The document provides information about the universe and solar system. It discusses:
- The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and consists of dark energy, dark matter, and normal matter.
- The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust around the sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Planetesimals collided and accreted to form the planets.
- The current model is that the sun and planets formed from a protoplanetary disk, with collisions forming the terrestrial planets close to the sun and condensation forming the gas giants further out.
The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe:
- The Steady State Theory proposed the universe has always and will always remain the same.
- The Oscillating Universe Theory proposed the universe exists in a cycle of big bangs and big crunches.
- The Eternal Inflation Theory proposes inflation never stops after the big bang.
- For the formation of the solar system, theories included the Nebular Hypothesis of a collapsing cloud forming the sun and planets, and the Condensation Theory of dust accumulating in the solar nebula.
Universe and the Solar System (Lesson 1).pptxJoenelRubino3
SHS Earth and Life Grade 11 Lesson 1. This lesson discusses the compos of the universe, the origin of the universe, different hypotheses of the origin of the universe
Historical Development of Theories on regards to the Origin of the Universe a...MarkNicholzSimporios
The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe and the solar system. The leading theory on the origin of the universe is the Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began as a singularity that expanded over billions of years. Alternative theories included the Steady State theory and the Pulsating Universe theory. Regarding the origin of the solar system, early theories included the Vortex theory and Nebular Hypothesis. Later, Laplace expanded on the Nebular Hypothesis in his Nebular Theory. Additional theories examined the chemical composition of meteorites and proposed models like the Solar Nebular Disk Model.
1) According to NASA scientist Jim Kasting, there could be dozens of habitable planets surrounding us that we cannot yet see.
2) Seven Earth-sized planets were recently discovered orbiting the star Trappist-1 that may be capable of sustaining liquid water and life.
3) Throughout history, various cultures made structures aligned with astronomical events like solstices, demonstrating early interest in the skies.
This document provides an overview of the origin and evolution of Earth. It discusses theories for how the solar system and Earth formed, including the nebular hypothesis, planetesimal hypothesis, and big bang theory. It describes how the Earth differentiated into a core, mantle, and crust over time. It also discusses the formation of the atmosphere, oceans, and early life on Earth. The document outlines the major events in Earth's history from its formation 4.5 billion years ago through the emergence of continents and life around 3.5 billion years ago.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
Galileo Galilei's observations of Venus, Jupiter, and the Moon provided strong evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo observed phases of Venus similar to Earth's Moon, proving that Venus orbits the Sun. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, showing that other celestial bodies can orbit something other than Earth.
The document provides information about the universe and solar system. It discusses:
- The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and consists of dark energy, dark matter, and normal matter.
- The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust around the sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Planetesimals collided and accreted to form the planets.
- The current model is that the sun and planets formed from a protoplanetary disk, with collisions forming the terrestrial planets close to the sun and condensation forming the gas giants further out.
The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe:
- The Steady State Theory proposed the universe has always and will always remain the same.
- The Oscillating Universe Theory proposed the universe exists in a cycle of big bangs and big crunches.
- The Eternal Inflation Theory proposes inflation never stops after the big bang.
- For the formation of the solar system, theories included the Nebular Hypothesis of a collapsing cloud forming the sun and planets, and the Condensation Theory of dust accumulating in the solar nebula.
Universe and the Solar System (Lesson 1).pptxJoenelRubino3
SHS Earth and Life Grade 11 Lesson 1. This lesson discusses the compos of the universe, the origin of the universe, different hypotheses of the origin of the universe
Historical Development of Theories on regards to the Origin of the Universe a...MarkNicholzSimporios
The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe and the solar system. The leading theory on the origin of the universe is the Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began as a singularity that expanded over billions of years. Alternative theories included the Steady State theory and the Pulsating Universe theory. Regarding the origin of the solar system, early theories included the Vortex theory and Nebular Hypothesis. Later, Laplace expanded on the Nebular Hypothesis in his Nebular Theory. Additional theories examined the chemical composition of meteorites and proposed models like the Solar Nebular Disk Model.
1) According to NASA scientist Jim Kasting, there could be dozens of habitable planets surrounding us that we cannot yet see.
2) Seven Earth-sized planets were recently discovered orbiting the star Trappist-1 that may be capable of sustaining liquid water and life.
3) Throughout history, various cultures made structures aligned with astronomical events like solstices, demonstrating early interest in the skies.
