This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is the change in direction of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense to a rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
3. Spherical lenses can produce real or virtual images depending on whether the object is placed before or beyond the focal point. The lens maker's formula and thin lens equation relate the focal length to the radii of curvature.
4. Linear magnification is the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object. Mag
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is the change in direction of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to a rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
3. Spherical lenses use the lens maker's formula and thin lens equation to determine image location based on the object position and the lens's focal length and refractive index.
4. Linear magnification is the ratio of image size to object size, and depends on the focal length and positions of the object and image.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is defined as the change in direction and speed of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to a rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to reflect back into the dense medium.
3. Spherical lenses can be either convex or concave. The lens maker's formula and thin lens equation describe the imaging properties and magnification of thin lenses based on the focal length and object and image distances.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is defined as the change in direction and speed of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to reflect back into the dense medium.
3. Spherical lenses use thin lens equations and sign conventions to determine image location based on the object position, focal length, and refractive indices of the lens and surrounding media.
This document discusses the principles and formulas related to refraction and lenses. It defines refraction as the change in direction of light when passing from one medium to another. The key laws and concepts covered include Snell's law of refraction, total internal reflection, lensmaker's formula, thin lens formula, and the definitions of focal length and power of a lens. Formulas are provided for calculating refraction through plane and curved surfaces, image formation using lenses, magnification, and more.
1. The document discusses key concepts in ray optics including refraction, Snell's law, total internal reflection, and refraction at spherical surfaces.
2. It also covers refraction through parallel and compound slabs, lenses, and prisms. Formulas are presented for thin lenses, magnification, and dispersion.
3. Refraction, reflection, and image formation using lenses and prisms are examined.
This document provides information about ray optics and optical instruments. It begins by defining key concepts in ray optics like reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, and dispersion. It then discusses these phenomena through examples like mirages, diamonds, and prisms. The document also covers topics in geometric optics like mirrors, lenses, the lens maker's formula, and optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes. It provides formulas for magnification, focal length, and angular magnification. In summary, the document is an overview of ray optics concepts and how they apply to the design and use of common optical instruments.
This document discusses reflection and refraction at surfaces and curved surfaces. It begins by explaining the fundamentals of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It then discusses the laws of reflection and refraction. Specific examples of reflection and refraction are provided for plane mirrors, convex mirrors, concave mirrors, and refraction through lenses and the cornea. Clinical applications of reflection and refraction in the eye and optical instruments are described.
The document discusses key concepts about light, including that it travels as a wave, undergoes reflection and refraction, and has different speeds in different materials. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is when light changes speed and bends as it passes from one material to another with a different density, according to Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light traveling through a denser medium hits the boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle and is reflected back inside.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is the change in direction of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to a rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
3. Spherical lenses use the lens maker's formula and thin lens equation to determine image location based on the object position and the lens's focal length and refractive index.
4. Linear magnification is the ratio of image size to object size, and depends on the focal length and positions of the object and image.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is defined as the change in direction and speed of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to a rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to reflect back into the dense medium.
3. Spherical lenses can be either convex or concave. The lens maker's formula and thin lens equation describe the imaging properties and magnification of thin lenses based on the focal length and object and image distances.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ray optics, including:
1. Refraction is defined as the change in direction and speed of light when passing from one medium to another. Snell's law describes the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction.
2. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to reflect back into the dense medium.
3. Spherical lenses use thin lens equations and sign conventions to determine image location based on the object position, focal length, and refractive indices of the lens and surrounding media.
This document discusses the principles and formulas related to refraction and lenses. It defines refraction as the change in direction of light when passing from one medium to another. The key laws and concepts covered include Snell's law of refraction, total internal reflection, lensmaker's formula, thin lens formula, and the definitions of focal length and power of a lens. Formulas are provided for calculating refraction through plane and curved surfaces, image formation using lenses, magnification, and more.
