distinguishing truth from falsity, warranted from unwarranted belief. The requirement for disciplined enquiry became translated into the ‘disciplines’ which embodied such enquiry.’ (Bridges, 2004)
Holley (2009) proposes three ways in which academic disciplines might be understood as: as
1. fields of study;
2. bodies of knowledge associated with fields of study;
3. communities of scholars engaged in specific fields of knowledge.
The problem with such definitions is that the disciplines as we know them are not immutable. Whilst criminologists, for example, might see themselves as distinct from sociologists they often share fields of study, bodies of knowledge and community membership. Communities of criminologists often emerge from sociology communities but forensic criminologists may well have emerged from schools of psychology. The boundaries would appear to be forming and re-forming over time. A second difficulty is that disciplines may also contain ‘factions’ with contradictory ontological stances. In Sociology, for instance, positivists and interpretivists share a field of study and engage in the same ...
This document is an introduction to a paper assignment for a philosophy class on ethics. It provides three potential paper topics for students to choose from: 1) Explaining and assessing John Stuart Mill's principle of utilitarianism, 2) Commenting on the debate between Kant and Mill's foundations of morality, and 3) Explaining Kant's categorical imperative and assessing this moral position. The document outlines the requirements for the 3-4 page paper and provides relevant background readings to draw from for each topic.
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This document provides a summary of key ideas from several philosophers on the origins of ethics, including:
- Immanuel Kant argued that morality comes from duty and recognition of moral obligations, not emotions or self-interest. He believed humans have intrinsic worth because we are rational beings capable of morality.
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that morality stems from economic and material conditions related to labor and class exploitation. They argued existing morality supports the status quo.
- Charles Darwin believed that morality evolved through social instincts like sympathy combined with intellectual abilities like memory and language in socially cooperative animals like humans.
- Friedrich Nietzsche saw a "revaluation of values" from an older morality of strong leaders to a "
Business Ethics Research PaperPhase 1 (5)A brief one page pa.docxhumphrieskalyn
Business Ethics Research Paper
Phase 1: (5%)
A brief one page paper that identifies the unique ethical issue (topics to choose from are below), the ethical dilemma and the traditional theories (utilitarian, deontological, virtue, teleological) that will be used to suggest potential resolution of the dilemmas.
Phase 2: (30%)
Required Elements of Final Project:
Using the information from Phase 1, students will thoroughly research the topic and define the ethical concerns in detail.
Using two of the traditional theories from week 2, suggest potential resolutions to the dilemma(s)
Week 2 readings
What Is the Relationship Between Business Ethics and Decision Making?
Norman Bowie: a Kantian Approach to Business Ethics
Terms In and Types of Ethical Theory
In the discussion of the resolution, include the impact that ethical relativism and globalization may have upon the suggested dilemma resolution.
Relativism readings
Ethical relativism
Ethical Relativism and Business
Theory of Ethical Relativism (Criticism of the theory of ethical relativism)
Ethical Relativism discussion of points for and against theory
Rules, Standards, and Ethics: Relativism Predicts Cross-National Differences in the Codification of Moral Standards
Criticism of Ethical Relativism
Ethical Relativism (Points Against the Theory)
Effects of Globalization readings
Distributive Justice
Figures on the distribution of wealth in the world: Richest 1% of People Own Nearly Half of Global Wealth, says Report
It's A "0.6%" World: Who Owns What Of The $223 Trillion In Global Wealth
Wealth, Income, and Power
The 147 Companies That Control Everything
Who Controls the World? Resources for Understanding this Visualization of the Global Economy
Select the best resolution and explain in detail why.
Required Formatting of Final Project:
· This paper should be double-spaced, 12-point font, and six to eight pages in length excluding the title page and reference page;
· Title page;
· Introductory paragraph and a summary paragraph;
· Use headings to demarcate your discussion;
· Write in the third person;
· Use APA formatting for in-text citations and a reference page. You are expected to paraphrase and not use quotes. Deductions will be taken when quotes are used and found to be unnecessary;
· Submit the paper in the Assignment Folder.
Please also read the Professors notes below
Topics to choose from – Blue is main topic green is articles that relate to that topic
1. Snowden and the Ethics of Whistleblowing
Whistleblowing: Redefining Ethics
2. Is Business Bluffing Ethical?
Critique of Is Business Bluffing Ethical
3. Value-Led Business/Show me the money: How sustainability Creates Revenue at Bloomberg
Harnessing the Power of Corporate Culture (Developing Leaders for a Sustainable Global Society).
Lesson Four: The Ethical Dimension of Sustainability
4. When Robots Lie: How should we program computers to deceive?
Unchartered Territory: When Innovatio ...
Essay On Dishonesty. Discuss dishonesty. - GCSE Law - Marked by Teachers.comCaroline Barnett
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The document discusses several frameworks for categorizing and thinking about ethics, including deontology vs. teleology (ethics based on duty vs. consequences). It provides examples of prominent philosophers who exemplified different approaches, such as Immanuel Kant supporting deontology by focusing on duty and the categorical imperative, and John Stuart Mill supporting teleology as a utilitarian who believed ethics is determined by producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses other ethics classifications like direct vs. indirect views and pragmatic vs. humanistic theories.
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Overview of ethics and information technologySJBennett228
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Pay For An Essay To Be Written Essay Writing Service 0 Pay For Essay ...Tina Williams
The document provides instructions for paying for an essay writing service through HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and ensure satisfaction.
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This document provides an introduction to ethics and social responsibility. It discusses why studying ethics is important, as ethical debates can help deepen our understanding of moral issues even if we don't solve them completely. It also introduces some of the dominant ethical theories in Western philosophy, such as utilitarianism and deontology. The document examines how we can have reasoned arguments about ethics while managing the emotions involved in debates about important issues.
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docxjeremylockett77
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.
2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
Question 1 (a) Explain, with the aid of diagrams, how an outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East might be expected to impact the Australian markets for petrol and passenger cars with large engines that run on petrol. (6 marks)
(b) The latest electric car is expected to be released in Australia shortly at a very affordable price. What impact might this have on the market for cars which run on petrol? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
Question 2 (a) Australian government is encouraging young people to attend universities with a view to increase the proportion of educated youth workforce. While this policy certainly reduces the number of people available for work today it will increase their skills when they eventually complete their university degrees and enter the workforce. Use the production frontier model and graph to show the effects of such a policy on Australian output. (6 marks)
(b) What are the long-term determinants of economic growth and how can government influence economic growth. (4 marks)
Question 3 (a) Suppose the government is thinking of imposing a sales tax on all brands of cigarettes. What will be the likely impact of this tax on the price of cigarettes and who will bear the major burden of the tax? How will your answer change if the tax was imposed on the consumption of coffee instead? Explain with the help of appropriate diagrams. (6 marks)
(b) Coles and Woolworths dominate the Australian supermarket/grocery sector. Which type of market structure does this sector resemble? Provide a brief explanation. Based on the concepts learnt in this unit explain the likely reasons for the prevalence of this market structure in the Australian supermarket sector. (4 marks)
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded da ...
Discussion Questions 1
From visiting https://www.nlrb.gov, evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. Next, summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., and give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. Support your response with specific details from the selected case.
Evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Discussion Questions 2
From information from https://www.osha.gov, evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. Next, give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=33651 Support your response with specific details from the selected news story.
Evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Lesson Three: Ethical Theories
Lesson Two introduced leadership, some of the qualities that are generally associated with successful leadership, and some of the types of power that leaders wield. Lesson Three will i.
Essay About Social Problem. Essay On Social Issues Social Issues Essay for S...Morgan Daniels
Essay On Social Issues | Social Issues Essay for Students and Children .... Outstanding Social Issues Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Social problems essay | 1008CCJ - Understanding Social Problems .... (PDF) Social Problems. ️ Examples of social problems sociology. Personal Troubles & Social .... Social problems and social issues1 Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Social problem essay - Edwina Reese SOC 220 April 13, 2020 Mary .... Essay on Understanding Social Problems | 1008CCJ - Understanding Social .... Introduction to Social Problem Essay - 2020). In today’s society, drug .... Essay Social Problems. Essay about society problems. Social Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Essay about societal problems. Social issues essay By Kelvin. Social Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words.
The document discusses performing a lifecycle analysis of paper to examine its environmental impacts from production to disposal. It will focus on resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions, as these can have wide-ranging effects. Resource depletion is problematic as it negatively impacts not just humans but other species reliant on forests. The analysis will look at harvesting materials, production, distribution, and waste disposal to trace paper's full lifecycle and environmental footprint.
There are two main types of egoism discussed in the document: psychological egoism and ethical egoism. Psychological egoism holds that people are always motivated by self-interest, even in seemingly selfless acts, while ethical egoism argues that people should act in their own self-interest. Ethical egoism can be further divided into act egoism, which evaluates individual actions, and rule egoism, which looks at rules that would be in one's long-term self-interest if followed consistently. While the two types of egoism share a focus on self-interest, they differ in whether people are described as always acting from self-interest (psychological egoism) or should act from self-interest (ethical
Similar to 1Running Header FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH CHALLENGES 2F.docx (19)
Business UseWeek 1 Assignment #1Instructions1. Plea.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Week 1: Assignment #1
Instructions
1. Please read these two articles:
· Using forensics against a fitbit device to solve a murder: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-fitbit-alibi-21st-century-technology-used-to-help-solve-wisconsin-moms-murder/
· How Amazon Echo could be forensically analyzed! https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/6/14189384/amazon-echo-murder-evidence-surveillance-data
2. Then go around in your residence / dwelling (home, apartment, condo, etc) and be creative.
3. Identify at least five appliances or devices that you THINK could be forensically analyzed and then identify how this might be useful in an investigation. Note - do not count your computer or mobile device. Those are obvious!
4. I expect at least one paragraph answer for each device.
Why did I assign this?
The goal is to have you start THINKING about how any device, that is capable of holding electronic data (and transmitting to the Internet) could be useful in a particular investigation!
Due Date
This is due by Sunday, May 10th at 11:59PM
Surname 6
Informative speech on George Stinney Jr.
A. Info research analysis
The general purpose of the speech was to inform people about the civil injustice being done against the African American community in the United States. The specific purpose of the speech was to portray to the audience how an innocent 14-year old black boy suffered in the hands of the South Carolina State law enforcing officers. He was falsely accused of killing two white girls and electrocuted within two months after conviction.
I decided the topic of my speech after perusing through all the suggested topics ad found that the story of George Stinney Jr. was touching and emotional entirely.
This topic benefits the audience and the society in general by giving them an insight of the cruelty that the American law system has against the African American community. The audience gets to know how the shady investigations were done with claims that George had pleaded guilty to the charges of murder when there was no real evidence tying him to the crime or a signed plea agreement.
The alternative view that I found in the research was the version of the investigating officer of the case who claimed that the 14-year old boy managed to kill two girls aged 11 and 7 with a blunt object and ditch them in a nearby trench. This alternative point of view did not make sense because it is hard for a 14-year old boy to use the force that was reported by postmortem results to kill the girls. Therefore, I knew everything was a lie and I had to take the point of view of George’s innocence.
B. informative outline
Introduction:
George Stinney Jr. was an African American boy born on October 21, 1929 in Pinewood, South Carolina, U.S. He is considered as the youngest person to be executed by the United State government in 20th century.
Main body
Investigations of the alleged crimes (Bickford, 05)
The investigations concerning the alleged crimes of George S.
Business UsePALADIN ASSIGNMENT ScenarioYou are give.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
PALADIN ASSIGNMENT
Scenario:
You are given a PC and you are faced with this scenario: you don’t know the password to the PC which means you can’t login so you can use a forensic tool like FTK IMAGER to capture the hard drive as a bit-for-bit forensic image AND/OR
1. The hard drive is either soldiered onto the motherboard (there are some new hard drives like this!) or cannot be removed because the screws are stripped (this has happened to me);
2. Even if you figured out the password or got an admin password the PC may have its USB ports blocked via a GPO policy (this is very common in corporations now);
3. Even if you can get the GPO policy overridden you may have some concerns about putting it on the network (which is true especially if you are dealing with malware).
So what you can you do? The best solution is to boot the PC up into forensically sound environment that lets you bypass the password aspect; GPO policy; etc and take a bit-for-bit image. One software that has done the job very well for me is Paladin.
How to get points
If you can send me a screenshot showing me that you had installed Paladin .ISO and made your USB device a bootable device with Paladin using Rufus then you get 10 points.
If you can send me a screenshot showing that you had a chance to boot your computer into Paladin then you will earn an extra 10 points. It is not necessary for you to take a forensic image of your PC but I have included generic instructions here.
Assumptions:
1. You have downloaded Rufus on your computer
2. You have downloaded Paladin on your computer.
Instructions:
1. Make sure you have at least one USB drive.
2. If not down already, download Rufus from https://rufus.ie/.
3. If not done already, download the Paladin ISO image from this website: https://sumuri.com/product/paladin-64-bit-version-7/ which is free. It’s suggested price is $25.00 but you can adjust the price to $0 then order. To be clear – do not pay anything.
4. Insert the USB device in your computer.
5. Run Rufus where you install the Paladin .ISO file on the USB device and make it bootable. Now I could provide you step by step instructions, but this is a Masters class so I want you to explore a bit and figure this out. One good video is this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6JehM0WDTI.
6. After you are done using Rufus where you have installed Paladin.ISO on the USB device and made it bootable then make sure the USB device is in the PC.
7. Restart your PC. Press F9(HP) laptop) or F12 (Dell laptop) so you can be taken into the BIOS bootup menu.
8. This is where things get a bit tricky e.g. your compute may be configured differently where you have to adjust your BIOS settings. If you do not feel comfortable doing this then stop here. I do not want you to mess up your computer. You have already earned ten extra points!
9. If you still proceed then you will see a list of bootable devices. You may, for example, see a list of devices. Pick the device .
Business UsePractical Connection WorkThis work is a writte.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Use
Practical Connection Work
This work is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and been put into practice within their own career.
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course, to date, have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment.
If you are not currently working, then this is where you can be creative and identify how you THINK this could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word minimum reflection.
