What is Metamorphism and it's different aspects. What kind of metamorphisms take place at different tectonic regimes and their associate petro fabrics.
This document discusses granitic pegmatite deposits. It aims to describe pegmatites in detail, discuss their economic importance in Zimbabwe, describe their size and grade, and identify geological features. Pegmatites are coarse-grained, feldspar-rich rocks that form from volatile-rich fluids during the late stages of granite crystallization. They are a significant source of rare earth elements and metals used in electronics and metallurgy. Pegmatites occur in rocks of all ages but are commonly found in Precambrian greenstone belts associated with granite intrusions and amphibolite-grade metamorphism. Notable pegmatite districts are located within major Archean cratons.
7a série da evolução à extinção parte 1 atualizada (até o período permiano)SESI 422 - Americana
O documento descreve a evolução da vida na Terra ao longo do tempo geológico, com ênfase nos principais períodos da Era Paleozóica. Detalha os achados fósseis, mudanças climáticas e extinções em massa que ocorreram, assim como o surgimento e diversificação de plantas e animais terrestres e marinhos.
Evaporites are mineral sediments that form through the evaporation of aqueous solutions, leaving behind dissolved ions like calcium, sodium, and chlorine. They tend to form in arid climates where evaporation greatly exceeds rainfall. For large evaporite deposits to form, a bay needs fresh water input limited, a restricted connection to the open sea, and a parched, dry climate where seawater evaporates constantly but is replenished at a steady rate, remaining supersaturated. Major evaporite minerals include halite, gypsum, and dolomite. The Dead Sea is a hypersaline lake bordered by Israel, Palestine, and Jordan that forms large evaporite deposits due to its extremely dry climate and high salinity
Faulting is a geological process that involves the movement of rock masses along fractures or surfaces known as faults. Faults are common features in the Earth's crust, and they play a crucial role in shaping the Earth's surface. The causes and dynamics of faulting are complex and can result from various tectonic, geological, and stress-related factors
Geology and Petrography of Sandstone of Murree formation, Kuldana formation and Abbottabad formation Nakial and Dandli section sub Himalayas district Kotli, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan.
What is Metamorphism and it's different aspects. What kind of metamorphisms take place at different tectonic regimes and their associate petro fabrics.
This document discusses granitic pegmatite deposits. It aims to describe pegmatites in detail, discuss their economic importance in Zimbabwe, describe their size and grade, and identify geological features. Pegmatites are coarse-grained, feldspar-rich rocks that form from volatile-rich fluids during the late stages of granite crystallization. They are a significant source of rare earth elements and metals used in electronics and metallurgy. Pegmatites occur in rocks of all ages but are commonly found in Precambrian greenstone belts associated with granite intrusions and amphibolite-grade metamorphism. Notable pegmatite districts are located within major Archean cratons.
7a série da evolução à extinção parte 1 atualizada (até o período permiano)SESI 422 - Americana
O documento descreve a evolução da vida na Terra ao longo do tempo geológico, com ênfase nos principais períodos da Era Paleozóica. Detalha os achados fósseis, mudanças climáticas e extinções em massa que ocorreram, assim como o surgimento e diversificação de plantas e animais terrestres e marinhos.
Evaporites are mineral sediments that form through the evaporation of aqueous solutions, leaving behind dissolved ions like calcium, sodium, and chlorine. They tend to form in arid climates where evaporation greatly exceeds rainfall. For large evaporite deposits to form, a bay needs fresh water input limited, a restricted connection to the open sea, and a parched, dry climate where seawater evaporates constantly but is replenished at a steady rate, remaining supersaturated. Major evaporite minerals include halite, gypsum, and dolomite. The Dead Sea is a hypersaline lake bordered by Israel, Palestine, and Jordan that forms large evaporite deposits due to its extremely dry climate and high salinity
Faulting is a geological process that involves the movement of rock masses along fractures or surfaces known as faults. Faults are common features in the Earth's crust, and they play a crucial role in shaping the Earth's surface. The causes and dynamics of faulting are complex and can result from various tectonic, geological, and stress-related factors
Geology and Petrography of Sandstone of Murree formation, Kuldana formation and Abbottabad formation Nakial and Dandli section sub Himalayas district Kotli, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan.