1. The document discusses key concepts in ray optics including refraction, Snell's law, total internal reflection, and refraction at spherical surfaces.
2. It also covers refraction through parallel and compound slabs, lenses, and prisms. Formulas are presented for thin lenses, magnification, and dispersion.
3. Refraction, reflection, and image formation using lenses and prisms are examined.
This document provides information about ray optics and optical instruments. It begins by defining key concepts in ray optics like reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, and dispersion. It then discusses these phenomena through examples like mirages, diamonds, and prisms. The document also covers topics in geometric optics like mirrors, lenses, the lens maker's formula, and optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes. It provides formulas for magnification, focal length, and angular magnification. In summary, the document is an overview of ray optics concepts and how they apply to the design and use of common optical instruments.
This document discusses reflection and refraction at surfaces and curved surfaces. It begins by explaining the fundamentals of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It then discusses the laws of reflection and refraction. Specific examples of reflection and refraction are provided for plane mirrors, convex mirrors, concave mirrors, and refraction through lenses and the cornea. Clinical applications of reflection and refraction in the eye and optical instruments are described.
The document discusses key concepts about light, including that it travels as a wave, undergoes reflection and refraction, and has different speeds in different materials. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is when light changes speed and bends as it passes from one material to another with a different density, according to Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light traveling through a denser medium hits the boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle and is reflected back inside.
This document provides an overview of optics and light, including:
1) It defines key wave properties like wavelength and frequency, and describes longitudinal and transverse waves. 2) It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and explains how different frequencies are classified. 3) It covers geometric optics concepts such as reflection, refraction, mirrors, lenses and image formation using ray diagrams. Sign conventions are also defined for analyzing optical systems.
Light travels as waves and can undergo various phenomena including reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Reflection occurs when light hits a surface, causing it to bounce off at the same angle. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another of different density, causing it to change speed and bend. This bending is described by Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from a denser to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to reflect back inside the denser medium. This principle is applied in devices like optical fibers.
1. Prisms deviate light towards their apex. The angle of deviation depends on the prism's refracting angle, the light's angle of incidence, and the prism material's refractive index.
2. Prisms form an erect, virtual image that is laterally displaced towards the apex.
3. Ophthalmic prisms are calibrated according to Prentice's position, where the incidence angle is zero, deviating light entirely at the second surface.
The document summarizes key concepts from a Physics 102 lecture on optics, including Snell's law, total internal reflection, Brewster's angle, dispersion, and lenses. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two media at an angle greater than the critical angle. Brewster's angle is when the reflected light is completely polarized. Dispersion is why prisms separate white light into a rainbow spectrum. Lenses use refraction to converge or diverge light rays depending on their shape.
The document summarizes key concepts from a Physics 102 lecture on optics, including Snell's law, total internal reflection, Brewster's angle, dispersion, and lenses. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two media at an angle greater than the critical angle. Brewster's angle is when the reflected light is completely polarized. Dispersion is why prisms separate white light into a rainbow spectrum. Lenses use refraction to converge or diverge light rays depending on their shape.
The document summarizes key concepts from a Physics 102 lecture on optics, including Snell's law, total internal reflection, Brewster's angle, dispersion, and lenses. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two media at an angle greater than the critical angle. Brewster's angle is when the reflected light is completely polarized. Dispersion is why prisms separate white light into a rainbow spectrum. Lenses use refraction to converge or diverge light rays depending on their shape.
This document is a certificate for a student who completed a physics project on measuring the refractive indices of various liquids. The project was carried out in the school laboratory during the 2014-2015 academic year, as part of the curriculum for the ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY EXAM. The student measured the refractive indices of liquids including water, vinegar, vegetable oil and glycerine using a hollow glass prism. The speeds of light in the liquids were also calculated using the refractive indices and the known speed of light in a vacuum.