Use of proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
You should NOT provide an overview of the assignments given in the course. Reflect and write about how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
// Pediatric depressionTherapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders
An African American Child Suffering From Depression
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The client is an 8-year-old African American male who arrives at the ER with his mother. He is exhibiting signs of depression.
Client complained of feeling “sad” Mother reports that teacher said child is withdrawn from peers in class Mother notes decreased appetite and occasional periods of irritation Client reached all developmental landmarks at appropriate ages Physical exam unremarkable Laboratory studies WNL Child referred to psychiatry for evaluation Client seen by Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Alert & oriented X 3, speech clear, coherent, goal directed, spontaneous. Self-reported mood is “sad”. Affect somewhat blunted, but child smiled appropriately at various points throughout the clinical interview. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. Judgment and insight appear to be age-appropriate. He is not endorsing active suicidal ideation, but does admit that he often thinks about himself being dead and what it would be like to be dead.
The PMHNP administers the Children's Depression Rating Scale, obtaining a score of 30 (indicating significant depression)
RESOURCES
§ Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale--Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Decision Point OneSelect what the PMHNP should do:Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily
Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily
Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID
.
Business System Analyst
SUMMARY:
· Cognos Business In experience intelligence with expertise in Software Design, Development, and Analysis, Teradata, Testing, Data Warehouse and Business Intelligence tools.
· Expertise in Cognos 11/10.2, 10.1, 8.x (Query Studio, Report Studio, Analysis Studio, Business Insight/Workspace, Business Insight/Workspace Advanced, Metric Studio (Score carding), Framework Manager, Cognos Connection)
· Expertise in Installation and Configuration of Cognos BI Products in Distributed environment on Windows
· Expertise with Framework Manager Modeling (Physical Layer, Business Layer, Packages) and Complex Report building with Report Studio.
· Expertise developing complex reports using drill-through reports, prompts, dashboards, master-detail, burst-reports, dynamic filtering in Cognos.
· Expertise in creating Dashboard reports using Java Script in Report studio.
· Expertise in building scorecard reports and dashboard reports using metric studio.
· Expertise with Transformer models and cubes that were used in Power play analysis and also these cubes were used in various Analysis Studio reports.
· Expertise with MDX Functions in Report Studio using Multi-dimensional Sources.
· Expertise with Cognos security (LDAP, Active Directory, Access manager, object level security, data security).
· Expertise with Tabbed Inter-phases and with Interactive Behavior of value based chart highlighting.
· Sound Skills in developing SQL Scripts, PL/SQL Stored Procedures, functions, packages.
· Expertise on production support and troubleshoot/test issues with existing reports and cubes.
· Experienced with MS SQL Server BI Tools like SSIS, SSRS and SSAS.
· Expertise in creation of packages, Data and Control tasks, Reports and Cubes using MS SQL Server BI Tools.
· Ability to translate business requirements into technical specifications and interact with end users to gather requirements for reporting.
· Good understanding of business process in Financial, Insurance and Healthcare areas.
· Expertise in infrastructure design for the cognos environment and security setup for different groups as per business requirement.
· Creating training material on all the Ad-Hoc training
· Expertise in all the basic administrative tasks like deployments, routing rule setup’s , user group setup , folder level securities etc.
· Have deployment knowledge of IBM Cognos report in Application servers like WAS.
· Have knowledge on handling securities and administration functionalities on IBM Cognos 10.x
· Good work ethics, detail oriented, fast learner, team oriented, flexible and adaptable to all kinds of stressful environments. Possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
Technical Skills:
BI Platform
Cognos 11,10.2, 10.1, 8.x (Query Studio, Report Studio, Analysis Studio, Business Insight/Workspace, Business Insight/Workspace Advanced, Metric Studio (Score carding), Framework Manager, Cognos Connection)
Data Base
MS Access, MS SQL Server, Orac.
Business StrategyOrganizations have to develop an international .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Strategy
Organizations have to develop an international Human Resources Management Strategy, when they expand globally. Which do you think is more critical for international Human Resource Management:
Understanding the cultural environment, or
Understanding the political and legal environment?
Please choose 1 position and give a rationale; examples are also a way to demonstrate your understanding of the learning concepts.
.
Business StrategyGroup BCase Study- KFC Business Analysis.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Strategy
Group B
Case Study- KFC Business Analysis
Abstract
Introduced in 1952 by Colonel Sanders
Second largest restaurant chain today in terms of popularity
Annual revenue of $23 billion
Diversified its menu to suit cultural needs of people across different countries
Hindering factors in KFC’s growth are growing consumer health consciousness, animal welfare criticism, environmental criticism
Introduction
KFC was born in 1952 and its founder was Colonel Sanders
First franchise to grow globally over international market
By the 1960s – 1980s the market was booming in countries like England, Mexico, China
Management and ownership transferred over the years to Heublin, Yum Brands and PepsiCo.
Annual revenue of $23 billion in 2013
KFC had expanded its menu to suit cultural needs of people across different countries
Hindering factors in KFC’s growth are growing consumer health consciousness, animal welfare criticism, environmental criticism, logistic management issue in UK, cultural differences in Asian countries towards accepting the fried chicken menu.
Factors contributing to KFC’s global success
The core reason for KFCs success is it’s mandate to follow strict franchise protocols that have continuously satisfied customers demands:
The quality of the chicken cooked in KFC has certain specific guidelines
The size of the restaurant should be 24x60 feet.
The restaurant washrooms and ktichen has certain cleanliness standards
Food that is not sold off needs to be trashed
The workers need to have a specific clothing and uniform.
A certain % of the gross earnings should be used for advertisement and R&D
Air conditioning is mandatory in the outlets
Global number of KFC restaurants in the past decade
Importance of cultural factors to KFC’s sales success in India and China
Culture is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values
“Culture is everything that people have, think, and do as members of their society”, which demonstrating that culture is made up of (1) material objects; (2) ideas, values, attitudes and beliefs; and (3) specified, or expected behavior.
Many scholars have theorized and studied the notion of cross-cultural adaptation, which tends to move from one culture to another one, by learning the elements such as rules, norms, customs, and language of the new culture (Oberg 1960, Keefe and Padilla 1987, Kealey 1989). According to Ady (1995),
“Cultural adaptation is the evolutionary process by which an individual modifies his personal habits and customs to fit into a particular culture. It can also refer to gradual changes within a culture or society that occur as people from different backgrounds participating in the culture and sharing their perspectives and practices.”
Cultural factors in India that go against KFC’s original recipe.
.
Business Strategy Differentiation, Cost Leadership, a.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document discusses various concepts related to business strategy and competitive advantage. It begins by defining a business-level strategy and outlining the "who, what, why, and how" of competing for advantage. It then discusses how industry and firm effects jointly determine competitive advantage. Key ideas around generating and sustaining advantage through barriers to imitation are presented. The document also discusses concepts like differentiation advantage, cost leadership, learning curves, economies of scale, value chains, and the resource-based view of the firm. Strategic coherence and dynamic strategic activity systems are defined.
Business RequirementsReference number Document Control.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Requirements
Reference number:
Document Control
Change Record
Date
Author
Version
Change Reference
Reviewers
Name
Position
Table of Contents
2Document Control
1
Business Requirements
4
1.1
Project Overview
4
1.2
Background including current process
4
1.3
Scope
4
1.3.1
Scope of Project
4
1.3.2
Constraints and Assumptions
5
1.3.3
Risks
5
1.3.4
Scope Control
5
1.3.5
Relationship to Other Systems/Projects
5
1.3.6
Definition of Terms (if applicable)
5
1 Business Requirements
1.1 Project Overview
Provide a short, yet complete, overview of the project.
1.2 Background including current process
Describe the background to the project, (same section may be reused in the Quality Plan) include:
This project is
The project goal is to
The IT role for this project is
1.3 Scope
1.3.1 Scope of Project
The scope of this project includes a number of areas. For each area, there should be a corresponding strategy for incorporating these areas into the overall project.
Applications
In order to meet the target production date, only these applications will be implemented:
Sites
These sites are considered part of the implementation:
Process Re-engineering
Re-engineering will
Customization
Customizations will be limited to
Interfaces
the interfaces included are:
Architecture
Application and Technical Architecture will
Conversion
Only the following data and volume will be considered for conversion:
Testing
Testing will include only
Funding
Project funding is limited to
Training
Training will be
Education
Education will include
1.3.2 Constraints and Assumptions
The following constraints have been identified:
The following assumptions have been made in defining the scope, objectives and approach:
1.3.3 Risks
The following risks have been identified as possibly affecting the project during its progression:
1.3.4 Scope Control
The control of changes to the scope identified in this document will be managed through the Change Control, with business owner representative approval for any changes that affect cost or timeline for the project.
1.3.5 Relationship to Other Systems/Projects
It is the responsibility of the business unit to inform IT of other business initiatives that may impact the project. The following are known business initiatives:
1.3.6 Definition of Terms (if applicable)
List any definitions that will be used throughout the duration of the project.
5
A working structure is the fundamental programming that bargains with all the mechanical social affair and other programming on a PC. It other than pulls in us to visit with the PC without perceiving how to talk the piece PC programs language's. A working structure is inside theory of programming on a contraption that keeps everything together. Working systems visit with the's contraption. They handle everything from your solace and mice to the Wi-Fi radio, gathering contraptions, and show. Symbolically, a worki.
Business ProposalThe Business Proposal is the major writing .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Proposal
The Business Proposal is the major writing assignment in the course. You are to create and submit a formal proposal that suggests how to change something within an organization. This organization can be large or small, a place of employment now or in the past, or an organization to which the students belong. From past experiences, it is best to use a business with fewer than 200 employees, and one with which you have personal experience. It could be a place where you currently work or a place you have worked or volunteered in the past.
The change can be specific to a unit or can apply to the whole organization; it can relate to how important information is distributed, who has access to important information, how information is accessed, or any other change in practices the students see as having a benefit. The proposal should be directed to the person or committee with the power to authorize the change. However, if you are working within a large organization, and asking for a small organizational change, communicating with a CEO or president may not make the most sense. You need to think about who within the organization might be the best person for the type of change suggested.
For the submission, you are to follow the guidelines for formal proposals available in Chapter 10 of the text. You can review 10.1, 10.4, and 10.19 for more information about specific components for a well-written formal business proposal. A complete proposal must have all required sections of a formal report excluding the copy of an RFP and the Authorization. The final draft of the proposal should be 1500–2000 words, and include the following necessary formal proposal components:
Letter of transmittal
Executive summary
Title page
Table of contents
List of illustrations
Introduction
Background: Purpose/problem
Proposal: plan, schedule, details
Staffing
Budget
Appendix
Formatting does matter for this assignment, and you are to check the text for details about how to format and draft the different proposal segments. Proposals don't just have text; graphics and charts are necessary, too. In addition, research is important, and footnotes and references must be included. All content should be concise, clear, and detailed. The proposal should be well-written with appropriate grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
This is a scaffolded writing project that consists of four assignments.
.
Business ProjectProject Progress Evaluation Feedback Form .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Project
Project Progress Evaluation
Feedback Form Week 3
Date:
__________________________________________________
Student Name:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Project Title: Effect Of Increasing Training Budget
Project Type: Business Research
Researchers:
Has a topic been chosen and a problem statement created?
Yes { } NO { }
Was the problem statement submitted in a 1-4 page paper that includes an introduction to the topic with appropriate documentation?
Yes { } No { }
Specifically, if any, needs additional content or rewriting to create more clarity? What specific recommendations do you have to help in this process?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What is your workable timetable that states specific objectives and target completion dates for completing the final draft of the plan? Write the timetable below:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Feedback Form #3 – Project Proposal and Plan
▼
THE UK’S LEADING PROVIDER OF EXPERT SERVICES FOR IT PROFESSIONALS
NATIONAL COMPUTING CENTRE
IT Governance
Developing a successful governance strategy
A Best Practice guide for decision makers in IT
IT Governance
Developing a successful governance strategy
A Best Practice guide for decision makers in IT
The effective use of information technology is now an accepted organisational imperative - for
all businesses, across all sectors - and the primary motivation; improved communications and
commercial effectiveness. The swift pace of change in these technologies has consigned many
established best practice approaches to the past. Today's IT decision makers and business
managers face uncertainty - characterised by a lack of relevant, practical, advice and standards
to guide them through this new business revolution.
Recognising the lack of available best practice guidance, the National Computing Centre has
created the Best Practice Series to capture and define best practice across the key aspects of
successful business.
Other Titles in the NCC Best Practice series:
IT Skills - Recruitment and Retention ISBN 0-85012-867-6
The New UK Data Protection Law ISBN 0-85012-868-4
Open Source - the UK opportunity ISBN 0-85012-874-9
Intellectual Property Rights - protecting your intellectual assets ISBN 0-85012-872-2
Aligning IT with Business Strategy ISBN 0-85012-889-7
Enterprise Architecture - underst.
BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION OF COST MANAGEMENT IN H.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE FUNCTION OF COST
MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS
1
1
st
IVANA DRAŽIĆ LUTILSKY
Departement of Accounting
Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Zagreb
Croatia
[email protected]
2
nd
LUCIJA JUROŠ
Faculty of Economics and Business
[email protected]
Abstract: This paper is dealing with the importance of business processes regarding costs
tracking and cost management in healthcare institutions. Various changes within the health
care system and funding of hospitals require the introduction of management information
systems and cost accounting. The introduction of cost accounting in public hospitals would
allow the planning and control of costs, monitoring of costs per patient or service and the
calculation of indicators for the analysis and assessment of the economic performance of the
business of public hospitals and lead to the transparency of budget spending. A model that
would be suited to the introduction in the public hospital is full cost allocation model based on
activities or processes that occur, known as the ABC method. Given that this is a calculation
of cost of services provided through various internal business processes, it is important to
identify all business processes in order to be able to calculate the costs incurred by services.
Although the hospital does not do business with the aim to make a profit, they must follow all
the costs (direct and indirect) to be able to calculate the full costs i.e. the price of the service
provided. In addition, the long-term sustainability of business activities in terms of funding
difficulties and the continuous growth of cost of services provided, hospitals must control and
reduce the cost of the program and specific activities. Therefore, the objective of this paper is
to point out the importance of business processes while introducing ABC method.