Malawi's basement rocks contain pegmatites that host various valuable minerals. Pegmatites are coarse-grained granitic rocks found as dykes and ridges. They commonly contain quartz, feldspar and mica with accessory minerals like beryl, tourmaline, spodumene and garnet. Valuable gems found in Malawian pegmatites include beryl, tourmaline, garnet and quartz varieties. Pegmatites also contain industrial minerals like quartz, mica and feldspar. Systematic exploration is needed to uncover Malawi's pegmatite potential and support small-scale miners to generate mineral wealth sustainably.
This document discusses mineral and energy resources. It begins by describing how early humans began using minerals like flint and metals over 20,000 years ago. It then covers the formation of different types of mineral deposits including hydrothermal deposits formed from hot aqueous solutions, magmatic deposits within igneous rocks, and sedimentary deposits from precipitation or weathering. Specific examples of important mineral deposits are provided for different minerals. The document concludes by discussing classifications of useful mineral substances and various energy resources.
1. Most magmas originate in the upper mantle due to heat from the Earth's core. Plate tectonics plays a major role by generating magma at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and convergent boundaries like subduction zones.
2. Magmas form when rock melts due to increased temperature or decreased pressure. Factors like heat from the core, addition of volatiles, and changes in pressure can lower the melting point of rocks.
3. After forming, magmas may crystallize into different minerals as they cool or differentiate through crystal settling, resulting in variations in igneous rock compositions.
Calcareous nannofossils, also known as coccolithophores, are unicellular algae that produce calcareous plates called coccoliths. They first appeared in the Late Triassic period and have been important for biostratigraphic dating. Coccolithophores inhabit the photic zone of oceans worldwide. They range in size from less than 20 micrometers to 60 micrometers. Coccoliths are composed of calcite or other minerals and aid in protecting the cell and regulating light intake. Due to their small size and fossil record, coccolithophores provide key information for determining the geological age of sediments.
Modelos Imobilistas e Deriva ContinentalAna Castro
O documento discute a teoria da deriva continental proposta por Alfred Wegener em 1920. A teoria afirmava que os continentes se moviam através dos oceanos com base em evidências morfológicas, paleontológicas, paleoclimáticas e geológicas. No entanto, Wegener não conseguiu explicar o mecanismo físico por trás da deriva continental. Hoje, sabemos que é a teoria das placas tectônicas que explica o movimento dos continentes.
Este documento discute a história e os conceitos fundamentais da geoquímica, incluindo suas divisões e aplicações. A geoquímica estuda a distribuição química dos elementos na Terra através do tempo geológico utilizando princípios da química e geologia. Sua importância inclui a prospecção mineral e monitoramento ambiental.
Meteorite Classification and Trajectory ModelingJessie Miller
This document summarizes a student project on meteorite classification and trajectory modeling. It describes the three main types of meteorites - stony, iron, and stony iron. It discusses techniques for analyzing meteorites like thin section microscopy. The document outlines equations of motion and initial conditions used to model meteorite trajectories. Plots of orbital paths are generated and future work is proposed to model meteorite impacts or deflections off Earth.
Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and mineral composition. Texture is determined by whether the rock solidified underground from slowly cooling magma (intrusive/coarse-grained) or above ground from quickly cooling lava (extrusive/fine-grained). Composition depends on the minerals present, with light-colored felsic rocks like granite having high silica and dark mafic rocks like basalt having low silica. Some igneous rocks like obsidian, pumice, and scoria have additional distinguishing features.
Lithofacies and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction new microsoft office word ...DrRalimonglaYaden
- 9 lithofacies were identified in the Tertiary rocks of Changki Valley based on lithology, sedimentary structures, geometry, fossils, and paleocurrents.
- These lithofacies indicate a change in depositional environments from a shoreline to estuarine to fluvial over time in response to tectonic activity during the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene.
- Detailed descriptions are provided of each lithofacies, including the facies codes assigned, characteristic features, percentages of total sections measured, and interpretations of depositional environments.
El documento describe cómo el tipo de roca subyacente influye en la forma del relieve. Explica que las rocas calizas están sujetas a un proceso de modelado kárstico que crea formaciones como grutas, simas y dolinas debido a la disolución del carbonato cálcico por el agua con CO2. También describe cómo el granito se meteoriza en formas redondeadas creando un paisaje de "caos en bolas" y torres cuando las bolas se apilan.