1. The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves, including the laws of reflection and refraction of light, and properties of lenses and mirrors. Reflection follows the law that the incident, reflected, and normal lines are in the same plane, with the incident and reflection angles being equal. Refraction follows Snell's law, with the ratio of sines of the incident and refracted angles being a constant called the index of refraction.
2. Concave and convex mirrors and lenses are described. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, depending on the position of the object. Convex mirrors always form virtual images. Lenses follow principal rays to determine image characteristics.
3. Total
The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves. It covers the topics of reflection, refraction, lenses, and mirrors. Key points include:
- Reflection follows the law that the incident, reflected, and normal lines all lie in the same plane, with the incident angle equaling the reflection angle.
- Refraction follows Snell's law, with the ratio of sines of the incident and refracted angles staying constant depending on the medium. Total internal reflection can occur when the incident angle exceeds the critical angle.
- Lenses are classified as converging or diverging based on whether they focus or spread light. Their focal lengths and image properties can be determined using lens formulas that involve the
The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves. It covers the laws of reflection and refraction, including the reflection and refraction of light by mirrors and lenses. Several examples are provided on determining image formation and properties using the lens and mirror formulas. Reflection is discussed for flat, concave, and convex mirrors. Refraction addresses Snell's law, total internal reflection, and refraction through parallel planes and spherical surfaces. Lens types and their focal properties are also outlined. Exercises at the end provide problems to calculate variables like image distance, magnification, and focal length.
Class 12 Project PRISM AND NATURE OF LIGHTGangadharBV1
The document discusses how a prism works to refract and disperse light into a spectrum. It explains that a prism separates white light into a rainbow of colors because the refractive index of the prism material varies with wavelength, causing different colors to refract at different angles. An experiment is described to use a hollow prism to measure the refractive indices of various liquids like water, vinegar and vegetable oil by finding the angle of minimum deviation and using the prism formula to calculate the index.
This document discusses the refraction of light, including that light bends when moving between media of different densities, following Snell's law. It also covers total internal reflection, where light reflects totally inside a denser medium if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
This document discusses a chemistry project on the analysis of fertilizers. It begins with acknowledgments from the student conducting the project thanking various teachers and school administrators for their support and guidance. It then provides an introduction to common types of fertilizers including those containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Details are given on the preparation and effects of deficiencies and excesses of each of these elements. The remainder of the document outlines an experiment conducted using a traveling microscope to determine the refractive index of water and calculations related to refraction.
1. The document discusses the reflection, refraction, and lenses. It defines key terms like angle of incidence, reflection, refraction, focal length, and refractive index.
2. Total internal reflection and phenomena like mirages are explained. Characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lenses are summarized.
3. Optical instruments like cameras, projectors, and magnifying glasses are described along with their basic components and functions.
This document discusses the principles and phenomena of diffraction. It begins by defining diffraction as the deviation of light from rectilinear propagation that occurs when a portion of a wavefront is obstructed. The Huygens-Fresnel principle is introduced, which states that every point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets. Diffraction patterns can be classified as either Fraunhofer or Fresnel diffraction depending on the separation between the aperture and viewing screen. Examples of diffraction from single slits, circular apertures, and double slits are analyzed. Rayleigh's criterion for resolving power with rectangular apertures is also described.
This document provides information about light reflection and refraction. It defines key concepts such as the ray and beam of light. It describes the laws of reflection, including that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Plane mirrors form virtual, erect, and laterally inverted images. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object. The document also covers the laws of refraction, including Snell's law, and discusses image formation using lenses. Convex lenses form real, inverted images while concave lenses form virtual, erect images. Lens formula and magnification are also defined.
This document discusses several optical phenomena including pinhole imaging, reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It begins by explaining how pinhole imaging works to form an inverted image without the use of lenses due to the collimating effect of a small aperture. Next, it covers the fundamentals of reflection including the law of reflection and diffuse reflection. Refraction is then summarized, including Snell's law and how light bends when passing through different media based on their refractive indices. Finally, the document briefly discusses the phenomenon of total internal reflection that occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
This document provides an introduction to geometric optics and concepts of reflection and refraction of light. It discusses how light rays interact with surfaces and change direction at boundaries between different optical media based on Snell's law. Total internal reflection is described, in which light reflecting back into the original medium if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Applications like fiber optics and mirages are discussed. A simple model is provided of light propagation through materials involving absorption and re-emission of photons by atoms.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This document provides an overview of optics and light, including:
1) It defines key wave properties like wavelength and frequency, and describes longitudinal and transverse waves. 2) It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and explains how different frequencies are classified. 3) It covers geometric optics concepts such as reflection, refraction, mirrors, lenses and image formation using ray diagrams. Sign conventions are also defined for analyzing optical systems.
Light travels as waves and can undergo various phenomena including reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Reflection occurs when light hits a surface, causing it to bounce off at the same angle. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another of different density, causing it to change speed and bend. This bending is described by Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from a denser to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to reflect back inside the denser medium. This principle is applied in devices like optical fibers.
1. Prisms deviate light towards their apex. The angle of deviation depends on the prism's refracting angle, the light's angle of incidence, and the prism material's refractive index.
2. Prisms form an erect, virtual image that is laterally displaced towards the apex.
3. Ophthalmic prisms are calibrated according to Prentice's position, where the incidence angle is zero, deviating light entirely at the second surface.
The document summarizes key concepts from a Physics 102 lecture on optics, including Snell's law, total internal reflection, Brewster's angle, dispersion, and lenses. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two media at an angle greater than the critical angle. Brewster's angle is when the reflected light is completely polarized. Dispersion is why prisms separate white light into a rainbow spectrum. Lenses use refraction to converge or diverge light rays depending on their shape.
The document summarizes key concepts from a Physics 102 lecture on optics, including Snell's law, total internal reflection, Brewster's angle, dispersion, and lenses. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two media at an angle greater than the critical angle. Brewster's angle is when the reflected light is completely polarized. Dispersion is why prisms separate white light into a rainbow spectrum. Lenses use refraction to converge or diverge light rays depending on their shape.
The document summarizes key concepts from a Physics 102 lecture on optics, including Snell's law, total internal reflection, Brewster's angle, dispersion, and lenses. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another. Total internal reflection occurs when light hits the boundary between two media at an angle greater than the critical angle. Brewster's angle is when the reflected light is completely polarized. Dispersion is why prisms separate white light into a rainbow spectrum. Lenses use refraction to converge or diverge light rays depending on their shape.
This document is a certificate for a student who completed a physics project on measuring the refractive indices of various liquids. The project was carried out in the school laboratory during the 2014-2015 academic year, as part of the curriculum for the ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY EXAM. The student measured the refractive indices of liquids including water, vinegar, vegetable oil and glycerine using a hollow glass prism. The speeds of light in the liquids were also calculated using the refractive indices and the known speed of light in a vacuum.
1. The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves, including the laws of reflection and refraction of light, and properties of lenses and mirrors. Reflection follows the law that the incident, reflected, and normal lines are in the same plane, with the incident and reflection angles being equal. Refraction follows Snell's law, with the ratio of sines of the incident and refracted angles being a constant called the index of refraction.
2. Concave and convex mirrors and lenses are described. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, depending on the position of the object. Convex mirrors always form virtual images. Lenses follow principal rays to determine image characteristics.
3. Total
The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves. It covers the topics of reflection, refraction, lenses, and mirrors. Key points include:
- Reflection follows the law that the incident, reflected, and normal lines all lie in the same plane, with the incident angle equaling the reflection angle.
- Refraction follows Snell's law, with the ratio of sines of the incident and refracted angles staying constant depending on the medium. Total internal reflection can occur when the incident angle exceeds the critical angle.
- Lenses are classified as converging or diverging based on whether they focus or spread light. Their focal lengths and image properties can be determined using lens formulas that involve the
The document discusses optics and electromagnetics waves. It covers the laws of reflection and refraction, including the reflection and refraction of light by mirrors and lenses. Several examples are provided on determining image formation and properties using the lens and mirror formulas. Reflection is discussed for flat, concave, and convex mirrors. Refraction addresses Snell's law, total internal reflection, and refraction through parallel planes and spherical surfaces. Lens types and their focal properties are also outlined. Exercises at the end provide problems to calculate variables like image distance, magnification, and focal length.
Class 12 Project PRISM AND NATURE OF LIGHTGangadharBV1
The document discusses how a prism works to refract and disperse light into a spectrum. It explains that a prism separates white light into a rainbow of colors because the refractive index of the prism material varies with wavelength, causing different colors to refract at different angles. An experiment is described to use a hollow prism to measure the refractive indices of various liquids like water, vinegar and vegetable oil by finding the angle of minimum deviation and using the prism formula to calculate the index.
This document discusses the refraction of light, including that light bends when moving between media of different densities, following Snell's law. It also covers total internal reflection, where light reflects totally inside a denser medium if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
This document discusses a chemistry project on the analysis of fertilizers. It begins with acknowledgments from the student conducting the project thanking various teachers and school administrators for their support and guidance. It then provides an introduction to common types of fertilizers including those containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Details are given on the preparation and effects of deficiencies and excesses of each of these elements. The remainder of the document outlines an experiment conducted using a traveling microscope to determine the refractive index of water and calculations related to refraction.
1. The document discusses the reflection, refraction, and lenses. It defines key terms like angle of incidence, reflection, refraction, focal length, and refractive index.
2. Total internal reflection and phenomena like mirages are explained. Characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lenses are summarized.
3. Optical instruments like cameras, projectors, and magnifying glasses are described along with their basic components and functions.
This document discusses the principles and phenomena of diffraction. It begins by defining diffraction as the deviation of light from rectilinear propagation that occurs when a portion of a wavefront is obstructed. The Huygens-Fresnel principle is introduced, which states that every point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets. Diffraction patterns can be classified as either Fraunhofer or Fresnel diffraction depending on the separation between the aperture and viewing screen. Examples of diffraction from single slits, circular apertures, and double slits are analyzed. Rayleigh's criterion for resolving power with rectangular apertures is also described.
This document provides information about light reflection and refraction. It defines key concepts such as the ray and beam of light. It describes the laws of reflection, including that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Plane mirrors form virtual, erect, and laterally inverted images. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object. The document also covers the laws of refraction, including Snell's law, and discusses image formation using lenses. Convex lenses form real, inverted images while concave lenses form virtual, erect images. Lens formula and magnification are also defined.
This document discusses several optical phenomena including pinhole imaging, reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It begins by explaining how pinhole imaging works to form an inverted image without the use of lenses due to the collimating effect of a small aperture. Next, it covers the fundamentals of reflection including the law of reflection and diffuse reflection. Refraction is then summarized, including Snell's law and how light bends when passing through different media based on their refractive indices. Finally, the document briefly discusses the phenomenon of total internal reflection that occurs when light passes from an optically dense to rare medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.
This document provides an introduction to geometric optics and concepts of reflection and refraction of light. It discusses how light rays interact with surfaces and change direction at boundaries between different optical media based on Snell's law. Total internal reflection is described, in which light reflecting back into the original medium if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Applications like fiber optics and mirages are discussed. A simple model is provided of light propagation through materials involving absorption and re-emission of photons by atoms.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
1. RAY OPTICS - I
1. Refraction of Light
2. Laws of Refraction
3. Principle of Reversibility of Light
4. Refraction through a Parallel Slab
5. Refraction through a Compound Slab
6. Apparent Depth of a Liquid
7. Total Internal Reflection
8. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces - Introduction
9. Assumptions and Sign Conventions
10.Refraction at Convex and Concave Surfaces
11.Lens Maker’s Formula
12.First and Second Principal Focus
13.Thin Lens Equation (Gaussian Form)
14.Linear Magnification
Created by C. Mani, Principal, K V No.1, AFS, Jalahalli West, Bangalore
2. Refraction of Light:
Refraction is the phenomenon of change in the path of light as it travels
from one medium to another (when the ray of light is incident obliquely).
It can also be defined as the phenomenon of change in speed of light
from one medium to another.
Rarer
Rarer
Denser
N
N
r
i
r
i
Laws of Refraction:
I Law: The incident ray, the normal to
the refracting surface at the point of
incidence and the refracted ray all lie in
the same plane.
II Law: For a given pair of media and for
light of a given wavelength, the ratio of
the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine of the angle of refraction is a
constant. (Snell’s Law)
μ =
sin i
sin r
(The constant μ is called refractive index of the medium,
i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.)
μ
3. TIPS:
1. μ of optically rarer medium is lower and that of a denser medium is higher.
2. μ of denser medium w.r.t. rarer medium is more than 1 and that of rarer
medium w.r.t. denser medium is less than 1. (μair = μvacuum = 1)
3. In refraction, the velocity and wavelength of light change.
4. In refraction, the frequency and phase of light do not change.
5. aμm = ca / cm and aμm = λa / λm
Principle of Reversibility of Light:
Rarer
(a)
N
r
i
Denser
(b)
sin i
aμb =
sin r
sin r
bμa =
sin i
aμb x bμa = 1 or aμb = 1 / bμa
If a ray of light, after suffering any number of
reflections and/or refractions has its path
reversed at any stage, it travels back to the
source along the same path in the opposite
direction.
A natural consequence of the principle of reversibility is that the image and object
positions can be interchanged. These positions are called conjugate positions.
μ
4. Refraction through a Parallel Slab:
Rarer (a)
Rarer (a)
Denser
(b)
N
N
r1
i1
i2
r2
M
t
δ
y
sin i1
aμb =
sin r1
sin i2
bμa =
sin r2
But aμb x bμa = 1
sin i1
sin r1
sin i2
sin r2
x = 1
It implies that i1 = r2 and i2 = r1
since i1 ≠ r1 and i2 ≠ r2.
Lateral Shift:
t sin δ
y =
cos r1
t sin(i1- r1)
y =
cos r1
or
Special Case:
If i1 is very small, then r1 is also very small.
i.e. sin(i1 – r1) = i1 – r1 and cos r1 = 1
y = t (i1 – r1) or y = t i1(1 – 1 /aμb)
μ
5. Refraction through a Compound Slab:
Rarer (a)
Rarer (a)
Denser
(b)
N
N
μb
r1
i1
r1
r2
r2
i1
Denser
(c)
μc
N
sin i1
aμb =
sin r1
sin r1
bμc =
sin r2
aμb x bμc x cμa = 1
sin r2
cμa =
sin i1
aμb x bμc = aμc
or
bμc = aμc / aμb
or
μa
μc > μb
6. Apparent Depth of a Liquid:
Rarer (a)
Denser (b)
O
O’
N
μb
hr
ha
i
r
r
i
sin i
bμa =
sin r
sin r
aμb =
sin i
or
hr
aμb =
ha
=
Real depth
Apparent depth
Apparent Depth of a Number of
Immiscible Liquids:
ha = ∑ hi / μi
i = 1
n
Apparent Shift:
Apparent shift = hr - ha = hr – (hr / μ)
= hr [ 1 - 1/μ]
TIPS:
1. If the observer is in rarer medium and the object is in denser medium then
ha < hr. (To a bird, the fish appears to be nearer than actual depth.)
2. If the observer is in denser medium and the object is in rarer medium then
ha > hr. (To a fish, the bird appears to be farther than actual height.)
μa
7. Total Internal Reflection:
Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon of complete reflection of
light back into the same medium for angles of incidence greater than the
critical angle of that medium.
N N N N
O
r = 90°
ic i > ic
i
Rarer
(air)
Denser
(glass)
μg
μa
Conditions for TIR:
1. The incident ray must be in optically denser medium.
2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the
critical angle for the pair of media in contact.
8. Relation between Critical Angle and Refractive Index:
Critical angle is the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the
angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90°.
sin i
gμa =
sin r
sin ic
=
sin 90°
= sin ic
or
1
aμg =
gμa
1
aμg =
sin ic
or
1
sin ic =
aμg
λg
sin ic =
λa
Also
Red colour has maximum value of critical angle and Violet colour has
minimum value of critical angle since,
1
sin ic =
aμg
=
1
a + (b/ λ2)
Applications of T I R:
1. Mirage formation
2. Looming
3. Totally reflecting Prisms
4. Optical Fibres
5. Sparkling of Diamonds
9. Spherical Refracting Surfaces:
A spherical refracting surface is a part of a sphere of refracting material.
A refracting surface which is convex towards the rarer medium is called
convex refracting surface.
A refracting surface which is concave towards the rarer medium is
called concave refracting surface.
•
•
C C
P P
R R
A B A
B
APCB – Principal Axis
C – Centre of Curvature
P – Pole
R – Radius of Curvature
•
•
Denser Medium
Denser Medium Rarer Medium
Rarer Medium
10. Assumptions:
1. Object is the point object lying on the principal axis.
2. The incident and the refracted rays make small angles with the principal
axis.
3. The aperture (diameter of the curved surface) is small.
New Cartesian Sign Conventions:
1. The incident ray is taken from left to right.
2. All the distances are measured from the pole of the refracting surface.
3. The distances measured along the direction of the incident ray are
taken positive and against the incident ray are taken negative.
4. The vertical distances measured from principal axis in the upward
direction are taken positive and in the downward direction are taken
negative.
11. Refraction at Convex Surface:
(From Rarer Medium to Denser Medium - Real Image)
•
C
P
R
O
•
Denser Medium
Rarer Medium
• •
I
M
μ2
μ1
α β
γ
i
r
i = α + γ
γ = r + β or r = γ - β
A
tan α =
MA
MO
tan β =
MA
MI
tan γ =
MA
MC
or α =
MA
MO
or β =
MA
MI
or γ =
MA
MC
According to Snell’s law,
μ2
sin i
sin r μ1
= or
i
r μ1
=
μ2
or μ1 i = μ2 r
Substituting for i, r, α, β and γ, replacing M by P and rearranging,
μ1
PO
μ2
PI
μ2 - μ1
PC
+ =
Applying sign conventions with values,
PO = - u, PI = + v and PC = + R
v
u
μ1
- u
μ2
v
μ2 - μ1
R
+ =
N
12. Refraction at Convex Surface:
(From Rarer Medium to Denser Medium - Virtual Image)
μ1
- u
μ2
v
μ2 - μ1
R
+ =
Refraction at Concave Surface:
(From Rarer Medium to Denser Medium - Virtual Image)
μ1
- u
μ2
v
μ2 - μ1
R
+ =
•
C
P R
•
Denser Medium
Rarer Medium
• •
I M
μ2
μ1
α
β γ
i r
A
v
u
O
N
O
•
C P
R
•
Denser Medium
Rarer Medium
•
I M
μ2
μ1
α β γ
r
A
v
u
•
i
N
13. Refraction at Convex Surface:
(From Denser Medium to Rarer Medium - Real Image)
•
C P
R
O
•
Denser Medium Rarer Medium
• •
I
M
μ2 μ1
α β
γ
r
A
v
u
N
i
μ2
- u
μ1
v
μ1 - μ2
R
+ =
Refraction at Convex Surface:
(From Denser Medium to Rarer Medium - Virtual Image)
μ2
- u
μ1
v
μ1 - μ2
R
+ =
Refraction at Concave Surface:
(From Denser Medium to Rarer Medium - Virtual Image)
μ2
- u
μ1
v
μ1 - μ2
R
+ =
14. Note:
1. Expression for ‘object in rarer medium’ is same for whether it is real or
virtual image or convex or concave surface.
2. Expression for ‘object in denser medium’ is same for whether it is real or
virtual image or convex or concave surface.
3. However the values of u, v, R, etc. must be taken with proper sign
conventions while solving the numerical problems.
4. The refractive indices μ1 and μ2 get interchanged in the expressions.
μ1
- u
μ2
v
μ2 - μ1
R
+ =
μ2
- u
μ1
v
μ1 - μ2
R
+ =
15. Lens Maker’s Formula:
R1
P1
•
O
•
μ2
μ1
i
A
v
u
N1
R2
C1
• •
I1
N2
L
C
N
P2
•
C2
•
I
•
μ1
For refraction at
LP1N,
μ1
CO
μ2
CI1
μ2 - μ1
CC1
+ =
(as if the image is
formed in the denser
medium)
For refraction at
LP2N,
(as if the object is in the denser medium and the image is formed in the rarer
medium)
μ2
-CI1
μ1
CI
-(μ1 - μ2)
CC2
+ =
Combining the refractions at both the surfaces,
μ1
CO
(μ2 - μ1)(
CC1
+ =
1
μ1
CI CC2
+ )
1
Substituting the values
with sign conventions,
1
- u
(μ2 - μ1)
R1
+ =
1
1
v R2
- )
1
(
μ1
16. Since μ2 / μ1 = μ
1
- u
μ2
R1
+ =
1
1
v R2
- )
1
(
μ1
- 1)
(
or
1
- u
(μ – 1)
R1
+ =
1
1
v R2
- )
1
(
When the object is kept at infinity, the image is formed at the principal focus.
i.e. u = - ∞, v = + f.
So, (μ – 1)
R1
=
1
1
f R2
- )
1
(
This equation is called ‘Lens Maker’s Formula’.
Also, from the above equations we get,
1
- u f
+ =
1
1
v
17. First Principal Focus:
First Principal Focus is the point on the principal axis of the lens at which if
an object is placed, the image would be formed at infinity.
F1
f1
F2
f2
Second Principal Focus:
Second Principal Focus is the point on the principal axis of the lens at
which the image is formed when the object is kept at infinity.
F2
f2
F1
f1
18. Thin Lens Formula (Gaussian Form of Lens Equation):
For Convex Lens:
f
•
R
u
C
A
B
A’
B’
M
Triangles ABC and A’B’C are similar.
A’B’
AB
=
CB’
CB
Triangles MCF2 and A’B’F2 are similar.
A’B’
MC
=
B’F2
CF2
v
A’B’
AB
=
B’F2
CF2
or
•
2F2
•
F2
•
F1
•
2F1
CB’
CB
=
B’F2
CF2
CB’
CB
=
CB’ - CF2
CF2
According to new Cartesian sign
conventions,
CB = - u, CB’ = + v and CF2 = + f.
1
v f
- =
1
1
u
19. Linear Magnification:
Linear magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of the size of
the image to the size of the object.
m =
I
O
A’B’
AB
=
CB’
CB
+ I
- O
=
+ v
- u
According to new Cartesian sign
conventions,
A’B’ = + I, AB = - O, CB’ = + v and
CB = - u.
m
I
O
=
v
u
=
or
Magnification in terms of v and f:
m =
f - v
f
Magnification in terms of u and f:
m =
f
f - u
Power of a Lens:
Power of a lens is its ability to bend a ray of light falling on it and is reciprocal
of its focal length. When f is in metre, power is measured in Dioptre (D).
P =
1
f End of Ray Optics - I