Keywords: Business Processes, Cost management, ABC method, Healthcare Institutions
1
This work has been fully supported by University of Zagreb funding the project “Business processes in the
implementation of cost management in healthcare system”, Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
University of Zagreb.
mailto:[email protected]
1 Introduction
In recent years, the efficiency of the management in health care services and the system of
quality in health care institutions significantly increased. Patients expect more from
healthcare providers and higher standards of care. At the same time, those who pay for
health services are increasingly concerned about the rising costs of health care services, but
also the potential ineffectiveness of the health care system. Consequently, there is a broad
interest in understanding the ways of efficient work of health care management and .
Business Process Management JournalBusiness process manageme.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Process Management Journal
Business process management: a maturity assessment of Saudi Arabian
organizations
Omar AlShathry,
Article information:
To cite this document:
Omar AlShathry, (2016) "Business process management: a maturity assessment of Saudi Arabian
organizations", Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Issue: 3, pp.507-521, https://
doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
Permanent link to this document:
https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
Downloaded on: 04 September 2018, At: 00:11 (PT)
References: this document contains references to 26 other documents.
To copy this document: [email protected]
The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1083 times since 2016*
Users who downloaded this article also downloaded:
(2016),"Process improvement for professionalizing non-profit organizations: BPM approach",
Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Iss 3 pp. 634-658 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/
BPMJ-08-2015-0114">https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-08-2015-0114</a>
(2016),"Ownership relevance in aspect-oriented business process models", Business
Process Management Journal, Vol. 22 Iss 3 pp. 566-593 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/
BPMJ-01-2015-0006">https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-01-2015-0006</a>
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https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2015-0101
*Related content and download information correct at time of download.
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Business process management:
a maturity assessment of Saudi
Arabian organizations
Omar AlShathry
Department of Information Systems,
Imam Mohammed Bin Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Purpose – Business Process Management (BPM) has become increasingly common among organizations
in d.
Business Plan[Your Name], OwnerPurdue GlobalBUSINESS PLANDate.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan[Your Name], Owner
Purdue Global
BUSINESS PLAN
Date
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Product
1.2 Customers
1.3 What Drives Us
2. COMPANY DESCRIPTION
2.1 Mission and Vision Statements
2.2 Principal Members at Startup (In Unit 7 you will expand on this section to include medium and long term personnel plans for all team members, including the line staff.)
2.2.1 Using chapter 10 of your text, write the plan, using the section in Chapter 10 that shows how to introduce each team member and describe their background and responsibilities. You will start with the leaders and managers, then discuss other employees as needed for your company to grow.
2.2.2 Use this spreadsheet to show the planning
Leaders/managers (unit 1)
When needed (number of months/years after opening)
Outside Services Needed
Key Functions
Add line staff (Unit 7)
2.3 Legal Structure
3. MARKET RESEARCH
3.1 Industry (from SBA, Business Guides by Industry, and Bureau of Labor Statistics)
3.1.1 Industry description
3.2.1 Resources used
3.2 Customers (from SBA site fill in worksheet, then use text for spreadsheets and follow-up explanations)
Add SBA part here:
Then, fill in spreadsheet using this example from the text:
Housewife:
Married Couple:
Age:
35–65
Age:
35–55
Income:
Fixed
Income:
Medium to high
Sex:
Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Children living at home
Family:
0 to 2 children
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
Housewife
Occupation:
Varies
Attitude:
Security minded
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Older Couple:
Elderly:
Age:
55–75
Age:
70+
Income:
High or fixed
Income:
Fixed
Sex:
Male or Female
Sex:
Male or Female
Family:
Empty nest
Family:
Empty nest
Geographic:
Suburban
Geographic:
Suburban
Occupation:
White-collar or retired
Occupation:
Retired
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Attitude:
Security minded, energy conscious
Explain who you are targeting and where they are located. Insert information here using these guidelines:
Information About Your Target Market – Narrow your target market to a manageable size. Many businesses make the mistake of trying to appeal to too many target markets. Research and include the following information about your market:
Distinguishing characteristics – What are the critical needs of your potential customers? Are those needs being met? What are the demographics of the group and where are they located? Are there any seasonal or cyclical purchasing trends that may impact your business?
Size of the primary target market – In addition to the size of your market, what data can you include about the annual purchases your market makes in your industry? What is the forecasted market growth for this group? For more information, see the market research guide for tips and free government resources that can help you build a market profile.
How much market share can you gain? – What is the market share.
Business PlanCover Page Name of Project, Contact Info, Da.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan
Cover Page
Name of Project, Contact Info, Date
Picture/graphics
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
The Company
The Project
The Industry
The Market
Distribution
Risk Factors
Financing
Sources
List of sources, specific articles, and websites
I WILL PROVIDE MORE INFORMATION IN CHAT TO COMPLETE PROPOSAL.
.
Business Planning and Program Planning A strategic plan.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document discusses business planning and program planning. It explains that a strategic plan specifies how a program will achieve its objectives, while a business plan defines the path of a business and includes its organizational structure and financial projections. The document also discusses how the financial projection element of a business plan can impact a program's strategic planning process by influencing the program's budget. Finally, it notes that a program plan should include a funding request, as outlined in a business plan, to help secure necessary resources and facilitate achieving the program's goals and objectives.
Business Plan In your assigned journal, describe the entity you wil.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan: In your assigned journal, describe the entity you will utilize and explain your decision.
Must be:
At required length or longer
Written in American English at graduate level
Received on or before the deadline
Must pass turn it in
Written in APA with references
.
Business Plan Part IVPart IV of the Business PlanPart IV of .docxfelicidaddinwoodie
Business Plan Part IV
Part IV of the Business Plan
Part IV of the business plan is due in week 7. Together with this part, you must show to your instructor that you have implemented the necessary corrections based on the part I feedback.
Part IV Requirements
1. Financials Plan
a. Present an in-depth narrative to demonstrate the viability of your business to justify the need for funding.
b. In this section describe financial estimates and rationale which include financial statements and forms that document the viability of your proposed business and its soundness as an investment.
c. Tables and figures must be introduced in the narrative.
i. Describe the form of business (sole-proprietor, LLC, or Corporation).
ii. Prepare three-year projections for income, expenses, and sources of funds.
iii. Base predictions on industry and historical trends.
iv. Make realistic assumptions.
v. Allow for funding changes at different stages of your company’s growth.
vi. Present a written rationale for your projections.
vii. Indicate your startup costs.
viii. Detail how startup funds will be used to advance your proposed business
ix. List current capital and any other sources of funding you may have
x. Document your calculations.
xi. Use reasonable estimates or actual data (where possible).
2. Continuous Improvement System
a. Present a brief summary of the continuous improvement processes that you will utilize for quality management (Six sigma, TQM, etc).
.
BUSINESS PLAN FORMAT Whether you plan to apply for a bu.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
BUSINESS PLAN FORMAT
Whether you plan to apply for a business loan or not, you need to have a roadmap or plan to get you from where you are to the successful operation of your business. The pages that follow demonstrate the content of a simple business plan which has been found to be successful in obtaining startup funds from banks. You are encouraged to use all or whatever portions of this fit your business.
Please DO NOT write page after page of drivel or copy from someone else’s plan or one of those templates you can find on the Internet. In most cases this will not “sound" like you, nor will it be short and to the point. Those who read these things are busy people and will not be inclined to spend time reading irrelevant paperwork.
Throughout this sample, there are
italicized
comments which are meant to guide you in preparation. If you follow this format it is reasonable to expect a finished document with 15-20 pages plus the supporting documents in the last section.
If you have good quality pictures of your space, products or other items, you might include them as another way to convey just what you plan to do. A map of your location, diagram of floor space, or other illustration is also sometimes helpful. On the other hand, do not add materials simply to “bulk-up” the report.
While content is critical, it is also important to make this presentation look as good as possible. For this course, you will create the business plan in Word and submit the plan and all attachments through the Assignment drop box. That means all attachments have to be in digital form. For a bank loan or an investor, you would normally provide them with a print version. Print the pages in black ink on a high quality tinted letterhead paper. Color is not necessary but would add some interest in headlines, etc. Bind the document in a presentation folder or with a spiral binding. Don’t simply punch a staple in the upper left corner.
If your were going to pursue a bank loan or an investor, it would be normal to take this business plan to your SCORE counselor for a review and critique.
NOTE: Before you begin your inspection of the simple plan outline which follows, take a moment to review the Business Plan Checklist on the next page.
BUSINESS PLAN CHECKLIST
By way of review, here is a concise list of the basic requirements for a Business Plan, as recommended by the MIT Enterprise Forum:
·
Appropriate Arrangement
- prepare an executive summary, a table of contents and chapters in the right order.
·
Right Length
- make it not too long and not too short, not too fancy and not too plain.
·
Expectations
- give a sense of what founder(s) and the company expect to accomplish three to seven years in the future.
·
Benefits
- explain in quantitative and qualitative terms the benefit to the consumer of the products and services.
·
Marketability
- present hard evidence of the mar.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
1Running Header FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH CHALLENGES 2F.docx
1. 1
Running Header: FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH
CHALLENGES
2
FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH CHALLENGES
FOUNDATION PROSPECTS RESEARCH CHALLENGES
Student’s Name
Tutor’s Name
Course Title
Date
The charitable organization chosen is Los Angeles food bank
(Los Angeles Food bank, 2018).
The potential foundations likely to support a food bank
discussed below
Collaborating with other food banks may help to accumulate
resources. Teaming up with another entity that offers the same
services increase the outreach of the foodbanks by bringing
together efforts and similar skills on one table. It is easier to
harness resources from leaders, community members by
collaborating with other similar minds. More so, partnership
makes some functions easier due to sharing of activities and
2. ideas. Integration of ideas makes the presence of an entity felt
throughout a community (Los Angeles Food bank, 2018).
The second source is enrolling in a foundation that offerssoft
loan programs and other kinds of assistance. Revolving loan
plans. Under such programs, an administrator is able to expand
a charitable entity. The loans have very low interest rates and
can keep a food bank afloat by purchasing equipment and other
operational costs. The programs are under the reprocessing
market improvement regions. Under the program, the food bank
is a recycling firm. The loan can cover all operational costs. It
is important to note that aw government can cover such costs
when one applies for help as the money goes into a charitable
course. Although not popular, loans can be donations as they
offer direct assistance (Ohls, Mathematica Policy Research,
Inc., & United States, 2002).
Building prospects has to do with social networking and
building lasting relationship with people that will offer
financial assistance immediately without any supervision. One
of the foundation with a low prospect is an international based
food foundation such as FAO. International foundations handle
manyresponsibilities under their belt and cannot stretch further
to assist a local food bank. Therefore, it is good for an entity to
utilize various diverse foundations. Stewardship organizations
may not have enough finances to carry a charitable organization
through thick and thin. Hence, it is good to find various
foundations with a solid financial base (Ohls, Mathematica
Policy Research, Inc., & United States, 2002).
3. References
Los Angeles Food bank
Retrieved from: https://www.lafoodbank.org/
Ohls, J. C., Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., & United States.
(2002). The emergency food assistance system-- findings from
the provider survey: Vol. II. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Week 8, Reading Section 8.1: Introduction
I. Introduction
As an Introduction to Philosophy course will indicate, two of
the greatest Philosophers were Plato and Aristotle. They asked
all the right questions, and the rest of us have been providing
footnotes, ever since. They were the initial, systematic theorists
of Ethics and Moral Philosophy. They also argued in favor of
Reason, over Emotions in making such decisions.
They based their ethical theories on certain habitual forms of
behavior, they termed “virtues.” These were Knowledge and
Wisdom, which Aristotle termed “intellectual virtues,” and
Courage and Temperance, which he termed “moral virtues.” An
overall virtue is Justice. Another virtue is Compassion.
Week 8, Reading Section 8.2: Plato, Aristotle & Virtue, and
Kant
II. Plato, Aristotle & Virtue, and Kant
Plato and Aristotle, each, had his own way of determining the
definition of Virtue. Plato argued it was found in the Ideal
Plane, in his Theory of the Forms. We need not go into that,
here, in more depth, due to time, and due to one fact: it is
4. Aristotle’s way of defining Virtues that has dominated the
literature. His definition is multi-layered: (1) Virtue is
Habitual,(2) based on the Mean between Extremes, (3) resulting
in one’s leading The Good Life. For example, Courage was the
Mean between foolhardiness and cowardice. Wisdom was the
Mean between “know-it-all-ism” and Ignorance, etc. Habit is
learned behavior, repeated, usually without thinking.
One conceptual difficulty with Aristotle’s theory is that it is
circular. This can be illustrated by the following example. How
do we know a “good” or “bad” person? By actions? So, a
“good” person does “good” things, etc. John does “good”
things; thus, John is a “good” person. But here’s where the
circularity problem emerges: A “good” person does “good”
things, etc. So, John will do “good” things, because he is a
“good” person, and we know he’s a “good” person, because he
does “good” things.
Here are two conceptual problems with this. First, we do not
have flawless, absolute Knowledge of all of John’s actions.
Thus, for the times for which we have NO Knowledge, he might
have done “bad” things. We just don’t know. Therefore, we
must rely on “faith,” which, regrettably, is often “let down.”
We can’t know John is always a “good” person.
Second, we know “good” people do “bad” things, and vice
versa. Does doing a “bad” thing render a “good” person “bad”
and vice versa? The problem, ultimately, lies in the premise
Aristotle made, which is that a person’s moral persona is made
up his/her actions, only.
Nevertheless, this is Aristotle’s Theory. People, based on their
Reason, should follow a Moderate, or Middle, course, by Habit.
And the types of ways in which they may act, in certain
contexts, are called Virtues: Knowledge, Wisdom, Temperance,
Courage, Justice, and Compassion, though the first five he
considered more important than Compassion.
Many centuries later, Immanuel Kant, as we have seen,
addressed Ethics and Moral Philosophy. He agreed with Plato
and Aristotle that Ethics should be based on Reason, rather than
5. Hume’s Compassion-(Emotion-)based approach. But he
disagreed with them on “Virtue,” in the form they
conceptualized it. He argued against “habitual,” unthinking, and
repetitious behavior. For an action to be moral, the Actor had to
be aware of a Moral Duty/Imperative and had to identify what
that Imperative was, using his Categorical Imperative. Thus, he
identified Absolute principles, as the style in which moral
decisions should be made. Kant’s work has dominated Moral
Philosophy discourse ever since. . . until the next section.