This document discusses Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, which are important sources of lead and zinc found hosted in carbonate rocks. MVT deposits form from hydrothermal fluids emanating from deep shale source rocks that are overpressured. These fluids flow upward through aquifers, depositing zinc, lead, and sometimes fluorite minerals in fractures or pores in carbonate host rocks. MVT deposits are classified into zinc-dominant, lead-dominant, and fluorite-dominant subtypes based on primary mineral associations. Factors influencing MVT deposit formation include porosity in the host rock and sufficient quantities of trace elements in migrating fluids. Examples of MVT deposits in Pakistan include occurrences in Jurassic
This document summarizes the tectonic evolution of peninsular India. It discusses the major physiographic divisions and tectonic terranes that make up the Indian shield, including the Archean Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Chhotanagpur, and Bundelkhand cratons. It also describes the Proterozoic mobile belts and basins, as well as the Gondwana terranes. Finally, it mentions the Deccan Volcanic Province and provides a timeline of the tectonic events that have shaped peninsular India over the past 3.6 billion years. Key sources consulted for the information are listed.
This document discusses heat transfer on Earth. It notes that the main sources of heat transfer on Earth are the Sun and Earth's interior. Heat is transferred via conduction, convection and radiation. Heat flux is directly proportional to temperature gradient based on Fourier's Law. Measurements show highest heat flux at mid-ocean ridges and lowest in old ocean crust. Heat flux decreases with age of sea floor and continental crust due to cooling and decreasing radioactive elements. Conservation of energy equations relate heat flux to temperature gradient and internal heat sources.
Microfossils and their Applications in petroleum Industry Sachin Yadav
It's a class presentation at Dept. Of Earth Sciences IIT bombay. I have included main type of the Microfossils and their index feature and applications.
Applied Mineralogy
Technical Mineralogy;
How much metal is available?
What is a mineral?
What is Applied Mineralogy?
What Applied Mineralogy is not…
History
Review of some mineralogical Concepts
This talk summarizes the use of imaging spectroscopy to map minerals in various environments, including Cuprite, Nevada, Mars, the Moon, and post-9/11 at the World Trade Center site. Imaging spectroscopy can identify minerals like kaolinite, olivine, and buddingtonite and map their distributions. It revealed fire locations and temperatures after 9/11. Advances in algorithms and sensors continue to improve mineral and material mapping abilities.
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Malawi's basement rocks contain pegmatites that host various valuable minerals. Pegmatites are coarse-grained granitic rocks found as dykes and ridges. They commonly contain quartz, feldspar and mica with accessory minerals like beryl, tourmaline, spodumene and garnet. Valuable gems found in Malawian pegmatites include beryl, tourmaline, garnet and quartz varieties. Pegmatites also contain industrial minerals like quartz, mica and feldspar. Systematic exploration is needed to uncover Malawi's pegmatite potential and support small-scale miners to generate mineral wealth sustainably.
This document discusses mineral and energy resources. It begins by describing how early humans began using minerals like flint and metals over 20,000 years ago. It then covers the formation of different types of mineral deposits including hydrothermal deposits formed from hot aqueous solutions, magmatic deposits within igneous rocks, and sedimentary deposits from precipitation or weathering. Specific examples of important mineral deposits are provided for different minerals. The document concludes by discussing classifications of useful mineral substances and various energy resources.
1. Most magmas originate in the upper mantle due to heat from the Earth's core. Plate tectonics plays a major role by generating magma at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and convergent boundaries like subduction zones.
2. Magmas form when rock melts due to increased temperature or decreased pressure. Factors like heat from the core, addition of volatiles, and changes in pressure can lower the melting point of rocks.
3. After forming, magmas may crystallize into different minerals as they cool or differentiate through crystal settling, resulting in variations in igneous rock compositions.
Calcareous nannofossils, also known as coccolithophores, are unicellular algae that produce calcareous plates called coccoliths. They first appeared in the Late Triassic period and have been important for biostratigraphic dating. Coccolithophores inhabit the photic zone of oceans worldwide. They range in size from less than 20 micrometers to 60 micrometers. Coccoliths are composed of calcite or other minerals and aid in protecting the cell and regulating light intake. Due to their small size and fossil record, coccolithophores provide key information for determining the geological age of sediments.
Modelos Imobilistas e Deriva ContinentalAna Castro
O documento discute a teoria da deriva continental proposta por Alfred Wegener em 1920. A teoria afirmava que os continentes se moviam através dos oceanos com base em evidências morfológicas, paleontológicas, paleoclimáticas e geológicas. No entanto, Wegener não conseguiu explicar o mecanismo físico por trás da deriva continental. Hoje, sabemos que é a teoria das placas tectônicas que explica o movimento dos continentes.
