The document provides an introduction to database principles. It discusses the limitations of file-based data management systems and how database management systems were developed to overcome these limitations. The key components of a database system are described, including the database, database management system, and application programs. Roles in a database environment like database administrators and end users are defined. Advantages of relational database management systems like controlling redundancy and improving data integrity are outlined. Some disadvantages of database systems like complexity and increased hardware costs are also noted.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
This is the Briefly introduction to Database system with the help of comparison with the previous technology file Base System. In this lecture reader will be able to understand the fundamental concept of the Database System and know about the all primer Concept of the Database system. This lecture will helpful for those, who are lack or less knowledge about the Database System.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
This is the Briefly introduction to Database system with the help of comparison with the previous technology file Base System. In this lecture reader will be able to understand the fundamental concept of the Database System and know about the all primer Concept of the Database system. This lecture will helpful for those, who are lack or less knowledge about the Database System.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
6. History of Databases (1950-2020)
Flat file: stores information in a
single file or table
7. Database Principles Course Topics
IT222
Relational
Databases
The Relational Data Model
SQL
Database Normalization
NoSQL Databases
NoSQL Data Model
NoSQL Types
8. Why do we need to study Relational Database?
Different Database for Different Requirements
9. The History of Databases
• The concept of a database existed before there
were computers. Some of you are even old enough
to remember the filing cabinets in which your
parents kept health records, tax documents, and
old family recipes.
9
10. Before the Advent of Database System:
• File-Based Data Management System or File systems :
• File systems are effectively a digitized version of paper-based filing systems for a
wider range of file types.
• File systems is a collection of application programs that perform services for the
end users (e.g. reports)where each program defines and manages its own data.
• It is usually integrated into a computer’s operating system and is responsible for
storing and retrieving files from a storage medium, such as a hard disk or flash
drive.
10
11. An Example of FBS:
11
CustomerNr
CustomerName
VATcode
CustomerNr
CustomerName
Turnover
CustomerNr
CustomerName
ZipCode
Invoicing CRM GIS
Duplicate data!
12. Limitations of File-Based Approach
• Separation and isolation of data
• Each program maintains its own set of data.
• Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held
by other programs.
• Duplication of data
• Same data is held by different programs.
• Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats
for the same item.
12
13. Limitations of File-Based Approach
• Data dependence
• File structure is defined in the program code.
• Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored
separately and independently.
• Incompatible file formats
• Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each other’s
files.
• Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs
• Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
• Any new requirement needs a new program.
• No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application
programs.
13
14. To Overcome the FBS limitations:
• The Database Approach:
• The first computer database was built in the 1960s, but the history of databases as we know them,
really begins in 1970.
• Database Management System (DBMS) is a much larger application that can manipulate large
quantities of data in complex ways.
• Database is a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to
meet the information needs of an organization.
• System catalogue (metadata) provides description of data to enable program–data independence.
• Database consists of a logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
14
15. File versus Database Approach to Data Management
Invoicing CRM GIS
DBMS
Raw data Catalog
16. Database Concepts
• Data is a meaningless static value. e.g. Ali, 3421… What does 3421 means?
• Information is the data you process in a manner that makes it meaningful.
Information can be provided only if proper data exists. e.g. “Ali ID number is
0987”.
• A database (DB) is a collection of a logically related persistent data, designed to
meet the information needs of an organization. Can be generated & maintained
manually or automatically.
16
17. Database Concepts
• Database Management System (DBMS):
A software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance of a database, i.e.
implementing database application.
• Database Application Programs:
A computer program that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate request
(SQL statement) to the DBMS.
• Database System (DBS): is database and Software (DBMS + Application
Program).
• DBS is a single large repository of data, defined once and managed using DBMS
while used by many application programs
17
19. Relational DBMS (RDBMS) Functions
• The DBMS is expected to:
1. Allow users to create new databases and specify their schemas (logical structure of the
data), using a specialized data-definition language.
2. Give users the ability to query the data and modify the data, using an appropriate
language, often called a query language or data-manipulation language (DML.
3. Support the storage of very large amounts of data — many terabytes or more — over a
long period of time, allowing efficient access to the data for queries and database
modifications.
4. Enable durability, the recovery of the database in the face of failures, errors of many
kinds, or intentional misuse.
5. Control access to data from many users at once, without allowing unexpected
interactions among users (called isolation) and without actions on the data to be
performed partially but not completely (called atomicity).
19
21. Components of DBMS Environment
1. Hardware
• Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
2. Software
• DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the application programs.
3. Data
• Used by the organization and a description of this data
4. Procedures
• Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database and DBMS.
5. People
21
23. Roles in the Database Environment
• System Analyst: Determine the user requirements and develop the system
specifications.
• Database Designer: Identify the data and choose the appropriate structure to
represent and store the data.
• Application Programmer: Implement the application program based on the
system specification.
• Database administrator (DBA): Administrates the DB, DBMS and related
software.
23
24. Roles in the Database Environment
• Database End-users: They use the data for queries, reports and some of them
update the database content (data). End-users can be categorized into:
— Naïve users: Invokes one of the permanent application programs that have
been written previously.
— Sophisticated users: form requests in a database query language.
24
25. Advantages of RDBMSs
1. Control of data redundancy:
• In contrast to FBS, the database approach attempts to eliminate the redundancy
by integrating the files so that multiple copies of the same data are not stored.
• Database approach does not eliminate redundancy entirely, but controls the
amount of redundancy inherent in the database.
• For example, it is desirable to duplicate some data items to improve performance
(e.g. foreign keys)
25
26. Advantages of RDBMSs
2. Data consistency:
• If a data item is stored only once in the database, any update to its value has to
be performed only once and the new value is available immediately to all users.
• The database system can ensure that all copies of the item are kept consistent.
3. More information from the same amount of data
• Data integration can lead to derive additional information from the same data
26
27. Advantages of RDBMSs
4. Sharing of data:
• A database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized
users.
• New applications can build on the existing data in the database and add only data
that is not currently stored
5. Improved data integrity:
• Database integrity refers to the validity and consistency of stored data.
• Integrity =constraints
• For example, a member of staff’s salary cannot be greater than $40,000
27
28. Advantages of RDBMSs
6. Improved security:
• Database security is the protection of the database from unauthorized users.
• Example: a branch manager may have access to all data that relates to his or her branch
office
7. Enforcement of standards:
• Standards for such as data formats to facilitate exchange of data between systems,
naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures, and access rules.
8. Economy of scale:
• Combining all the organization’s operational data into one database and creating a set of
applications that work on this one source of data can result in cost savings.
28
29. Advantages of RDBMSs
9. Balance conflicting requirements:
• Each user or department has needs that may be in conflict with the needs of other users.
10. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness:
• A result of integration, data that crosses departmental boundaries is directly accessible to the
end- users.
11. Increased productivity
• DBMS provides all the low-level file-handling routines that are typical in application programs.
• This results in increased programmer productivity and reduced development time (with
associated cost savings).
29
30. Advantages of RDBMSs
12. Improved maintenance through data independence:
• A DBMS separates the data descriptions from the applications, thereby making
applications immune to changes in the data descriptions (known as data
independence)
13. Increased concurrency:
• if two or more users access the same file simultaneously, it is possible that the
accesses will interfere with each other, resulting in loss of information or even
loss of integrity.
• DBMSs manage concurrent database access and ensure that such problems
cannot occur.
31. Advantages of RDBMSs
14. Improved backup and recovery services:
• file-based systems place the responsibility on the user to provide measures to
protect the data from failures to the computer system or application program
• In contrast, modern DBMSs provide facilities to minimize the amount of
processing that is lost following a failure.
31
32. Disadvantages of RDBMSs
1. Complexity:
• Failure to understand the DBMS system can lead to bad design decisions, which can have
serious consequences for an organization.
2. Size:
• DBMS occupies many megabytes of disk space and requiring substantial amounts of
memory to run efficiently
3. Cost of DBMS:
• A large mainframe multi-user DBMS servicing hundreds of users can be extremely
expensive, perhaps $100,000 or even $1,000,000.
• Additional annual maintenance cost
32
33. Disadvantages of RDBMSs
4. Additional hardware costs:
• Disk storage requirements for the DBMS and the database may necessitate the purchase of
additional storage space
5. Cost of conversion:
• High cost of converting existing applications to run on the new DBMS and hardware
6. Performance:
• In contrast to FBS, DBMS is written to be more general, to cater for many applications rather than
just one. The result is that some applications may not run as fast as they used to
7. Higher impact of a failure:
• The centralization of resources increases the vulnerability of the system
33
34. References:
• Chapter 1: Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation
and Management.”Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, 6th Edition, Addison-Wesley,
2016