Week 8, Reading Section 8.3: Recent Users of “Virtue”
III. Recent Users of “Virtue”
A funny thing happened on the way to the Twenty-first Century.
. . During the Very Late-1960s and 1970s, corporate and
government scandals hit the United States, once again.
Lockheed, Watergate, ITT, and a number of others occurred,
indicating that corporate and government ideologues had been
caught, “doing bad things,” because “ends justified means.”
Since Kant’s approach was inherent in our ethical, moral, and
legal discourses, many such folks went to governmentally-
supported “grey-rock hotels,” for a while. . .
In response to these developments, first in the so-called “elite,”
Graduate Business schools around the country, and, later, within
corporate and ideological circles, a renewed interest in “virtue”
appeared. These advocates, such as William Bennett, calling
themselves, Virtue Ethicists, argued for a new approach,
because they claimed that there were too many, possible
moral/ethical principles and choices. It was too confusing
knowing what one should do. They also complained that Kant
was too rigid, given to Absolutes, rendering him unrealistic and
impractical in application. (British Philosopher W.D. Ross, a
Post-Kantian thinker, though faithful to Kant, solved this
problem, by providing his refinements of “A priori” duties and
of resolution of conflict among competing “A priori” duties in a
situation.)
Rather, loosely based on Plato’s and Aristotle’s concepts of
“Virtue,” these new advocates, including Bennett, argued that,
6. to know what the right thing to do was, all one had to do was
look at the situation, and ask: “What would the virtuous person
do?” So, one would be “courageous,” if it were called for. Or
one would be “wise,” if it were called for, and so on.
That all sounds plausible, until one looks at their underlying
discourse, which had argued against principles. One is left with
the question of standards. How does one know what courage,
etc. are, without standards or basic principles? A more skeptical
observer might conclude that these new “virtuecrats” did
not like the prior principles they claimed were too numerous
and confusing, and wanted to put down their own terms of the
discourse, thus controlling it. When is a “principle” not a
“principle”? When I say it’s not. . . And I claim it’s a “virtue.”
A cynic might go farther, reflecting that Virtue Ethics came
down to two rules: (1) Do what looks good in public; and (2) do
what you want to, behind closed doors, so long as you can get
away with it. . . .
To be fair, the Virtue Ethics folks rely on the “old virtues,” as
discussed, above, to guide moral decision-making. These are:
Knowledge, Wisdom, Justice, Courage, Temperance/
Moderation, and Compassion. And, undeniably, those are good.
Some folks in this field are, no doubt, sincere in their pursuits
of the Old Virtues, but the difficulties cannot be denied. . .
And with the flowering of the Virtue Ethics school. . . along
came the 1980s’ scandals and those of the Early-2000s. And
2008. . . Can we spell E-N-R-O-N, W-O-R-L-D-C-O-M, T–Y-C-
O, or S-E-C? And we’re sure glad you got a light sentence,
Martha; we all missed you!. . . . Can I interest anyone in a “sub-
prime, adjustable rate” mortgage, no strings attached?. . .
For the remainder of the Week, please reflect on the other
theories that we have seen during the course. It could be that,
in reflecting upon, (re-)constructing, revising, or modifying
your own systems of ethics/morals, you find that you want to
pick various elements from all of them. . . That is alright, too. .
. That is called Freedom of Thought. . .
7. Week 7, Reading Section 7.1: Introduction
I. Introduction
The Late-1960s and 1970s witnessed the arising of the Feminist
Movements. One of the key causative factors, but by no means
the only one, was the publication in the Late-1940s of Simone
de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. De Beauvoir, a Philosopher,
Existentialist, and colleague and intimate of Jean Paul Sartre,
wrote the book, because she recognized what she considered an
odd phenomenon: when she was associated with Sartre and his
work, she was respected by their colleagues. But when she
ventured out, on her intellectual own, in non-collaborative
works, she was not respected by those same colleagues.
Deciding she wanted to examine the possible reasons for this
discrepancy, she delved deeply, researched, came to certain
conclusions, and wrote the book. And WHAT a BOOK!
After investigating ancient and modern cultures, she concluded
that the definition of what it meant to be “human” was set, in
modern, paternalistic cultures by a male standard. In her words,
“One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.” She argued
that woman was always “the Other,” “the Outsider,” to these
male definitions of “human.” Put another way, men decided
what it meant to be a woman. De Beauvoir argued for women’s
equality with men.
Twenty+ years after the publication of The Second Sex, a new
Women’s Movement, referred to variously, as Second- or Third-
Wave Feminism arose, first, in Europe and the United States,
then in other parts of the World. Theorists re-examined, and, in
the words of the French Philosopher, Jacques Derrida,
“deconstructed” the major sub-fields of Philosophy, including
Epistemology, Metaphysics, Cosmology, Ethics/Moral
Philosophy, Social and Political Philosophies, Philosophy of
Natural Sciences, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of the
Mind (Psychology), Philosophy of Religion.
The variety and richness of the theories of Feminism are beyond
the scope of this brief module. Rather, we shall focus on one or
8. two particular forms of Feminist Ethics. (Like all other areas of
Philosophy, there is not only one form of Feminist Ethics,
Epistemology, Metaphysics, or Social or Political Philosophy,
or of the other branches of Philosophy.) One of the theories we
shall see is called the Ethics of Care, whose principal theorists
are Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings. The other theory is the
Capabilities Theory of Martha Nussbaum. Below is a link to an
entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which gives
an excellent overview of Feminist Ethical theories, in general.
Resource: Feminist Ethics
Week 7, Reading Section 7.2: The Ethics of Care
II. The Ethics of Care
Ethics and Moral Philosophy, since the earliest Greek theories
until David Hume, have been founded on the premise that
Reason provides the foundation of all ethical thought. From
Plato and Aristotle, until Hume, Emotions have been viewed as
inadequate bases of any of the branches of Philosophy, but most
especially Moral and Ethical Thought. Since Aristotle’s views
had been imported into Western Thought by Aquinas, it was
Aristotle’s viewpoint on the preference of Reason, over
Emotions or Passions, in Philosophy.
With David Hume, as we have seen, that orientation was
reversed. Hume argued that Compassion should be the basis of
Moral thought, since Reason could not provide the definitive
answer to ethical/moral problems. Kant revisited this issue and
re-asserted the primacy of Reason. Since Kant, until Feminist
Theories arose in the Later-20th Century, Reason was once
more predominant.
A. Carol Gilligan
A more recent theorist, Lawrence Kohlberg, developed a 6-stage
moral development framework. Levels 5 and 6 were the highest
stages of moral developmental status, with each based on
Reason. From his research, Kohlberg relegated women to a
highest level of 3 or 4, because the women in his studies often
acted on Empathy, Sympathy, or similar, Emotion-based
systems. Kohlberg’s research assistant, Carol Gilligan, once
9. free of the dangers of “disagreeing with the boss,” did research
of her own, and reached very different conclusions.
Gilligan concluded young women and men were socialized
differently, and, therefore, thought differently, especially, but
not only, in ethical/moral matters. Men operated from a more
dispassionate, so-called “objective” and Reason-based
viewpoint, while women considered the needs of others, not
based on Reason, but rather on Compassion and Caring, in
making moral decisions. In addition, she concluded that, in fact,
women and men looked at moral issues, differently and
instinctively, in general. As male theorists had been setting the
standards, for centuries, on “the right thing to do,” they
relegated women’s approaches to “inferior” status, most
especially because those approaches were based on Emotions
and Caring.
In her paradigm-shifting text, In a Different Voice, Gilligan laid
out the differences between women’s and men’s approaches to
ethics and morality. Different approaches did not mean one was
“better” than the other. She thereby laid claim to a position of
equality for women’s views, for the first time. Other Feminist
theorists would build on Gilligan’s work. Still others would
take different paths.
B. Nel Noddings
Another Feminist theorist, Nancy Chodorow, had argued that
little girls and little boys learned different ways of relating to
others and to the world, based on contemporary child-rearing
techniques. Little girls were encouraged to foster a relational
connectedness, while little boys developed, based on separation
and autonomy. Interestingly, Chodorow faulted these facts and
suggested a solution, based on women’s and men’s equal
responsibilities for child-rearing and providing for the family.
Carol Gilligan’s work drew from Chodorow’s, in identifying the
different ways in which women and men approach moral issues,
as noted.
Philosopher Nel Noddings refined those approaches more
specifically. She identified a “Caring” instinct in women’s
10. methods of confronting and resolving moral situations. Men, as
noted, rely upon Abstract concepts and principles, based on
Reason. It is from this “Caring Instinct,” that the system of the
Ethics of Care is derived.
Rather than a set of specific principles for dealing with all
moral situations, the Ethics of Care suggest a methodology,
based on evaluating the needs of others in the given situation.
Here is a common example.
Suppose that you are working in a nursing home, which caters
to Dementia and Alzheimer’s patients. One afternoon you see
one of the patients, an elderly man, ostensibly having a very
animated conversation with the figures in a painting on the wall.
You have a moral dilemma. Should you tell him, based on a
Reasoned approach, that his conversation is not truly taking
place? Or should you leave him, alone? (Important fact: his
actions are not disturbing any of the other patients or the staff
and those actions are not threatening anyone’s wellbeing.)
What should you do? The Ethics of Care would suggest that,
after determining that he is not harming anyone else by his
actions, nor placing himself in any physical danger, you should
leave him to enjoy a conversation that he thinks is taking place
and that is adding to his happiness, even though you know that
the figures in the painting are not answering him, as be believes
they are. There is no (Abstract) Duty, in that situation, to tell
him the truth.
Put another way, the Ethics of Care suggest the decision-maker
take into account the other person’s needs, on a care-giving
level, rather than on a dispassionate, reasoned basis. For her
part, Noddings found the Ethics of Care a better approach to
Abstract Reason and Application of so-called Objective
Principles, divorced from situational factors.
Please note that, generally, the Philosophers we have seen so
far, including the Feminist theorists, have been addressing
ethical and moral issues from the perspective of how individual,
human beings should confront and resolve such issues.
Conversely, as we shall see in the next section, Martha
11. Nussbaum takes a more systemic, and societal approach.
Week 7, Reading Section 7.3: Capabilities Theory: Martha
Nussbaum
III. Capabilities Theory: Martha Nussbaum
One of the more well-known Philosophers, in a popular sense, is
Martha Nussbaum, who has written on a wide variety of
subjects and issues. She began from a classical, Aristotelian
vantage. And she has written extensively on women’s rights,
collaborating with Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen, on socio-
economic development issues.
Recognizing that modern Philosophy had inadequately
addressed the problems of inequality of treatment for women
and people with disabilities, she has developed a more
societally-based and systemic approach to women’s rights and
to rights in general. That is the Capabilities Approach, which is
founded on two premises: (1) Freedom is essential to the
development of all human beings, and (2) to insure maximum
freedom for all members of society, society and government
must provide each member the capabilities to develop her/her
freedom. Renowned Historian James McPherson has referred to
the latter as “Positive Liberty.”
What Nussbaum means by “capabilities,” are certain skills and
attributes, which individuals need, in order to live and enjoy
life. There are certain capacities that are necessary for this to be
realized, on a large-scale. Thus, she concludes it is the role/duty
of society and government, to ensure that each individual is
provided with these capacities, to facilitate her/his pursuit of
the use of her/his gifts, to be productive and moral agents and
to contribute to society.
Resource: The Capability Approach
Resource: Feminist Perspectives on Objectification
In this way, she broaches the separation between so-called
Economic Libertarianism, as pronounced and espoused by
Robert Nozick, and Communitarianism and the work of John
Rawls. In effect, she also removes the oversight in Rawls’ work,
which makes it more directly of assistance to women and people
12. with disabilities. Rawls’ original orientations had been toward
the poor and cultural minorities.
As you approach and delve into this week’s substantive topic
and issues, Cloning and forms of Artificial Reproductive
Technologies, apply the Ethics of Care and Capabilities
Theories to those issues.
Week 7, Reading Section 7.4: Cloning and Artificial (or
Assisted) Reproductive Technologies
IV. Cloning and Artificial (or Assisted) Reproductive
Technologies
These are not new topics and issues. However, due to their
complexities and subtleties, they are ones, on which we do not
have only one or two moral/ethical consensus. In the Mid-
1970s, it was announced that the first “test-tube baby” had been
born. What that sound-byte head-line meant was that
conception/fertilization of the newborn had taken place, outside
the parents’ “natural” milieus; i.e., what we now know as “In
vitro” fertilization had been done. Today, it is an expensive, if
also more commonly offered, medical practice, sought by
couples, who, for one reason or another, desire to have a family,
but cannot conceive on their own.
Resources:
Assisted Reproductive Technology and sociology. (UMUC
Library One Search)Wienclaw, Ruth A. Research Starters:
Sociology (Online Edition), 2015. 6p., Database: Research
Starter
IEP: Cloning
SEP: Cloning
In the Mid-1990s, headlines around the world announced that
British scientists had produced a fully “cloned,” whole animal,
Dolly the Sheep. For the first time, Science Fiction had become
Science Fact. The Science Fiction and Thriller genres of
popular fiction had been dealing with cloning or artificial
production of human beings and animals, for many decades, but
was relegated by Mainstream society, to niche pop-culture or
kitschy aficionado constituencies, like Rocky Horror Picture
13. Show or Doctor Who. Imagination is one thing. Fact is quite
another.
As research into both subjects will show, there are more types
of both Cloning and Artificial Reproductive Technologies, than
the two illustrated examples. For instance, there are
Reproductive Cloning, Research Cloning, Therapeutic Cloning,
Stem-Cell Cloning, and Full-organism (including Full-human)
Cloning. So far, the only, general consensus, internationally,
that has been emerging over the past twenty years is that full-
human cloning ought to be banned. (But a full, international
treaty or covenant has not yet been finalized.)