Este documento discute a história e os conceitos fundamentais da geoquímica, incluindo suas divisões e aplicações. A geoquímica estuda a distribuição química dos elementos na Terra através do tempo geológico utilizando princípios da química e geologia. Sua importância inclui a prospecção mineral e monitoramento ambiental.
Meteorite Classification and Trajectory ModelingJessie Miller
This document summarizes a student project on meteorite classification and trajectory modeling. It describes the three main types of meteorites - stony, iron, and stony iron. It discusses techniques for analyzing meteorites like thin section microscopy. The document outlines equations of motion and initial conditions used to model meteorite trajectories. Plots of orbital paths are generated and future work is proposed to model meteorite impacts or deflections off Earth.
Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and mineral composition. Texture is determined by whether the rock solidified underground from slowly cooling magma (intrusive/coarse-grained) or above ground from quickly cooling lava (extrusive/fine-grained). Composition depends on the minerals present, with light-colored felsic rocks like granite having high silica and dark mafic rocks like basalt having low silica. Some igneous rocks like obsidian, pumice, and scoria have additional distinguishing features.
Lithofacies and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction new microsoft office word ...DrRalimonglaYaden
- 9 lithofacies were identified in the Tertiary rocks of Changki Valley based on lithology, sedimentary structures, geometry, fossils, and paleocurrents.
- These lithofacies indicate a change in depositional environments from a shoreline to estuarine to fluvial over time in response to tectonic activity during the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene.
- Detailed descriptions are provided of each lithofacies, including the facies codes assigned, characteristic features, percentages of total sections measured, and interpretations of depositional environments.
El documento describe cómo el tipo de roca subyacente influye en la forma del relieve. Explica que las rocas calizas están sujetas a un proceso de modelado kárstico que crea formaciones como grutas, simas y dolinas debido a la disolución del carbonato cálcico por el agua con CO2. También describe cómo el granito se meteoriza en formas redondeadas creando un paisaje de "caos en bolas" y torres cuando las bolas se apilan.
This document discusses Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, which are important sources of lead and zinc found hosted in carbonate rocks. MVT deposits form from hydrothermal fluids emanating from deep shale source rocks that are overpressured. These fluids flow upward through aquifers, depositing zinc, lead, and sometimes fluorite minerals in fractures or pores in carbonate host rocks. MVT deposits are classified into zinc-dominant, lead-dominant, and fluorite-dominant subtypes based on primary mineral associations. Factors influencing MVT deposit formation include porosity in the host rock and sufficient quantities of trace elements in migrating fluids. Examples of MVT deposits in Pakistan include occurrences in Jurassic
This document summarizes the tectonic evolution of peninsular India. It discusses the major physiographic divisions and tectonic terranes that make up the Indian shield, including the Archean Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Chhotanagpur, and Bundelkhand cratons. It also describes the Proterozoic mobile belts and basins, as well as the Gondwana terranes. Finally, it mentions the Deccan Volcanic Province and provides a timeline of the tectonic events that have shaped peninsular India over the past 3.6 billion years. Key sources consulted for the information are listed.
This document discusses heat transfer on Earth. It notes that the main sources of heat transfer on Earth are the Sun and Earth's interior. Heat is transferred via conduction, convection and radiation. Heat flux is directly proportional to temperature gradient based on Fourier's Law. Measurements show highest heat flux at mid-ocean ridges and lowest in old ocean crust. Heat flux decreases with age of sea floor and continental crust due to cooling and decreasing radioactive elements. Conservation of energy equations relate heat flux to temperature gradient and internal heat sources.
Microfossils and their Applications in petroleum Industry Sachin Yadav
It's a class presentation at Dept. Of Earth Sciences IIT bombay. I have included main type of the Microfossils and their index feature and applications.
Applied Mineralogy
Technical Mineralogy;
How much metal is available?
What is a mineral?
What is Applied Mineralogy?
What Applied Mineralogy is not…
History
Review of some mineralogical Concepts
This talk summarizes the use of imaging spectroscopy to map minerals in various environments, including Cuprite, Nevada, Mars, the Moon, and post-9/11 at the World Trade Center site. Imaging spectroscopy can identify minerals like kaolinite, olivine, and buddingtonite and map their distributions. It revealed fire locations and temperatures after 9/11. Advances in algorithms and sensors continue to improve mineral and material mapping abilities.
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation