This document provides an overview of the history of computing from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses key developments like Babbage's analytical engine in the 1800s, the first general purpose electronic computers like ENIAC in the 1940s, the development of programming languages like COBOL and BASIC in the 1950s-60s, the rise of personal computers with the Apple II and IBM PC in the 1970s-80s, and the creation of the internet and world wide web in the 1980s-90s. The document also covers modern applications and types of computers from personal computers to supercomputers.
Originally it was a job title.
It was used to describe those personnel (chiefly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
The document traces the evolution of information and communication technologies from ancient abacuses through modern computers and the internet. It discusses the development of early mechanical calculators and computers using vacuum tubes. The introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors led to smaller, more powerful computers. Significant developments included the first microprocessor in 1971, the IBM PC in 1981, and the introduction of graphical user interfaces. The World Wide Web was developed in 1991, allowing for widespread internet connectivity. The document provides an overview of the key innovations that have shaped the digital age.
The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine. The development of programmable, electronic digital computers is covered, including ENIAC, the stored program concept, and early mainframes from UNIVAC, IBM, and others. The emergence of minicomputers, microprocessors, and personal computers is also summarized.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
The document summarizes the development of early computers from 1939 to 1950. It describes several important milestones, including the completion of the ABC in 1942, the start of Project Whirlwind in 1943, the completion of the Harvard Mark 1 in 1944, John von Neumann's 1945 report outlining the stored-program computer architecture, and the completion of the EDSAC in 1949, which was one of the first practical stored-program computers. It provides key details about these early computers such as their technologies, memory capacities, processing speeds, and applications.
ICT began when humans started communicating and sharing information with each other. It involves using technology to gather and share data through hardware, software, and networks. The history of ICT can be broken into four periods: premechanical (3000 BC to 1450), mechanical (1450 to 1840), electromechanical (1840 to 1940), and electronic (1940 to present). Key developments included the invention of the telegraph, telephone, transistor, integrated circuit, and personal computers. Today, ICT fuses hardware, software, and communication networks and is exemplified by the World Wide Web, online systems, functions, and platforms.
Basic Computing Concepts, Including History - Lecture CCMDLearning
- Lecture c provided a history of computing from early counting tools like the abacus through modern computers. It described how mechanical devices that used gears evolved into electromechanical computers using relays and vacuum tubes. The first general purpose electronic computers were developed during WWII to perform calculations. Technology advanced rapidly in subsequent decades, with integrated circuits leading to smaller, faster, and less expensive computers. By the 1970s, computers were commonly used in businesses, academics, and government, including for applications like electronic medical records.
Originally it was a job title.
It was used to describe those personnel (chiefly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
The document traces the evolution of information and communication technologies from ancient abacuses through modern computers and the internet. It discusses the development of early mechanical calculators and computers using vacuum tubes. The introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors led to smaller, more powerful computers. Significant developments included the first microprocessor in 1971, the IBM PC in 1981, and the introduction of graphical user interfaces. The World Wide Web was developed in 1991, allowing for widespread internet connectivity. The document provides an overview of the key innovations that have shaped the digital age.
The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine. The development of programmable, electronic digital computers is covered, including ENIAC, the stored program concept, and early mainframes from UNIVAC, IBM, and others. The emergence of minicomputers, microprocessors, and personal computers is also summarized.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
The document summarizes the development of early computers from 1939 to 1950. It describes several important milestones, including the completion of the ABC in 1942, the start of Project Whirlwind in 1943, the completion of the Harvard Mark 1 in 1944, John von Neumann's 1945 report outlining the stored-program computer architecture, and the completion of the EDSAC in 1949, which was one of the first practical stored-program computers. It provides key details about these early computers such as their technologies, memory capacities, processing speeds, and applications.
ICT began when humans started communicating and sharing information with each other. It involves using technology to gather and share data through hardware, software, and networks. The history of ICT can be broken into four periods: premechanical (3000 BC to 1450), mechanical (1450 to 1840), electromechanical (1840 to 1940), and electronic (1940 to present). Key developments included the invention of the telegraph, telephone, transistor, integrated circuit, and personal computers. Today, ICT fuses hardware, software, and communication networks and is exemplified by the World Wide Web, online systems, functions, and platforms.