Stem Cells, Nuclear Transfer and Respect for Embryos. (UMUC
Library One Search) Clausen, Jens. Human Reproduction &
Genetic Ethics. Mar2010, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p48-59. 12p. DOI:
10.1558/hrge.v16i1.48.
For other types of Cloning, controversy continues, because one
key source for experimental material, stem cells, is from human
embryos, often abandoned in cryogenics banks. Advocates, for
and against the use of human embryonic stem cells, have been
voicing their positions for the past 15-20 years.
Resource: Ethics of Stem Cell Research
Stem Cell Research and Technology. (UMUC Library One
Search) Zneimer, Susan M., Ph.D. Salem Press Encyclopedia of
Science, January, 2014. 4p., Database: Research Starters
As In Vitro Fertilization has shown, there are also commercial,
socio-economic, and business aspects of these issues. Should
stem cells, or any human material be bought and sold? Consider
the treatment of organ transplant issues, in this context. Should
the mythical creature, “the market” make our determinations for
us? Should governments, since they are (at least theoretically)
accountable to their publics.
In the Early-2000s, it was also announced that the Human
Genome Project, supported by U.S. and UK Governments’ and
Wellcome Trust grants, had completed the first, full mapping of
the human genome, a/k/a DNA. (Interestingly, the HGP beat a
private consortium, supported by for-profit corporate funding.)
14. Research into the Genome/DNA continues.
For some segments of publics around the Globe, the “mad
scientist” scenario of horror literature and films seemed just on
the horizon. In approaching these issues, please keep one thing
in mind: Natural Scientists, in general, for a wide variety of
reasons and causative factors, tend not to be “made scientists.”
Due to the nature of the Natural Scientific Method, they tend to
be cautious. Thus, the Medical Ethicists have played and
continue to play an important role in this entire process. And
many Medical Ethicists are also Lawyers. For Law is the place,
where Moral, Ethical,
Human Cloning: Three Mistakes and an Alternative (UMUC
Library One Search) Baylis, Françoise. Journal of Medicine &
Philosophy. Jun 2002, Vol. 27 Issue 3, p319. 19p.
In the world of Dolly, when does a human embryo acquire
respect? (UMUC Library One Search) Cameron, C.; Williamson,
R.; Journal of Medical Ethics: Journal of the Institute of
Medical Ethics, Vol 31(4), Apr, 2005 pp. 215-220. Publisher:
BMJ Publishing Group; Database: PsycINFO
There are no easy answers to these questions and issues. Nor
should there be. They are complex, not reducible to quick, easy,
disposable, and unquestioned answers. At the same time, they
are not unanswerable. It will be that there are more than a few
possible, good answers. . . The decision on your answer, for
yourself, lies with you, in a reasoned and well-supported
Argument, based on the theorists and theories we have seen. . .
[Remember Weeks 1-3.]
Week 6, Reading Section 6.1: Introduction
Introduction
As you will recall, from Week 3, the Plagues of the Fourteenth
Century had disastrous effects on Europe. Many of today’s
developments can be traced as having their root, causative
factors in that Century. There were two others: the Protestant
Reformation of the Sixteenth Century and successive Religious
15. Wars, culminating in the Thirty Years War, 1618-48 and the
English Civil War, 1642-48. In the wake of these events, the
Renaissance and the Enlightenment, respectively, Philosophers
began to question all the presuppositions of Life.
You are about to encounter another such development, which
grew from this questioning: Social Contract Theory.
Resource: Social Contract Theory [PDF]
Up to the times of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,
few, if anyone, in Europe, questioned the origins of Society and
the State. The prevailing theory was Aristotle’s, as it had been
imported into Western Christianity, by Thomas Aquinas. This
theory said that human beings were “Social Animals.” The
underlying interpretation of that position is that human society
is a given of human existence and has always been that way.
Week 6, Reading Section 6.2: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
II. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
The questions that Social Contract theorists, starting with
Thomas Hobbes and continuing with John Locke, asked were:
What were the origins of Society? What makes a “good” form of
society? How does the State (meaning “government”) come into
being?
Both Hobbes and Locke started from what they called the
“State of Nature,” a wilderness, where all “men” (Hobbes
speaks only of “men”; one wonders from whence he believed
“men” came, without mention of women;) begin, having
absolute rights and equality. Put another way, if one “man”
encountered another, and a conflict arose about a resource, like
food, came about, the right to kill would, regrettably, still be
available to both. Fortunately, it occurred to our species that
that was a lousy way to run a planet. Thus, the idea of “forming
society” by “social contracts” occurred to someone. That was
the moment that human beings left “the State of Nature,” and
founded Society (a/k/a “Civil Society”).
A. Hobbes
Resource: End-of-Life Decisions [PDF]
Hobbes, being a friend and confidant of the Stuart Family, was
16. a monarchist, and presupposed the existence of a “Sovereign.”
In The Leviathan, Hobbes suggested that, in forming the Civil
Society, people had to surrender their rights, in exchange for
two things: (1) protection from each other, and (2) protection
from outside threats. The question was: to what or whom did
they have to surrender those rights? Hobbes’ answer was “the
Sovereign,” a/k/a “the Leviathan,” an allusion to a mythical sea
creature. What Hobbes meant was that “the Sovereign,” was the
English Monarchy. The Stuart Family at the time, sat on the
unified Throne of England, Wales, and Scotland at the time.
Resource: Thomas Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy
Resource: Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy
Hobbes also argued, rather unpersuasively, that, since the
Sovereign had all the power and could not be held to obey a
Social Contract, the people should still cede all their rights to
the Sovereign. What he was saying was, “Trust me,” or, more
aptly, “Trust the Sovereign, which you cannot hold
accountable.” Sound silly?
Resource: Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract
B. Locke
John Locke thought so. After Hobbes’ death, Locke, in his Two
Treatises on Government coined the concepts of the “consent of
the governed,” of government as agent/servant of society, and
of representative government, such as parliamentary or
legislative supremacy, rather than monarchical reign. The
English colonists, including Tom Paine, in the Late-
18th Century drew on Locke’s writings, for the justification of
their break with the Mother Country, between 1775-83.
Resource: John Locke: Political Philosophy
Resource: John Locke
Week 6, Reading Section 6.3: Later Theorists: John Rawls and
Martha Nussbaum
III. Later Theorists: John Rawls and Martha Nussbaum
In the 20th Century, writers such as John Rawls, Sandra
Harding, and Martha Nussbaum, breathed new life into Social
Contract Theory. Rawls revisited the origins of society with his
17. concepts and thought-experiment of the Veil of Ignorance and
the Original Position. Harding removed the inherent sexist
presuppositions of Rawls’ theories, and Nussbaum focused on
the idea of “capabilities” as ways to enforce and protect rights.
Resource: Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract
A key thing to remember is that Social Contract Morality
systems are not based on Cultural Relativism. Social Contract
theorists are Natural Rights thinkers, who have believed in
Universal moral and politico-social rights and values. While
social agreement on norms is important, those norms also have
to be “good” and “right” ones. The premise on which the Social
Contract theorists have operated, over the centuries after
Hobbes, is that, if given their own “enlightened self-interest,”
as well as a sense of compassion, human beings, following their
Reason, will pick those “good” and “right” values. There have
been nasty exceptions, of course, in History, but, fortunately,
for our species those are still seen as exceptions.
Those are the theories and concepts, underlying Social Contract.
In the following section, we shall briefly address this week’s
substantive issues, World Health and the Allocation of Health
Care.
Week 6, Reading Section 6.4: World Health and the Allocation
of Health Care
IV. World Health and the Allocation of Health Care
A. World Health
As the Planet “shrinks,” due to mass communications,
transportation systems, and global/international trade and socio-
economics, the interdependence of the human populations,
divided by national loyalties and geography, becomes more
pronounced. Along with that interdependence comes the
necessities of addressing on supra-national levels, issues of
world health, including spread of diseases and overall health
care provision. These are not the only relevant issues, but they
are two of the more important ones. Thus, allocation of health
care is no longer only a national concern, but also an
international and global one.
18. Who cares about health inequalities? Cross-country evidence
from the World Health Survey. King, Nicholas B.; Harper, Sam;
Young, Meredith E.; Health Policy and Planning, Vol 28(5),
Aug, 2013 pp. 558-571. Publisher: US National Library of
Medicine.
Global Aging and the Allocation of Health Care Across the Life
Span. (UMUC Library One Search) Daniels, Norman; American
Journal of Bioethics, Aug2013; 13(8): 1-2. 2p. ISSN: 1526-5161
PMID: 23862589, Database: CINAHL Complete
Commentary: Globalization, Health Sector Reform, and the
Human Right to Health: Implications for Future Health
Policy. (UMUC Library One Search) Schuftan, Claudio;
International Journal of Health Services, Jan2015; 45(1): 187-
193. 7p. ISSN: 0020-7314, Database: CINAHL
B. Allocation of Health Care
Over the past eighty years, ever since the advent of the New
Deal, the questions of Allocation of Health Care and the
responsibilities of the Health Care Professions have existed in
public policy forums. It was during the New Deal that activists,
such as Eleanor Roosevelt campaigned for provision of Health
Care to Children and Adults. Medicare and Medicaid were
Federal programs, created in the 1960s, for the Aged and for
poor people, against considerable opposition. Some of the
States have also created programs for both groups, over the
decades.
Proposals for national health care for all Americans, were put
forth on the Federal level, by the Administration of Bill
Clinton. But those proposals were defeated those interests,
which benefited from the existing system of private provision
of health care to selected portions of the working public.
Those proposals were raised once more in 2009 at the Federal
level, and legislation was passed in 2010, requiring all
Americans to have health insurance. The Supreme Court has
subsequently upheld the general outline of that program. That
program has been called “Obamacare,” but the irony of that title
is that the various forms of proposals have existed, since, first,
19. the Progressive Era and, then, FDR, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the
New Deal.
The ethical/moral questions, regarding Allocation and Provision
of Health Care, involve, among others, the following: (1) should
all people be provided Health Care? (2) How can such programs
be paid for? (3) Should there be a so-called “One-Payer”
system, administered by government? (4) How can “the market”
be used to keep Health Care affordable for most Americans, i.e.,
the middle and working classes, who cannot afford it, but aren’t
“poor enough” to qualify for Medicaid or similar State
programs. These are some, but not all, the issues within this
field, as you will see in the Weekly Discussion.
Resource: Justice, Inequality, and Health
Resource: Public Health Ethics
Week 5, Reading Section 5.1: Introduction
I. Introduction
During this week, you will study the School of Moral
Philosophy, known as Deontology. It was created by the
German Philosopher, Immanuel Kant, in the Late-Eighteenth
Century, during the later period of the Enlightenment. Later
Philosophers, such as W.D. Ross, John Rawls, and Martha
Nussbaum, among others, have added to Deontology.
Kant believed that people were Reasoning Moral Agents, who
had ethical duties and responsibilities. As you will see, below,
Deontology posits that people have a Duty to do The Right
Thing. They also have duties to treat their fellow human beings
as Ends, not means. That translates into not treating our
fellows, as objects we can manipulate and use. Human beings
have an innate dignity, which no other human being may take
away. . .
As you will see, below, Kant’s system had the following
elements. First, what he called the Categorical Imperative was a
systematic way to determine what the Right Thing to Do is,
based on Reason, not Emotions or Feelings. Second, all human
20. beings have a Duty to do the Right Thing, consciously, and not
by habit, once they have used the Categorical Imperative to
determine the correct course of action. Third, that Duty to do
the Right Thing is an Absolute requirement. There can be no
exceptions, once one knows the correct ethic in a situation.
Resource: Kant's Moral Philosophy
Week 5, Reading Section 5.2: Immanuel, Kant, and Deontology
II. Immanuel Kant and Deontology
Immanuel Kant is one of the greats of Philosophy. He
contributed numerous concepts, ideas, and systems to the
subject. He was a Metaphysician, an Epistemologist, a Moral
Philosopher, and a Social Philosopher, among his various
interests. We owe much to his work.
In Moral Philosophy, Kant reacted against Hume’s ideas. Kant
believed that Ethics and Morality should be based on Reason,
not on Emotions, not even the Emotion of Compassion. He also
believed that Reason could provide us with the answers to the
problems of the Right Thing to Do. He also rejected the idea
that results, alone, could make an action moral or ethical. He
ruled out habit, or accident, too. In the rejection of unthinking
or rote Habit, he disagreed with Aristotle.
A. The Categorical Imperative
In arguing that Reason must govern Moral/Ethical systems,
Kant was following the traditions of the Greeks (Plato and
Aristotle), and Thomas Aquinas, among others. His views were
based on secular, rather than strictly religious, considerations.
In that regard, he believed that people should not follow the
Divine Command Theory, or any other unreasoned approach.
He formulated the Categorical Imperative, as a methodology
and process, for applying Reason to Moral and Ethical problems
and arriving at the correct Norm/rule. Kant did not base his
thinking on outcomes or results. An accidentally good result
could not turn an otherwise unethical action into an ethical one.
The way in which the Categorical Imperative works is: the
person must (1) look at the situation, (2) identify possible
21. Norms, and (3) choose the one rule/Norm, which, if the applied
would be a Universal Norm, and would govern all people,
including the person making the decision. ‘Act as though you
would will that Norm to be a Universal,’ said Kant.
B. Requirements for Ethical Action
Kant’s basic principles were the following. First, the
Categorical Imperative, above, was the method by which people
could reason ethical/moral action in a situation. He argued that,
in determining what we should do, we should “will that the rule
be a universal norm,’ applying to all people equally. There
could be no exceptions.
For example, Kant believed that lying was in all circumstances
morally wrong. We have an Absolute Duty to tell the truth.
When we apply the Categorical Imperative to the question of
lying, we see: (1) that lying undermines the trust, which a
society needs, in order to function in healthy and productive
ways for all its members and (2) that we would not want to be
lied to. Thus, we would will the norm of truth-telling as a
Universal and Absolute Norm.
Second, once we have identified the Norm/Rule to follow, we
must follow it EVERY time, with no exceptions. Kant was,
therefore, an Absolutist Ethicist. Later Philosophers and
commentators have faulted him, for his Absolutism, since there
are instances of competing Norms, when picking one,
absolutely, can harm someone.