Basic Computing Concepts, Including History - Lecture CCMDLearning
- Lecture c provided a history of computing from early counting tools like the abacus through modern computers. It described how mechanical devices that used gears evolved into electromechanical computers using relays and vacuum tubes. The first general purpose electronic computers were developed during WWII to perform calculations. Technology advanced rapidly in subsequent decades, with integrated circuits leading to smaller, faster, and less expensive computers. By the 1970s, computers were commonly used in businesses, academics, and government, including for applications like electronic medical records.
Basic Computing Concepts Including History | Lecture 2CCMDLMS
- Humans have been counting and performing calculations for tens of thousands of years using tools like tally sticks, abacuses, and slide rules.
- The first mechanical computers were developed starting in ancient times, with increasingly complex machines through the 1500s-1800s.
- The first general-purpose electronic computers were developed during World War II to perform calculations.
- Through the 1940s-1970s, computer technology advanced rapidly, with transistors replacing vacuum tubes, integrated circuits replacing transistors, and microprocessors leading to smaller, faster, more affordable computers. This allowed computers to be used widely in business, academics, and government, including for applications like electronic medical records.
In 40 years, computers evolved from giant expensive machines only corporations could own to personal computers. Early calculating devices included abacuses and slide rules. Charles Babbage designed the Difference Engine, the first mechanical computer. The ENIAC was one of the first electronic general-purpose computers. The microchip led to personal computers like the Altair 8080 and Apple II. Modern computers use integrated circuits, operating systems, and graphical user interfaces. Emerging technologies include 3D printing, artificial intelligence, and wearable computing.
This document provides information on several notable developments in science and technology during the 20th century, including:
1. The airplane was invented by the Wright brothers in 1903, paving the way for commercial passenger airlines.
2. Computers evolved from early concepts in the 1930s to the first programmable electronic computer in the 1940s and the first mainstream personal computer in the 1970s.
3. Fiber optic technology was developed in the 1970s, enabling high-speed internet connections around the world.
- The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus and how they evolved over time.
- Important figures that advanced computing are mentioned, like Charles Babbage who designed analytical engines, Ada Lovelace who wrote about programming the analytical engine, and Herman Hollerith who developed tabulating machines.
- Milestones like the first general purpose electronic computer (ENIAC), stored program concept, and first commercial computers are summarized. The evolution of computers from mainframes to minicomputers to microprocessors is covered at a high level.
- The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early computing devices like the abacus and how they evolved over time.
- It describes pioneers in computing like Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace and their work on early mechanical computers in the 1800s. It also covers the development of electromechanical computers in the 1900s and early electronic digital computers in the 1940s.
- The summary highlights the development of stored-program architecture and programming languages as well as the emergence of mainframe, mini, and microcomputers that drove computing innovation from the 1940s through the 1970s.
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to the five generations of modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculating machines invented in the 17th-18th centuries and how they evolved to use punch cards and electricity. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, was completed in 1946. The development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors defined the five generations of computers and led to smaller, faster, and more accessible devices. The fifth generation continues development of artificial intelligence and parallel processing.
The document provides a history of computers from the 1940s to the 1980s. It describes the progression in hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and silicon chips, allowing bits of data to decrease dramatically in size. It also notes the progression from computers being almost impossible for anyone but geniuses to use in the 1950s to being useable by almost anyone by the 1980s. Key early computers discussed include ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), considered one of the first digital electronic computing devices; and the transition from mainframes to personal computers like the Apple II and IBM PC in the 1970s-1980s.
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to the five generations of modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculating machines invented in the 17th-18th centuries and how they evolved to use punch cards and electricity. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, was completed in 1946. The development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors defined the five generations of computers and led to smaller, faster, and more accessible devices. The fifth generation aims to develop true artificial intelligence capabilities.
Assignment of History of Computer(F21-1872).pdfAtifmalik70
The document provides a detailed history of the evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It describes the early development of mechanical computers in the 17th-18th centuries and discusses pioneers like Charles Babbage. It then summarizes the major generations of modern electronic computers from the 1940s onwards, highlighting important early machines like ENIAC and UNIVAC, as well as advances in integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers.
The Four Main Components And History Of Computers discusses the history and components of computers. It describes the four main components - input devices, output devices, secondary storage, and the processor and primary storage. Input devices allow users to input data, like keyboards and mice. Output devices send data from the computer to the user, like monitors and printers. Secondary storage serves as additional storage beyond the primary storage and includes hard drives. The processor and primary storage temporarily hold data and files while the computer is running.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computer technology from mechanical computers in the 1600s to the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors, personal computing, and the internet. It covers the progression from machine language to assembly languages to high-level languages like FORTRAN, BASIC, and C to make programming easier. The five generations of computers are defined based on major technological breakthroughs in components like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and parallel processing.
1. Information technology refers to the use of computers and software to manage information, including storing, protecting, processing, transmitting, and retrieving information.
2. The history of information technology spans from early writing systems to modern computers. Key developments include the abacus, mechanical calculators, punch cards, mainframe computers, and personal computers.
3. Modern information technology is digital and based on integrated circuits and microprocessors. Advances like graphical user interfaces, operating systems, and the internet have driven the widespread use of personal computers and mobile devices.
The document summarizes the evolution of computing from Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine in 1833 to modern quantum computing. It outlines several important milestones, including: the development of punched cards in 1801, Alan Turing's theoretical Turing Machine in 1936, the first general-purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) in 1946, the invention of the transistor in 1947 replacing vacuum tubes, the development of programming languages like BASIC in the 1960s, the creation of ARPANET in 1969 which led to the Internet, and the World Wide Web in 1989. The document suggests quantum computing may be the next major milestone, allowing computers to examine all possible answers simultaneously.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Computer generations refer to the different stages in the technological development of computers based on major technological advances. Each generation has significant improvements in components, performance and cost from the previous generation.
2. The different computer generations are:
- First generation (1946-1958): Used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums for memory. Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
- Second generation (1959-1964): Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, magnetic core memory. Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 1620.
- Third generation (1965-1974): Used integrated circuits, semiconductor memory. Examples: IBM 360, PDP-8.
- Fourth generation (1975-1990
This document provides a brief history of computers from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses early counting devices like the abacus and programmable clocks from the 13th century. Mechanical calculators and looms controlled by punch cards were invented in the 1600s-1800s. Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine helped speed up the 1880 US Census. Vacuum tubes and transistors allowed computers to become smaller and more powerful in the mid-20th century. Personal computers in the 1970s brought computers into homes and launched companies like Microsoft and Apple.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to instructions. Early computers included the abacus, Pascal's adding machine, and Babbage's analytical engine. The first modern computers used vacuum tubes, then transistors replaced tubes. Integrated circuits placed many transistors on chips, driving down costs and leading to personal computers in the 1970s and the Internet in the 1980s and 1990s.
This document provides a summary of the history and generations of computers. It discusses the major developments from the mechanical era through the electronic era. Some of the key inventions and advances discussed include the abacus, Napier's bones, the slide rule, Pascaline, Difference Engine, ENIAC, stored program concept, and integrated circuits. The document also summarizes the five generations of computers based on the underlying technology used, from vacuum tubes to transistors to microprocessors. Finally, it briefly introduces artificial intelligence and its role in future fifth generation computers.
The document defines a computer as a programmable machine that manipulates data according to instructions. It then discusses the history of computing devices, starting with early human "computers" who performed calculations, and progressing through mechanical aids like the abacus and slide rule. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, was completed in 1946. The document then covers the five generations of computers, defined by the components and technologies used, from first generation vacuum tube computers to today's fifth generation AI-based systems.