Third, we had to be aware (conscious) of the Duty to do the
Right Thing. Kant rejected unthinking, habitual behavior as a
source of moral actions. In that regard, he rejected part of
Aristotle’s Moral Theory. Aristotle held that good actions
resulted from people learning Habitual behavior and then acting
on it. The Habits were based on the Virtues of
Knowledge/Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Compassion, and
Justice.
While Kant believed that the substance of the Virtues were good
and could be justified by the use of the Categorical Imperative,
he disagreed that habitual doing of the virtues, without being
22. conscious or the duty to do so produced ethical actions. It is the
conscious recognition and adherence to the Absolute Duty to do
the Right Thing that produces Right actions.,
Fourth, the Duty was Absolute. We always act upon the Duty,
with no exceptions. Being lazy or cutting corners is not
allowed, according to Kant.
Resource: Moral Rules: Kant's Deontological Ethics [PDF]
C. Treatment of Our Fellow Human Beings
In all of this, we must treat our fellow human beings with
dignity and respect, and must treat them as Ends-in-themselves,
never as means. Since our fellows are independent and
Responsible, Moral Agents, they are our equals. And Equality is
a system that is discoverable, using the Categorical Imperative.
We must never use a fellow human being, as a means.
Manipulation, exploitation, oppression, and objectification are
morally wrong, in all circumstances, according to Kant. Using
someone, to get something for oneself is never a moral action,
even if that person nominally consents to being used.
Week 5, Reading Section 5.3: Nursing Homes and Care of the
Aged/Elderly
III. Nursing Homes and Care of the Aged/Elderly.
Although the Earth’s population has been increasing,
considerable segments, especially in the Developed World, are
aging. While the populations of the Developing World, what we
used to call the Third and Fourth Worlds, have increased and
continue to do so, the populations of the Developed Nations
have slowed in increase, have plateaued, or are decreasing,
Japan being an example of the last instance.
In the United States, the so-called Baby Boomers have entered
their 50s, 60s, and 70s. Though caring for older/aged/senior
people is always an important concern in our society, today the
numbers of seniors are higher than ever before. No doubt, you
have encountered this issue in your own family, with aged
parents and extended family members. As an introductory
matter, please see the following article, regarding issues within
23. the current Aged Care system:
Global Aging and the Allocation of Health Care Across the Life
Span.. Daniels, Norman; American Journal of Bioethics,
Aug2013; 13(8): 1-2. 2p. ISSN: 1526-5161 PMID: 23862589,
Database: CINAHL Complete.]
Everyday ethics in the care of elderly people, Ingrid Ågren;
Sandman, Lars; Andersson, Edith; Nursing Ethics, Vol 13(3),
May, 2006 pp. 249-263. Publisher: Sage Publications; [Journal
Article], Database: PsycINFO]
In the U.S., there is no centralized policy or set of policies on
Care of the Aged. There is a patchwork of approaches, from
private family care, to private nursing homes, and to Medicare
nursing home coverage. Should there be a unified approach?
Should it be voluntary or mandatory? What of the rights of the
families to determine the care of their older loved ones and of
the rights of the aged? These are a few of the relevant issues.
Remember: there are no “right” or “wrong” answers, here. . .
Here are articles on related issues:
Resource: Disability and Health Care Rationing
Resource: Justice and Access to Health Care
[Please note: In Week 6, you will learn about issues of World
Health and of Allocation of Health Care.]
In the Discussion to follow, you will address issues in this area
of Care of the Aged.
Week 3, Reading Section 3.1: Introduction
I. Introduction
In Week 3, there will be three foci. First, you will revisit the
theoretical discussions of Week 2, regarding the various forms
of Egoism. As indicated, above, Egoism is not a single theory,
but a collection of related ones, with different sources and roots
from Ancient to Modern Times. Second, you will examine the
sources and conduits of your own moral belief systems, against
the backdrop of religion and secular society. In doing so, you
should try to identify how your beliefs are similar to the beliefs
24. of other cultures, not your own. Third, you will be required to
discuss the first, substantive issue area, to formulate an
Argument regarding that issue area, Global Warming and the
Environment, applying the ethical/moral theories you have
studied so far, and to defend your position.
Please remember that this is a Secular Morality and Ethics
course, rather than a Comparative Religions or Theology course.
As a result, using religious sources, per se, and claiming
adherence to any particular religion will not be sufficient to
support whatever philosophic arguments you make during the
upcoming weeks. Here is one very important reason: invoking
your own religious beliefs and their tenets will not demonstrate
that you understand and can use the secular moral/ethical
theories that you will be studying, thus undermining the
purposes of the course.
Resource: Egoism, Morality, and Religion [PDF]
Resource: Ethical Egoism
Resource: Peter Singer's The How and Why of
Altruism [VIDEO]
Week 3, Reading Section 3.2: Sources of Ethical/Moral Systems
II. Sources and Conduits of Ethical/Moral Beliefs
Before you address the foci of this week, please do an exercise.
Take some time and reflect/analyse from where your ethical and
moral beliefs originate. For most people, their ethical views
come to them from two primary conduits: family
background/informal socialization and religion in which they
were reared. These are often only conduits of the views,
because those two sources often trace their passing on of those
ideas, from their own social and individual origins and
developments.
In doing such an exercise, you will probably soon see that
many, if not most, of the world’s religious cultures share some
fundamental views and rules. For example, most if not all
condemn the killing of a fellow human being, without right/just
25. cause. Moreover, some go so far as to condemn all killing of
fellow human beings. However, keep in that the reasons a
particular culture might have embraced or continues to embrace
certain values might vary from cultures that have the similar
values and views.
A. Religion
A fascinating subject. Along with Politics, some of us have
been admonished since childhood, not to discuss those two
subjects with others, since verbal fights, or worse, can and often
do result. The reasons for such disagreements are many, varied,
personal, and societal, and not the subject of the current
narrative.
Rather, we should reflect that religion/theology and
spirituality, as social phenomena, represent our human desires
to understand our positions in the Universe and to address
questions of Life, possibilities following Life, and the existence
of Deity or Deities. Every culture on the Planet has one or more
religious sub-cultures within it. Some cultures tolerate only one
religion’s existence, while other cultures tolerate a plethora of
religions.
As systems of mass communications and transportation have
“shrunk” the Planet, religious tolerance has become even more
important than in the past. Keep in mind the admonition at the
end of the Introduction: we are briefly examining the social and
personal positions of religions, against the backdrop of a very
culturally diverse Planet.
As noted, many people receive their first moral/ethical exposure
from the religion or religions in which they have been reared.
The further conduit of those values is often their families. In
many cultures around the Globe, the secular and religious
worlds remain inextricably intertwined. Consider Islamic sects
in different cultural settings, for example in the Middle
East/Persian Gulf versus in Indonesia. Or consider the various
sects of Buddhism in the World.
Resource: Religion and Egoism [PDF]
B. Secular Society
26. A curious thing happened in Western societies between the
Fourteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. As a result of the Plagues
of the Fourteenth Century, the Renaissance of the Fifteenth and
Sixteenth Centuries along with the Protestant Christian
Reformation of the latter Century, and the Enlightenment of the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, a secularization of
everyday life took place. Separate spheres and secular, social
institutions, such as government, emerged, such that Secular
Society and Religions had diverged.
That is not to say Western societies became atheistic or
collectively renounced religion. But it is to say those societies
compartmentalized the every-day and the spiritual worlds,
separately. Increasing cultural diversity, within the same
geographic regions, especially in the wake of the Second World
War, as we saw last Week, resulted in Cultural Relativism and
Subjectivism, as strong themes in Moral Philosophy and Ethics.
It is now the role of secular authorities to balance the interests
of different religious subcultures and to treat each fairly, not
favoring any one sub-culture over another.
As you consider the role of religion, or lack thereof, in your
own lives, do reflect on the fact that: (1) there is not one,
single, human religion encompassing all peoples, and (2) many,
as noted, share basic and important values.
Week 3, Reading Section 3.3: Poverty--Home and Abroad
III. Poverty--Home and Abroad
This short narrative in no way pretends to be a thorough
treatment of the related subjects of World and Domestic
Poverty. These issues are omni-present in our cultures today,
around the World. You have your views of those issues and your
positions. Poverty is not a new problem, whether within our
society or around the World. Sub-humane living conditions
plague billions of people. Inadequate food and water supplies,
jobs/income sources, no housing, no medical care, little or no
education are all conditions pandemic among the poor.
We are confronted with these issues in Moral Philosophy and
Ethics every day. Do we have a duty to help the poor, if we
27. can? Or don’t we? What might be ways to alleviate poverty and
deprivation? Can poverty be eliminated?
As you will see from the readings, below, commentators are
divided over whether there is a solution to World and Domestic
Poverty. Chronic conditions persist, they argue, despite efforts
by governments, charities, and NGOs (Non-Governmental
Organisations). Other writers, such as Peter Singer suggest that
there are solutions to the problems of Poverty. Please approach
this issue as openly as possible, and park pre-conceived, or
uninformed, notions “at the door.”
Resource: The Singer
Solution
to World Poverty by Peter Singer
Resource: Poverty [PDF]
Resource: Living on a lifeboat, by Garrett Hardin
Resource: 25 Sobering Statistics on Global Poverty That Might
Upset You [VIDEO, BELOW]
Week 4, Reading Section 4.1: David Hume's Antecedents
I. David Hume’s Antecedents
David Hume was a British Philosopher, in the tradition of the
Empiricists, John Locke and George Berkeley. He is credited,
among many contributions, with revisiting the question of
whether Ethics/Morality should be based on Reason vs.
Emotions/Passions. Unlike Aristotle and many other Western
28. thinkers before him, Hume argued that Ethics could not be
based on Reason, since Reason provides only alternative
choices, based on analyses of issues and situations.
Thus, Hume answered the question, by concluding that Ethical
Thought must be based on Emotion, in general, and Compassion
for one’s fellows, in particular. Reason provided a moral
decision-maker with facts and choices, along with positions for
each choice. But many Ethical dilemmas involve conflicting
values and choices. Reason, alone, could not lead a decision-
maker to choose one alternative as “the best.” As we shall see in
Week 5, Immanuel Kant, the creator of Deontology, disagreed
with Hume.
Resource: Empathy and Sympathy in Ethics
As the Eighteenth Century gave way to the Nineteenth and to
the Industrial Revolution, with its concentration of productive
activities into factories and the squalid conditions under which
workers labored and they and their families existed, reformers
arose, seeking solutions to those conditions and problems.
Three such reformers were Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill,
and Harriet Taylor, who came to be called Utilitarians, after the
Principle of Utility that Bentham and Mill promulgated.
Resource: David Hume
Week 4, Reading Section 4.2: General Theory of Utilitarianism
II. General Theory of Utilitarianism
29. First Bentham, then Mill and Taylor, analyzed the World in
terms of Pain and Pleasure/ Happiness. The predominant
condition, especially in Industrial societies in Europe, and later
in North America, for the vast majority of people, was Pain and
Displeasure. For these three writers, Happiness and Pleasure
were characterized by the removal or abatement of Pain,
whether of a physical or an emotional nature. Given the
conditions our modern media show us, as existing in many parts
of the World, it is not difficult, even now, to imagine such
conditions existing in the predecessors of our own societies.
Disease, war, famine, civil strife, violence, among other factors,
were the primary causes of Pain.
Resource: Notes on Utilitarianism
The Utilitarians argued that moral/ethical actions were those,
which, on balance, reduced Pain and increased, thereby,
Pleasure/Happiness. By positing the definition of Happiness/
Pleasure, as the Removal of Pain, they provided a measure by
which to gauge such ameliorative efforts. One weakness is that
those definitions are circular: (1) Happiness is the absence of
Pain; (2) Pain is the absence of Happiness. Nevertheless, it was
a more concrete, starting point, than more esoteric concepts of
“the Good,” as suggested by Aristotle and his successors.
Therefore, to be moral, an action had to produce Happiness, by
reducing Pain in the World, for the majority of those human
beings, affected by that action. As we’ve seen, a moral theory
30. that depends on effects, results, or consequences, is called
a Consequentialist theory. Utilitarianism, thus, is squarely
within the School of Ethical Consequentialism.
Due to more sophisticated analyses over the past two hundred
years and gradually improving living conditions for certain
segments of human populations, the term “Happiness” has
become more complex to define. More recent theories have
refined Utilitarianism into the following formulation: creating
the greatest good for the greatest number of people affected by
the decision/action. These later views have also conceded that
the rights and/or good of a few might have to be sacrificed, for
the benefit of the many. One critic of this sacrifice has been
John Rawls, whose work in the 20th Century revitalized Social
Contract Theories (Week 6).
Resource: Act and Rule Utilitarianism
Resource: Utilitarianism
Week 4, Reading Section 4.3: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart
Mill, and Harriet Taylor
III. Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Harriet Taylor
Jeremy Bentham, a social reformer and Member of Parliament
in the Early Nineteenth Century, was very interested in the
reform of what we call the Criminal Justice System and of
prisons. Building on Hume’s work, as well as on Adam Smith’s,
he formulated the Principle of Utility, as noted, above. In later
31. commentaries on his work, successor theorists have identified
two forms of Utilitarianism: Rule and Act Utilitarianism. (We
shall see them, below.) John Stuart Mill, a student and
colleague of Bentham, and Harriet Taylor were life-long
friends, soul-mates, and collaborators. They wrote on subjects
of Utility/Utilitarianism, Social Reform, Women’s Rights, and
Human Liberty.
Resource: Life and Writing of Jeremy Bentham
Resource: John Stuart Mill
Resource: Harriet Taylor Mill
A. Rule vs. Act Utilitarianism
As subsets of Utilitarianism, these two variants start from the
perspective that it is result or consequence, which determines
the morality of an action. What distinguishes these approaches
is a slightly more sophisticated focus in each case. In Rule
Utilitarianism, a proper set of rules and/or of procedures has to
contribute to that outcome and be followed . Put another way,
the rightness of an action is not totally dependent upon
happenstance, chance, or fortunate/good luck.
Resource: Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill [PDF]
In Act Utilitarianism, the spotlight is on the Act, alone. As this
was Bentham’s view and he was the originator of Utilitarianism,
we can conclude his intention was to focus on effect, only. This
means that, while “right intention” by the Actor was laudable, it
was not a requirement for an action to be the right one. One can
32. see Bentham’s intellectual lineage, back to Adam Smith, whose
work posited that people, while pursuing their Enlightened Self-
Interest (which actually includes operating within a set of moral
parameters), will, by engaging in Mutually Advantageous
(market) transactions or exchanges, create the by-products of
moral actions.
During everyday life, we behave in similar ways. Sometimes we
are thinking through possible results or consequences,
sometimes we are not, and usually we cannot foresee even
certain major consequences. This is what is known as the Law
of Unforeseen and Unintended Consequences.
Week 4, Reading Section 4.4: Immigration
IV. Immigration
In the Discussion to follow, you will be required to address and
argue various aspects of Immigration and related concerns. One
consideration to include in your deliberations is that, under
most circumstances, people do not migrate, on a semi-
permanent, or permanent, basis, because they are happy,
content, and safe in their existing circumstances. While the
motivations might vary, by the person, seeking safety from
threats and a better, often material, life for themselves and their
families is often a baseline.
Resource: Immigration
Latino Immigration and Social Change in the United States:
33. Toward an Ethical Immigration Policy. (UMUC Library One
Search)
Authors: Davies, Ian. Foreign Language Department,
Edgewood College, Madison, WI, US
Source: Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 88(Suppl 2), Sep,
2009. pp. 377-391.
The Great Conversation and the Ethics of Inclusion. (UMUC
Library One Search)
Authors: Wagner, Paul and Lopez, Graciela
Source: Global Virtue Ethics Review. 2016, Vol. 7 Issue 2,
p4-33. 30p.
Environmental and Ethical Aspects of International
Migration(UMUC Library One Search)
By: Abernethy, Virginia. International Migration Review, v30
n1 p132-50 Spr 1996. (EJ528779), Database: ERIC
The border crossed us: Education, hospitality politics, and the
social construction of the "illegal Immigrant" (UMUC Library
One Search)
By: Carlson, Dennis. Educational Theory, v59 n3 p259-277 Aug
2009. (EJ857970), Database: ERIC
ADDITIONAL OPTIONAL READING
Resource: The History of Utilitarianism
Resource: Strong Moral Theories and the Major Players in
Moral Philosophy [PDF]
34. Week 2, Reading Section 2.1: Introduction
I. Introduction
For many centuries, since the turn of the Second Millennium,
Ethics and Moral Philosophy had been dominated by the
perspectives of Ancient Greek Thought, such as Plato and
Aristotle, as those theorists’ work was imported into Western
Christianity, first by Augustine, who brought Platonic ideas into
Western theological discourse in the Fifth Century CE, and then
by Thomas Aquinas, who brought Aristotelian systematic
approaches into Western Intellectual thought in the Thirteenth
Century CE.
Coincidentally with the period from the Sixteenth to the Mid-
Twentieth Centuries European powers colonized and
imperialised much of the rest of the World. The British, French,
Dutch, and Portuguese Empires fell apart, in the wake of the
Second World War, and those areas held by the Europeans
gained their independence over the years from 1947 to 1975.
As a result of Post-Colonialism, the newly independent
countries, cultures, and lands have sought to reconnect with
their pre-European, cultural heritages. Those intellectual efforts
have brought re-examinations of the prevailing Ethical, Moral,
and Legal systems in those places. Also as a result of Post-
Colonial Philosophical efforts, these cultures have sought to
assert their own Ethical and Moral values and have argued for
35. equality of their views and systems, with those of their former,
European colonizers’ systems.
Intellectually, since the 1970s and ‘80s, within Western Ethics
and Moral Philosophy, new schools of thought have emerged, in
recognition of the developments in what have been termed the
Third and Fourth Worlds; a/k/a the countries once
politically/physically colonized by Europeans and North
Americans. These schools of Thought are Cultural
Relativism and Subjectivism. As we shall see below, these are
related, though conceptually distinct.
Week 2, Reading Section 2.2: Theories of the Week
II. Theories of the Week
A. Cultural Relativism, aka Relativism
Cultural Relativism has several, basic tenets. First, all cultures’
moral/ethical systems are equal, in overall claims to
respect, and no culture’s ethical/moral system is better, or
worse, than any other. Thus, it is up to each culture, to
determine what are its moral and ethical rules. Second, no
culture may impose its rules or systems on another culture.
Please note that these do not foreclose most, if not all, cultures
from sharing certain, fundamental ethical positions, such as it is
wrong to murder a fellow human being. These basic tenets
indicate that one culture may not impose values on another,
even when its members believe that values are Universal,
36. or ought to be.
Resource: Relativism. Read only the introductory paragraphs.
As a side note, please keep in mind the difference between
Empirical and Normative. “Empirical” statements are those that
state facts, or can be characterized as “the way things are”; the
“is,” if you will. Normative statements are those that indicate
what rules, ethics, or morals, should apply in a situation; the
“ought,” so to speak.
Resource: Cultural Relativism and Subjectivism [PDF]
B. Subjectivism, and Ethical Egoism
In this section, you will see the foundations of Subjectivism and
of Ethical Egoism. Some Ethicists consider them to be the same
thing. Others recognize differences between the two. You
decide for yourself.
In one sense, you may consider Subjectivism to be the
individual version of Cultural Relativism. Subjectivism holds
that: (1) no human person’s moral system is better than any
other human person’s moral values; (2) each human person is
free to choose the moral values and ethics, in which she/he
believes; (3) no individual, human being, acting in a personal
capacity, may impose his/her moral value systems on another
human being. These are the similarities Subjectivism has with
Cultural Relativism.
Resource: Ethical Subjectivism
Here are a few dissimilarities. First, a human person, being free
37. to choose her/his moral views, the culture in which that person
lives may not impose its morals upon her/him. Second, only the
most basic laws may apply to that person. In effect, the
majorities in a culture may not impose their moral views on
unwilling member of that culture.
On to Egoism, Ethical or Otherwise. The basic version of
Egoism holds that a person may pursue whatever is in his/her
own best interests and that it is up to that person to determine
what those interests are. If an action advances the person’s
interest, then the action is moral. The person may take others’
interests or needs into account, but the person does not have to
do so. As you can see, this is a Consequentialist approach.
Resource: Cultural Relativism and Subjectivism [PDF]
In response to criticisms that Egoism was nothing more than
“jungle ethics,” or “anything-goes,” many ethicists, espousing
Egoism, refined their approaches. They argued that Ethical
Egoism did recognize certain restraints in the choices a person
could make. John Stuart Mill’s position in On Liberty typifies
this approach: a person may do whatever advances his/her
interests, so long as that action does not interfere with any
others’ pursuit of their interests. Please note that Utilitarianism
is a form of Ethical Egoism, as we shall see in Week 4.
During this week’s Discussion you will visit these and related
issues and questions.
38. Cultural Relativism and Subjectivism
Debra Rosenthal, Ph.D.
Let's start with two common ideas: that morality is whatever is
defined as "right" by society, and that morality is whatever feels
"right" to each individual. Cultural Relativism: We've Always
Done It This Way! Many people feel that morality is nothing
more than social convention, a matter of conforming to social
expectations. The idea that "society" defines right and wrong,
39. and there's nothing more to it, is the first challenge to moral
philosophy. This view is called cultural relativism. (Sometimes
you'll see it called "moral relativism," but "cultural relativism"
is a more precise title.) Cultural relativism is the idea that
morality cannot be based on "objective" moral judgments
because everyone judges good and bad, right and wrong, from
within the standpoint of the standards, values, and norms of his
or her own culture. Social scientists are encouraged to be
relativists when they deal with other cultures, because it
prevents them from automatically judging those other cultures
as inferior. It's an open-minded way of looking at societies that
may seem appealing. Cultural relativism seems to advocate
cultural tolerance, and many cultures (including many
Americans) see tolerance as a virtue. Although curiosity and
open-mindedness is probably a good idea for social scientists
and travelers, cultural relativism raises a serious question for
moral philosophy. As a "moral theory," however, cultural
relativism suffers from logic problems. Different cultures may
have different moral codes, but this does not imply that morality
is nothing more than what a society says. Cultural relativism
also carries some logical consequences that may not be
acceptable—such as the implication that no society can ever be
"wrong" in its practices—no matter how horrible. That's the
Way I Like It! (And You Can Have It Your Way, Too)
Subjectivism is the idea that morality is nothing more than a
40. matter of personal preference. I like chocolate, you like vanilla,
and neither of us can claim that our favorite flavor is really,
truly, objectively "best." We decide based on our feelings,
rather than the truth about the things themselves. There are two
logically distinct forms of subjectivism: • Simple subjectivism
focuses on the idea that saying "Chocolate is best" really means
"I like chocolate best," and this is a report of an internal state
which cannot be denied. • Emotivism is a different
interpretation, developed when philosophers noticed that some
things we say are actually actions in themselves. For example,
when you say "I do" at the altar in a marriage ceremony, or "I'm
sorry," or "That's an order!" —all of these are examples of
"speech acts." The emotivist interpretation of saying "Chocolate
is best" is that I'm advocating chocolate. Whether simple
subjectivist or emotivists, subjectivists believe that there is no
objective truth in morality. Subjectivism treats all moral
choices as equal, no matter how misguided they may seem. It is
a "to each his own" position. It assumes that there can be no
objective way of judging moral truth. So if moral truth can't be
judged objectively, subjectivists say, then moral truth doesn't
really exist— it's simply a subjective preference, chocolate vs.
vanilla.
Week 1, Reading Section 1.1: Introduction
I. Introduction
41. Welcome to the World of Contemporary Ethical and Moral
Issues and Decision-making! When confronted with a moral
problem, have you ever weighed the expected results against the
costs? Have you ever been frustrated by an argument that didn't
make sense to you, but you didn't know why? Have you ever
listened to politicians give answers to questions that weren't
answers at all and been annoyed when there was no follow up
by the interviewer? Have you ever tried to explain to a child
why doing something unpleasant is actually for his or her own
good?
Congratulations! You have been applying the skills of Moral
Philosophy and Ethics. Before taking this course, you might
have known the terminology, concepts, and ideas involved in
Philosophy, in general, and in Ethics and Moral Philosophy, in
particular. But chances are that you did not yet know the
technical “lingo” that Philosophers have been bandying about
for more than two millennia. Nevertheless, you were “doing”
Moral Philosophy!
A. Introduction to Key Concepts
Now, you will learn that “lingo” and terminology, which will
distinguish you as an educated person! In this first section, we
shall see some of the vocabulary of Moral Philosophy, starting
with the word, “Philosophy,” itself. “Philosophy” comes from
two Greek words, “philein,” and “sophia.” The first is one of
42. several words in Greek that mean “love.” (In Greek, there are
different words for different kinds of “love.”) The second
means “wisdom.” Thus, Philosophy means a “love of wisdom.”
And that applies to wisdom in all aspects of life.
Resource: How Should We Decide Right from Wrong? [PDF]
Next, is “Logic.” For those Star Trek fans among you, you know
that this is the sub-discipline that saved Vulcans from killing
each other. On a more serious note, Logic is the language of
Philosophy, based on Reason. It provides the vocabulary,
grammar, and structure of Philosophical Discourse,
in Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Argument/Rhetoric. All are
important in Moral Philosophy.
Resource: Logic [PDF]
A few words on each. What is “Metaphysics”? It is the field of
Philosophy that delves into “Being”; what exists; what is non-
existent; the meaning of both, Existence and Non-Existence.
“Epistemology” deals with Theories of Knowledge. It asks the
questions: what do you know? How do you know it? What are
your sources of Knowledge? What are the processes of
acquiring Knowledge? Finally, there is “Argument,” which is
the method of presenting a position to an audience, for the
purpose of persuading the members of the audience of the
validity of the position.
Resource: Argument
All these fields were invented by Aristotle, the student
43. of Plato and his Academy. And Aristotle’s theories, based on
Reason, were imported into Western Thought, by
Thomas Aquinas in the Thirteenth Century. (Plato’s theories
had been imported by Augustine in the Fifth Century.)
1. Ethics and Important Theorists
Ethics and Moral Philosophy ask the questions: What should we
do in life, when faced with ethical or moral problems/dilemmas,
and how can we justify our choices? In the latter instance, that’s
where Argument./Rhetoric become essential. As you will see,
throughout the course, this is an on-going process, and life is
full of moral issues and dilemmas on a daily basis. Some are
simple, and some are much more complex.
Throughout the course, you will encounter these leading
theorists: Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, David Hume, John Stuart
Mill, Jeremy Bentham, John Rawls, Martha Nussbaum, W.D.
Ross, and Harriet Taylor, to name a few. Kant was the
Philosopher who invented Deontological Thought. Deontology
argues that results, alone, do not make an action moral. One
must reason the right thing to do, must recognise a Duty to do
it, and must always do the right thing. In addition, Kant argued
that we should always treat our fellow human beings as ends-in-
themselves and NEVER as means. Deontology is a Non-
Consequentialist theory. The more-recent Philosophers, John
Rawls , W.D. Ross, and Martha Nussbaum, tend to be more like
Kant, but Non-Absolutist, while Kant believed that there could
44. be no exceptions to doing that right thing in all situations.
Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, Harriet Taylor, and John Stuart
Mill were Utilitarians. Utilitarianism is a Consequentialist
school of moral thought, which argues that results are what
make an action moral, regardless of the intentions of the Actor.
Under Utilitarianism, the goal is to reduce pain in the world;
put another way, the goal is to maximise happiness for the
greatest number of people, who will be affected by the action,
even if the interests of a few have to be sacrificed in the
process. These two schools, Non-Consequentialism and
Consequentialism, will be ever-present in the course.
2. Introduction to Moral and Ethical Reasoning
Let’s consider the questions with which you were confronted
above, once more. Have you ever been frustrated by an
argument that didn't make sense to you, but you didn't know
why? Have you ever listened to politicians give answers to
questions that weren't answers at all and been annoyed when
there was no follow up by the interviewer? Have you ever tried
to explain to a child why doing something unpleasant is actually
for his or her own good?
In the first case, you may have encountered an invalid argument
but did not realize it because the pieces all seemed to make
sense. In the second case, you may have listened to an exchange
in which the interviewer didn't uncover reasoning errors made
by the speaker, perhaps due to the speaker's charm and
45. oratorical skill. In the third case, you may have been trying to
construct a valid and sound argument based on premises that,
although true, were beyond the child's limited comprehension.
As these examples demonstrate, we all deal with arguments
every day. Many of us, however, may never have learned what
goes into a well-built argument, or how to construct arguments
based on premises grounded in our most basic beliefs. The very
sound of the word argument may be unpleasant to some. It
should be noted that Rhetoric defines “Arguments,” not as
disagreements, but as conclusions about an issue supported by
reasons. It is interesting to note that the word argument in
common parlance has a disagreeable connotation, as a fight, just
as rhetoric, once considered the art of persuasion and a valued
part of a classical education, now has the pejorative sense of
mere words. One might ask how these negative associations
reflect contemporary society's value of careful thought, logic,
and well-constructed presentations of arguments.
To make truly conscious decisions on ethical matters, we must
know and be firmly grounded in our ethical principles, carefully
weigh all of the facts involved, and come to conclusions based
on a process of reasoning —a process of argumentation—that
often will also have to take emotion into account. Before that
process can occur, however, we must examine our conscience
and beliefs to be sure that our most basic and foundational
principles are clear. These principles constitute our ethical
46. theory.
This examination is a never-ending process for the most
thoughtful people, but it rarely (if ever) occurs. Fortunately,
this course gives you an opportunity to examine your principles
and how you apply them. It is hoped that this exercise will
enable you to make better decisions and better understand the
ethical nuances in everything you see around you, well after you
have forgotten the minutiae of this course.
Throughout the course, not only in this week's reading, you
should return to the form and structure of arguments. As you
read and formulate positions and arguments, review the basic
elements of a sound and valid argument. The more you practice,
the more your command of the terms and usages will improve
and become second-nature. Consider this as a recurring
theme within all of the remaining readings.
Week 1, Reading Section 1.2: Moral and Ethical Reasoning
II. Moral & Ethical Reasoning, In-depth
A. Ethical Theories and their Significance
In their leading text on ethics, Shaw and Barry (2004, 22) state
that "[i]f a moral judgment is defensible, then it must be
supportable by a defensible moral standard, together with
relevant facts." These sound moral principles provide a
necessary, but insufficient framework for making moral
judgments and decisions alone. To have a sufficient framework,
47. we need sound moral principles, careful thought and reflection,
and technical skill in argument building and analysis. Together,
these enable us to work from general principles to specific
judgments and actions. It is not enough, for example, to want to
be a great mother (sound principle). One has to make that
principle specific by defining what actions qualify a woman as a
great mother and determining how to carry out those actions.
Unfortunately (or maybe not), there is no general agreement on
what "sound moral principles" are. As noted, above, ethical
theories break down into two major groups:
1. consequentialist ethics, or ethics based on the results of
actions
2. nonconsequentialist ethics, or ethics based not on results, but
on the proper motivation for action
As you read the theories in these two groups, ask yourself
which type you adhere to and why. Is the most important thing
in determining the goodness of an action whether or not it
produces a good result for you personally (egoism) or for a
large number of people (consequentialist)? Is the determining
factor of moral goodness a person's motivation to act regardless
of whether or not that person succeeds in carrying out the action
in question (nonconsequentialist)?
Although the latter possibility may sound odd, we can easily
find a number of examples in which the motivation behind an
act can give the act (or attempted act) its ethical value.
48. Examples include: a person who dives into a river to save a
child, whether or not that person is actually able to save the
child's life, because human life is of inestimable value, someone
who speaks out against a dictator's rule, only to lose his life
without having had any effect on the dictator's grasp of power,
because the unjust use of power should always be opposed
Subsets of these two schools of thought include the following:
psychological and ethical egoism, Rule and Act Utilitarianism,
Kant's Deontological ethics, prima facie ethics. Don't worry if
these terms mean nothing to you yet, but be sure after your
reading that you can define and compare these ethical theories.
You will find the readings helpful in this regard, both in their
analyses of the theories and in discussions of problems with
each theory.
Try to determine what your own ethical theory is and what
forms the basis of that theory. You may formulate that theory
here (no one else will see what you write) and come back to it
periodically throughout the course to determine whether it has
changed or become more nuanced.
As you read, and in your post-reading review, think about the
larger social context and significance of each theory: What kind
of society is presupposed by each theory? What kind of society
would result if that theory were predominant? Is there a
difference between acting on principles (Kantian Non-
Consequentialism), on results (Consequentialism), or on notions
49. of "virtue?" What is the difference between principles and
"virtues?"
Are values innate in individuals, before and/or after practice,
and acted upon from habit? How does conscious intention to "do
the right thing" play into the equation? If people act only from
habit, is that particularly more laudable than someone who acts
upon conscious principle and conviction, exhibiting courage in
the face of opposition? Does human failure to "live up to one's
values" suggest that people do both good and bad things? Does
doing a bad thing one moment make a person a "bad person"?
Does doing a good thing the next moment make that same
person "good"?
These are the sorts of dilemmas that we encounter in the
application of theories. This is why critical thinking skills are
so important. Looking forward to future Commentaries, you will
note that we will be moving to the political, legal, and social
framework of Contemporary Moral Issues ethics.
B. Argumentation and Critical Thinking
1. Moral and Ethical Reasoning and Argument
Sherry Diestler, in her important text, Becoming a Critical
Thinker, defines a critical thinker as "someone who uses
specific criteria to evaluate reasoning and make decisions."
These criteria include a careful examination of value and reality
assumptions. They also include having the ability to recognize
good deductive reasoning (which, in a structure of argument
50. called a syllogism, works from a major and minor premise to a
specific conclusion) and good inductive reasoning (which works
from a number of specifics to a general conclusion).
Again, don't worry if you don't know what these terms mean
before you complete your reading, but be sure after your
reading that you understand these types of reasoning and how
they work. In particular, be sure that you can explain
what validity in deductive argumentation means: what the
proper form of an argument is, how syllogisms are constructed,
what modus ponens, modus tollens, and chain arguments are and
why they are valid, why arguments that are invalid are judged to
be so. Note the difference between a valid argument (which is
technically correct even if the premises are false) and a sound
argument (which is a valid argument with true premises).
The following is an example of a valid but unsound argument:
All trees have leaves.
The pine is a tree.
Therefore, the pine has leaves.
Although this argument can easily be seen as unsound, it is
valid because it follows proper form. In determining the
ethically appropriate response to a situation, we should attempt
to construct sound arguments. Unfortunately, deductive
arguments are most reliable when they involve proven fact and
when we can know with relative certainty that premises are true.
Ethical situations often involve subjectively determined
51. premises, which make the construction of sound arguments
more difficult than those of pure fact.
When dealing with other than proven fact, we must question
whether or not the premises are true. A more difficult example
of a valid but probably unsound argument makes this clear:
All women who are feminists are incapable of treating men
fairly.
June is a feminist.
Therefore, June is incapable of treating men fairly.
We are not dealing with proven facts in the premises to this
argument. Recall that facts are significant elements of sound,
valid, and defensible arguments. In this example, even the
definitions of "feminists" and "fair treatment" vary.
In many cases, the premises of arguments are derived
from inductive reasoning, which is the use of facts and research
findings to make generalizations. In everyday experience,
inductive reasoning is drawing general conclusions from the
observation of many instances of something. In reading about
inductive reasoning, pay particular attention to the
argumentation presented for drawing conclusions about cause
and effect. Note the difficulty in distinguishing
between correlations (two events occurring together without
being related as cause and effect) and true causation (X being
the cause of effect Y).
In your reading, consider the significance of assigning causality
52. to events in the ethical and social arena that occur together but
in fact are not related as cause and effect. In some cases, when
we are confident that causal connections exist between action or
condition X and event Y, we may conclude that we have a duty
or responsibility to perform action X. On the other hand, when
we are confident that only correlations exist between action or
condition X and event Y, we may be compelled to speak out
against injustices, blaming event Y on action or condition X.
2. Critical Thinking Skills
In approaching moral and ethical issues and problems, you
should always consider the role of critical thinking skills and
ways to improve your own. Rather than accepting any
proposition or any statement from business, political, or media
sources on its face, you should:
First, look at the terms and words of the statement. What does it
mean? Second, look beneath the surface of those terms, to
the speaker or writer and his or her purpose in presenting and
arguing the statement. Why is the speaker making this
assertion? What might be the background of the speaker that
enfranchises him or her to make such an assertion? What is the
agenda that the speaker or writer seeks to advance?
These and similar questions help us to identify the facts and
underlying assumptions in most moral and ethical problems.
They are useful tools for us to uncover the actual issues
presented and to avoid diversions, which could cause us to miss
53. the important issue(s) in the situation. Any time that you are
called upon to make moral or ethical decisions, the first step
will often entail the application of your critical thinking skills
to identify the facts, circumstances, and issues, which will
facilitate your resolution and decision-making processes. In this
course, the use of critical thinking skills is a necessary
concomitant to all that we do here.
C. Common Errors in Reasoning and the Need for
Broadmindedness
As we all know, what seems correct in theory doesn't always
work in practice. In our everyday lives, we find many examples
of reasoning errors (defined by Diestler [2001] as fallacies that
don't provide adequate support for the conclusions reached). We
also find many examples of defensiveness, intolerance,
ethnocentrism, and egocentrism in people's refusal to listen to
and evaluate the reasoning of others. Be on the lookout for
these errors and for the failure of arguers—including you—to be
broad and fair minded in evaluating and responding to others'
arguments.
Week 1, Reading Section 1.3: General Resources
III. General Resources
The following sources will provide considerable research
material and additional readings, to assist you. The first is the
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
54. It covers a variety of subjects and issues. The second is the
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato.stanford.edu . The
S.E.P’s range of subjects is far more vast than the I.E.P. , but
some of the articles are more in-depth and sophisticated than
the I.E.P.
The third are podcasts and video lectures by Marianne Talbot of
Oxford University. They can be accessed through iTunesU. You
click on that tab in your iTunes, go to Colleges and
Universities, thence to Oxford, and finally to Philosophy (on the
right side of the page). The podcasts and videos, relevant to this
course, are under the following general Collection, A Romp
Through Ethics for Complete Beginners. These may be
downloaded under Creative Commons licenses and are FREE, as
are the I.E.P. and the Stanford Encyclopedia! There are
additional lecture sets on the Oxford University Philosophy
site, which can assist you in other Philosophy subject.
1
Running Header: FUNDING SOURCES
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FUNDING SOURCES
55. FUNDING SOURCES
Student’s Name
Tutor’s Name
Course Title
Date
Los Angele food bank is a charitable organization whose
focus is to fight starvation, give hope, and love to people (Los
Angeles Food bank, 2018).
The following are sources of organizations that’s can offer
financial support to the nonprofit entity.
One of the potential sources are food associations. Food
associations try to lend a helping hand to any food bank within
any locality .Therefore; the institutions provide reliable and
consistent funds only to food charitable organizations. It is
important to note that specializing in assisting only
charitable food banks makes food associations more dependable
56. and sustainable in the long run. In addition, the food
associations can provide actual food free. For example,
American Egg firm can bring eggs (Los Angeles Food bank,
2018).
The second place that can offer help is application for grants.
Most government institutions grant charitable firms such as Los
Angeles charitable organization. The applicant can state
whether the grant will be regular or a onetime contribution.
Grants go a long way in keep charitable organization afloat
(Manoharan , & McQuiston, 2018).
A part from food associations and grants, another source is
individual contribution.Campaigning and raising awareness may
capture the attention of the public. The food bank may publicly
display their account number for well-wishers to deposit their
contributions. One of the advantages of using the public is that
the help may come in various forms a part from finances. For
example, some people can volunteer their skills and save on
labor(Manoharan , & McQuiston, 2018).
Events have the potential of raising funds butFood banks
overlook such sources, as one needs money to make an event
.Instead, charities rely heavily on grants and sponsorship type
of sources. Events have the ability to raise a lot of money if
executed correctly. The second missed source is failing to come
up with a solid funding group dedicated to funding the Los
Angeles nonprofit organization only. Most administrators
57. assume that since they have a charitable organization, funds
will always flow, but they are often wrong. Just like any entity,
having a solid reliable source of funds is
compulsory(Manoharan , & McQuiston, 2018).
References
Los Angeles Food bank
Retrieved from: https://www.lafoodbank.org/
Manoharan, A., & In McQuiston, J. (2018). Innovative
perspectives on public administration in the digital age.
Week 2: Discussion 1: Funding Sources
The most successful fundraisers are good prospect researchers.
58. This means they use existing online and print resources to
identify which funding sources (specific individuals,
foundations, government sources, etc.) are most likely to fund
the organization/project based on past giving, mission,
priorities, and geographic giving area.
This week you examine how to conduct donor prospect research
to maximize development success.
To prepare:
· Consider a nonprofit organization for which you work or
with which you are familiar.
Analyze 2–3 potential funding sources for this
organization.
Post by Day 3 a description of 2–3 potential missed funding
opportunities.
Explain why they are or might be missed.
Describe potential funding sources and explain why they are
appropriate for your organization.
Analyze the strengths and limitations of each funding source.
Finally, describe any potential missed funding opportunities.
Explain why they are or might be missed.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific
references to the Learning Resources and outside scholarly
resources.
Discussion 2: Foundation Prospect Research ChallengesWhen
59. researching foundations (corporate, community, private, or
family), it is important to learn as much as you can about each
potential source. You can then evaluate whether the type of
foundation is a good match for the organization’s funding
need.To prepare:·Consider a nonprofit organization for which
you work or with which you are familiar ·Analyze potential
prospective foundations that might support this
organization.Post by Day 4 a description of two foundations you
have identified as higher prospective donors.Describe two
foundations you have identified as lower prospective donors for
your organization.Evaluate how each would or would not be a
good prospective donor.Be sure to explain how you arrived at
your decisions.Be sure to support your postings and responses
with specific references to the Learning Resources and outside
scholarly resources.