This document discusses the fundamentals of computers, including:
1) It defines a computer as an electronic device that can perform calculations and logical operations at high speeds according to given instructions.
2) It describes the different types of computers like analog, digital, hybrid, and special purpose computers.
3) It provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a computer like the CPU, memory units, input and output devices.
4) It also discusses computer software, including system software like operating systems, and application software.
The document summarizes the history of computing hardware from early mechanical calculating devices to modern computers. It describes the progression from purely mechanical calculators operated by humans, to electromechanical computers with stored programs like Babbage's Analytical Engine, to early electronic computers using vacuum tubes like ENIAC. It then discusses the development of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers in the post-1960s era.
Basic Computing Concepts Including History | Lecture 2CCMDLMS
- Humans have been counting and performing calculations for tens of thousands of years using tools like tally sticks, abacuses, and slide rules.
- The first mechanical computers were developed starting in ancient times, with increasingly complex machines through the 1500s-1800s.
- The first general-purpose electronic computers were developed during World War II to perform calculations.
- Through the 1940s-1970s, computer technology advanced rapidly, with transistors replacing vacuum tubes, integrated circuits replacing transistors, and microprocessors leading to smaller, faster, more affordable computers. This allowed computers to be used widely in business, academics, and government, including for applications like electronic medical records.
In 40 years, computers evolved from giant expensive machines only corporations could own to personal computers. Early calculating devices included abacuses and slide rules. Charles Babbage designed the Difference Engine, the first mechanical computer. The ENIAC was one of the first electronic general-purpose computers. The microchip led to personal computers like the Altair 8080 and Apple II. Modern computers use integrated circuits, operating systems, and graphical user interfaces. Emerging technologies include 3D printing, artificial intelligence, and wearable computing.
This document provides information on several notable developments in science and technology during the 20th century, including:
1. The airplane was invented by the Wright brothers in 1903, paving the way for commercial passenger airlines.
2. Computers evolved from early concepts in the 1930s to the first programmable electronic computer in the 1940s and the first mainstream personal computer in the 1970s.
3. Fiber optic technology was developed in the 1970s, enabling high-speed internet connections around the world.
- The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus and how they evolved over time.
- Important figures that advanced computing are mentioned, like Charles Babbage who designed analytical engines, Ada Lovelace who wrote about programming the analytical engine, and Herman Hollerith who developed tabulating machines.
- Milestones like the first general purpose electronic computer (ENIAC), stored program concept, and first commercial computers are summarized. The evolution of computers from mainframes to minicomputers to microprocessors is covered at a high level.
- The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early computing devices like the abacus and how they evolved over time.
- It describes pioneers in computing like Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace and their work on early mechanical computers in the 1800s. It also covers the development of electromechanical computers in the 1900s and early electronic digital computers in the 1940s.
- The summary highlights the development of stored-program architecture and programming languages as well as the emergence of mainframe, mini, and microcomputers that drove computing innovation from the 1940s through the 1970s.
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to the five generations of modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculating machines invented in the 17th-18th centuries and how they evolved to use punch cards and electricity. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, was completed in 1946. The development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors defined the five generations of computers and led to smaller, faster, and more accessible devices. The fifth generation continues development of artificial intelligence and parallel processing.
The document provides a history of computers from the 1940s to the 1980s. It describes the progression in hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and silicon chips, allowing bits of data to decrease dramatically in size. It also notes the progression from computers being almost impossible for anyone but geniuses to use in the 1950s to being useable by almost anyone by the 1980s. Key early computers discussed include ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), considered one of the first digital electronic computing devices; and the transition from mainframes to personal computers like the Apple II and IBM PC in the 1970s-1980s.
The document summarizes the history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to the five generations of modern computers. It describes early mechanical calculating machines invented in the 17th-18th centuries and how they evolved to use punch cards and electricity. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, was completed in 1946. The development of transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors defined the five generations of computers and led to smaller, faster, and more accessible devices. The fifth generation aims to develop true artificial intelligence capabilities.
Assignment of History of Computer(F21-1872).pdfAtifmalik70
The document provides a detailed history of the evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It describes the early development of mechanical computers in the 17th-18th centuries and discusses pioneers like Charles Babbage. It then summarizes the major generations of modern electronic computers from the 1940s onwards, highlighting important early machines like ENIAC and UNIVAC, as well as advances in integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers.
The Four Main Components And History Of Computers discusses the history and components of computers. It describes the four main components - input devices, output devices, secondary storage, and the processor and primary storage. Input devices allow users to input data, like keyboards and mice. Output devices send data from the computer to the user, like monitors and printers. Secondary storage serves as additional storage beyond the primary storage and includes hard drives. The processor and primary storage temporarily hold data and files while the computer is running.
The document discusses the history and evolution of computer technology from mechanical computers in the 1600s to the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors, personal computing, and the internet. It covers the progression from machine language to assembly languages to high-level languages like FORTRAN, BASIC, and C to make programming easier. The five generations of computers are defined based on major technological breakthroughs in components like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and parallel processing.
1. Information technology refers to the use of computers and software to manage information, including storing, protecting, processing, transmitting, and retrieving information.
2. The history of information technology spans from early writing systems to modern computers. Key developments include the abacus, mechanical calculators, punch cards, mainframe computers, and personal computers.
3. Modern information technology is digital and based on integrated circuits and microprocessors. Advances like graphical user interfaces, operating systems, and the internet have driven the widespread use of personal computers and mobile devices.
The document summarizes the evolution of computing from Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine in 1833 to modern quantum computing. It outlines several important milestones, including: the development of punched cards in 1801, Alan Turing's theoretical Turing Machine in 1936, the first general-purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) in 1946, the invention of the transistor in 1947 replacing vacuum tubes, the development of programming languages like BASIC in the 1960s, the creation of ARPANET in 1969 which led to the Internet, and the World Wide Web in 1989. The document suggests quantum computing may be the next major milestone, allowing computers to examine all possible answers simultaneously.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Computer generations refer to the different stages in the technological development of computers based on major technological advances. Each generation has significant improvements in components, performance and cost from the previous generation.
2. The different computer generations are:
- First generation (1946-1958): Used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums for memory. Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC.
- Second generation (1959-1964): Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, magnetic core memory. Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 1620.
- Third generation (1965-1974): Used integrated circuits, semiconductor memory. Examples: IBM 360, PDP-8.
- Fourth generation (1975-1990
This document provides a brief history of computers from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses early counting devices like the abacus and programmable clocks from the 13th century. Mechanical calculators and looms controlled by punch cards were invented in the 1600s-1800s. Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine helped speed up the 1880 US Census. Vacuum tubes and transistors allowed computers to become smaller and more powerful in the mid-20th century. Personal computers in the 1970s brought computers into homes and launched companies like Microsoft and Apple.
A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to instructions. Early computers included the abacus, Pascal's adding machine, and Babbage's analytical engine. The first modern computers used vacuum tubes, then transistors replaced tubes. Integrated circuits placed many transistors on chips, driving down costs and leading to personal computers in the 1970s and the Internet in the 1980s and 1990s.
This document provides a summary of the history and generations of computers. It discusses the major developments from the mechanical era through the electronic era. Some of the key inventions and advances discussed include the abacus, Napier's bones, the slide rule, Pascaline, Difference Engine, ENIAC, stored program concept, and integrated circuits. The document also summarizes the five generations of computers based on the underlying technology used, from vacuum tubes to transistors to microprocessors. Finally, it briefly introduces artificial intelligence and its role in future fifth generation computers.
The document defines a computer as a programmable machine that manipulates data according to instructions. It then discusses the history of computing devices, starting with early human "computers" who performed calculations, and progressing through mechanical aids like the abacus and slide rule. The first general purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, was completed in 1946. The document then covers the five generations of computers, defined by the components and technologies used, from first generation vacuum tube computers to today's fifth generation AI-based systems.
This document discusses the fundamentals of computers, including:
1) It defines a computer as an electronic device that can perform calculations and logical operations at high speeds according to given instructions.
2) It describes the different types of computers like analog, digital, hybrid, and special purpose computers.
3) It provides an overview of the basic hardware components of a computer like the CPU, memory units, input and output devices.
4) It also discusses computer software, including system software like operating systems, and application software.
The document summarizes the history of computing hardware from early mechanical calculating devices to modern computers. It describes the progression from purely mechanical calculators operated by humans, to electromechanical computers with stored programs like Babbage's Analytical Engine, to early electronic computers using vacuum tubes like ENIAC. It then discusses the development of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers in the post-1960s era.
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1. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Introduction to Computer Science
(I)
Introduction
2. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Information Technology in Our
Lives
• Digital Convergence
– Converting whatever we can in the physical and
communications world to binary on/off signals,
called bits
• Text
• Voice
• Picture
• Movie
3. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• At Home
– Email, Internet shopping, virtual museum,
banking transactions, news
– Small computers in VCRs, automobiles, air-
conditioning systems, washing machines,
4. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• At Play
– Group chatting, games, songs and movies from
Internet
5. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• At Work
– Mobile worker
– Office software, Database, ERP, SCM, CRM
6. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• At School or College
– Computer-based courses, distance learning
7. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
The History of Computing
• 3000 B.C.: The Abacus
– The original mechanical counting device
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
8. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1623-1662: Blaise Pascal
– French mathematician and philosopher
– Built the Pascaline in 1642
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
9. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1642: The Pascaline
– A counting-wheel design
• A single revolution of one wheel would engage
gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution
to its immediate left
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
10. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1801: Jacquard’s loom
– Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871)
– Weaving loom
– The first significant use of binary automation
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
11. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
– Jacquard Loom Salesman’s Model
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
12. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1793-1871: Charles Babbage
– Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine
and then an analytical engine
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
13. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1842: Bassage’s Difference Engine and the
Analytical Engine
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
14. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Diagram Showing Method
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
15. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1816-1852: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace
– Punched cards could be prepared to instruct
Babbage’s engine to repeat certain operations
– The first programmer
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
16. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1860-1929: Herman Hollerith
– Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to
speed up the 1890 U.S. census
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
17. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1890: Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
– Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
18. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
– A Pantograph Punch
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
19. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1874-1956: Thomas Watson, Sr.
– In 1896 Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine
Company, which merged in 1911 with several other company to
form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. It was
renamed the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
by company president Thomas J. Watson in 1924.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
20. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1920s-1950s: The Electro-Mechanical
Accounting Machine Era
– Punched-card technology
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
21. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Punched Card Office
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
22. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1903-1995: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and His
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
23. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1942: The First Elecronic Digital Computer:
The ABC
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
24. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1946: The Electronic ENIAC Computer
– Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J.
Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the University of
Pennsylvania to develop a machine that would compute
trajectory tables for the U.S. Army.
– Used vacuum tubes
– ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
25. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1951: The UNIVAC I and the First
Generation of Computers
– Used vacuum tubes in the first generation of computers
(1951-1959)
– The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) was
developed by Mauchly and Eckert for the Remington-
Rand Corporation
– The first commercially viable electronic digital
computer
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
26. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1954: The IBM 650
– IBM’s first entry into the commercial computer market
was the IBM 701 in 1953
– IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed as a logical
upgrade to existing punched-card machines
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
27. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1907-1992: “Amazing” Grace Murray
Hopper
– In 1959, Dr. Hopper led an effort that laid the
foundation for the development of COBOL
– Found the first “bug” in a computer—a real one. She
repaired the Mark II by removing a moth that was
caught in Relay Number II.
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
28. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1958: The First Integrated Circuit
– The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift oscillator, was
invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
29. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1963: The PDP-8 Minicomputer
– In 1963 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the
PDP-8
– The first successful minicomputer
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
30. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1964: The IBM System/360 and the Third
Generation of Computers
– The third generation was characterized by computers
built around integrated circuits
– A family of computers with upward compatibility;
when a company outgrew one model it could move up
to the next model without worrying about converting its
data
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
31. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1964: BASIC-More Than a Beginner’s
Programming Language
– Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth
College developed a programming language that a
beginner could learn and use quickly
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
32. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1969: ARPANET and the Unbundling of
Hardware and Software
– A U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced
Research Project Agency (ARPA)
sponsorship of a project, named ARPANET,
was underway to unite a community of
geographically dispersed scientists by
technology
– When IBM unbundled and sold software
separately, the software industry began to
flourish
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
33. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1975: Microsoft and Bill Gates
– Bill gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft Corporation,
now the largest and most influential software company
in the world
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
34. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1976: The Apple I
– Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with Ronald G.
Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company
Source: http://apple.computerhistory.org/stories
35. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1981: The IBM PC
– IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer ring with
its announcement of the IBM Personal Computer
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
36. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1982: Mitchell Kapor Designs Lotus 1-2-3
– In 1982, Kapor founded Lotus Development Company.
Kapor and the company introduced an electronic
spread-sheet product, Lotus 1-2-3
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
37. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1984: The Macintosh and Graphical User
Interfaces
– Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh desktop
computer with a very friendly graphical user interface
Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/
38. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1985-Present: Microsoft Windows
– Microsoft introduced Windows, a GUI for IBM PC-
compatible computers in 1985
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
39. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1989: The World Wide Web
– Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists conceived
HTML (the language of the Internet), URLs (Internet
addresses), and put up the first server supporting the
neq World Wide Web format
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
40. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1993: The Internet Browser
– The development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by
Marc Andreesen and his team at the National Center For
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) made the web accessible
to everyone.
– Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded Netscape
in 1994 to create a web browser based on the Mosaic project.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
41. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• 1996: The Handheld Computer
– The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by
Palm Computing, Inc.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
42. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Problem Transformation into
Calculations
• Many real problems can be transformed into
calculations. Then, these calculations can
be conducted in computers.
– Examples: Image processing, optimization,
ciphering and deciphering, simulations in
dynamic systems
43. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Personal Computers to
Supercomputers
• Personal Computer (PC)
– Desktop PC
48. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Workstation
– To visualize and solve complex, technical
problems.
49. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Server Computers
– Applications in business financial, customer
management solutions, decision support data
warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise
resource planning
50. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Supercomputer
– In a six-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer
known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster Garry
Kasparov - the first time a reigning world champion
loses a match to a computer opponent in tournament
play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer
capable of calculating 200 million chess positions per
second.
Source: http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1997.html
51. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Information Systems
• Data processing systems
– Transaction handling, record keeping
– Primarily for clerical personnel and
operational-level managers
Source: http://www.lockheedmartin.com
52. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Management information system
– Uses an integrated database and supports a
variety of functional areas
– Structured information (for example, a weekly
inventory status report with predefined content
and format)
– Applications in hospitals (patient accounting,
point-of-care processing), insurance (claims-
processing systems, policy administration,
actuarial statistics), and colleges (student
registration, placement)
53. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Decision support system
– Helps the decision makers, especially those at
the tactical and strategic levels, in the decision-
making process
– Interactive system
Source: http://cdss.state.co.us
54. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Executive information system
– Subset of DSS
– Supports decision making at the executive
levels of management, primarily the tactical
and strategic levels
Source: http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/medinfo99/3-3-41.htm
55. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Artificial intelligence
– Expert systems, simulation of human sensory
capabilities, neural networks, intelligent agents,
robots and robotics
Source: http://asimo.honda.com/index.asp
56. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Virtual reality
– Combines computer graphics with special
hardware to immerse users in an artificial three-
dimensional world
Source: http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov
57. T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
References
• A Short History of Computing
– Tim Bergin, Computing History Museum American University,
http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/
• Computer History Museum
– http://www.computerhistory.org
• Computers
– Larry Long & Nancy Long, Twelfth Edition, Pearson Education,
Inc.
• http://archive.computerhistory.org/