This document provides an overview of the origin and evolution of Earth. It discusses theories for how the solar system and Earth formed, including the nebular hypothesis, planetesimal hypothesis, and big bang theory. It describes how the Earth differentiated into a core, mantle, and crust over time. It also discusses the formation of the atmosphere, oceans, and early life on Earth. The document outlines the major events in Earth's history from its formation 4.5 billion years ago through the emergence of continents and life around 3.5 billion years ago.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
Galileo Galilei's observations of Venus, Jupiter, and the Moon provided strong evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo observed phases of Venus similar to Earth's Moon, proving that Venus orbits the Sun. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, showing that other celestial bodies can orbit something other than Earth.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
There are several hypotheses for how the Solar System formed. The nebular hypothesis proposes that the Solar System originated from a large cloud of gas and dust that collapsed due to gravity, forming a disk with the Sun at the center and planets forming in the disk. The protoplanet hypothesis, which is currently favored, incorporates aspects of the nebular hypothesis and proposes that planets formed from the accretion of protoplanets in the primordial disk. An earlier encounter hypothesis suggested that a passing star stripped material from the young Sun via tidal forces, forming the planets, but this did not provide enough angular momentum to explain the current Solar System configuration.
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
The document summarizes the origin of the universe and the solar system. It discusses the Big Bang theory and other theories such as inflation theory and M-theory. It also discusses early theories on the origin of the solar system such as Descartes' vortex theory and the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. Additionally, it provides details on properties of the current solar system, including classifications of planets and components such as asteroids and comets.
Gravity is the force that attracts all matter to each other. It causes planets, stars, and galaxies to form and influences the motion of objects in space. Isaac Newton first proposed that gravity depends on the masses of objects and the distance between them. Later, Einstein's theory of general relativity explained that gravity is caused by the curvature of spacetime due to the uneven distribution of mass. Tests have supported Einstein's theory, such as observations of gravitational lensing and gravitational waves. Gravity plays a key role in the formation and evolution of astronomical objects throughout the universe.
What are the basics behind the General Relativity?
General Relativity actually deals with gravitational interaction between objects. It thus deals with the rules that govern the giant universe and the galaxies within.
1. The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe and the solar system. It describes the leading theories for the formation of the universe as the Big Bang theory and inflationary theory, which propose that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and rapidly expanded.
2. For the origin of the solar system, the most widely accepted is the nebular hypothesis, which suggests that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust around 4.6 billion years ago that flattened into a disk and planets formed from accretion of planetesimals within the disk.
3. Alternative theories proposed include the encounter hypothesis of a close star passing and stripping material,
The document summarizes the creation and evolution of the universe according to modern cosmology. It describes how 13.7 to 15 billion years ago, all matter in the universe was compressed in a small point that began rotating and exploded, forming galaxies. It discusses the different types of galaxies and how the Milky Way galaxy formed. It then covers the formation of the solar system and different types of planets, asteroids, comets, and meteors. The document outlines early astronomy from Babylonians to Greeks and models from Ptolemy to Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and laws of planetary motion. It discusses Galileo's astronomical observations, Kepler's laws of elliptical orbits, and Newton's law of universal gravitation. Finally, it mentions Einstein
Big Bang Theory & Other Recent Sciences || 2014 - Dr. Mahbub Khaniqra tube
RECENT SCIENCES
Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Hole, Neutrino, God Particle, Higgs Field, Graviton, Expansion of Universe, and Search for Life elsewhere in the Cosmos
The Big Bang model postulates that the universe began as a hot dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has since expanded and cooled. It is supported by two theoretical pillars: general relativity, which describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime, and the cosmological principle that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. The model accounts for the cosmic microwave background radiation and expansion of the universe, but is incomplete as it does not explain structure formation or the universe's uniformity on the largest scales.
1. Ancient Greeks believed the Earth was at the center of the universe, but Copernicus proposed the sun was at the center instead.
2. Kepler modified Copernicus' model, proposing that planets move in ellipses rather than perfect circles. Galileo also made observations that supported Copernicus, such as phases of Venus and moons orbiting Jupiter.
3. When stars run out of hydrogen fuel, they evolve in different ways depending on their mass - less massive stars become white dwarfs, more massive stars explode as supernovae.
SCI. . 409 ALONZO, CRISTIAN D.Beyond the Universe- Other Universe and Motions...CRISTANALONZO
NASA scientists discovered possible evidence of a parallel universe from signals detected by a radio antenna in Antarctica. The signals were coming up from the ground rather than down from space, which could indicate they were traveling back in time from another universe parallel to our own. While some physicists believe parallel universes are possible based on theories like string theory and the multiverse, others are more skeptical without more direct evidence. The discovery has implications for understanding phenomena like the Big Bang that could allow for multiple universes existing simultaneously.
The document discusses the universe and the Big Bang theory. It provides information on:
1) The universe consists of space, time, matter, and energy. Some hypotheses suggest there may be more dimensions and other universes beyond what we can observe.
2) Hubble's law established that galaxies are moving away from Earth and the farther away they are, the faster they recede. This supported the idea that the universe began as a single point and has been expanding ever since.
3) The Big Bang theory proposes the universe expanded from an initial extremely dense and hot state approximately 13.8 billion years ago. It explains phenomena like the cosmic microwave background radiation and abundance of light elements.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day. It describes how the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding and cooling ever since. As it expanded, the first atomic nuclei formed via nuclear fusion. Over time, these atoms gathered together through gravity to form structures like galaxies, stars, and planets. The document also examines different astronomical objects like nebulae, quasars, and black holes that can be observed in the universe.
The document summarizes problems that emerged with the Big Bang theory starting in the 1970s-1980s. Observational evidence showed:
1) Galaxies rotated too fast based on visible matter, implying 90% of matter is "dark matter".
2) The cosmic microwave background was too uniform across distances light could not have traveled, the "horizon problem".
3) The universe appeared "flat" requiring impossibly precise conditions shortly after the Big Bang.
4) Distant quasars existed too early, inconsistent with the universe's evolution. This "crisis in cosmology" suggested the Big Bang theory needed replacing.
1. James Hutton established the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological forces shaping Earth today are the same as in the past. He is considered the founder of modern geology.
2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explained how species change over time in response to their environment.
3. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho".
4. Beno Gutenberg studied earthquakes and discovered that their waves can be used to investigate Earth's internal structure
Evolution of universe - Geochemistry & ThermodynamicsPramoda Raj
The document summarizes the evolution of the universe. It discusses the origin and formation of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. The universe began as a very hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago, which then expanded and cooled to form stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects. The document also describes the components that make up the universe such as galaxies, stars, and black holes. It discusses the chemical composition and forces that govern the motion of objects in the universe.
This document provides information about space, cosmology, the Big Bang theory, and the formation and significance of stars. It discusses what space is, the study of cosmology, evidence for the Big Bang, how stars are formed from nebulae and gravitational collapse, and how stars provide light, heat, energy and are essential for life on Earth.
The document discusses several scientific theories that explain the origin of the solar system. It begins by describing the nebular hypothesis proposed by Kant and Laplace, which suggests that the solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity. It then discusses the planetesimal and tidal theories which built upon this idea to explain how smaller bodies formed and were ejected from the sun. The protoplanet theory modified the nebular hypothesis to account for modern knowledge about independent formation of matter in nebulae.
The document discusses several scientific theories that explain the origin of the solar system. It begins by describing the nebular hypothesis proposed by Kant and Laplace, which suggests that the solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity. It then discusses the planetesimal and tidal theories which built upon this idea to explain how smaller planetesimals formed and were ejected from the sun. The protoplanet theory modified this view to incorporate modern knowledge about independent formation of matter in protoplanets within the rotating nebula.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
- Galileo Galilei was the first to use the telescope astronomically in 1609, observing sunspots on the Sun and features on the Moon like seas. His observations of Jupiter's moons provided evidence that bodies can orbit something other than Earth. His observations of Venus' phases provided evidence that Venus orbits the Sun.
- Kepler developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's astronomical measurements. His laws improved the Copernican model by showing planets orbit in ellipses rather than perfect circles.
There are several hypotheses for how the Solar System formed. The nebular hypothesis proposes that the Solar System originated from a large cloud of gas and dust that collapsed due to gravity, forming a disk with the Sun at the center and planets forming in the disk. The protoplanet hypothesis, which is currently favored, incorporates aspects of the nebular hypothesis and proposes that planets formed from the accretion of protoplanets in the primordial disk. An earlier encounter hypothesis suggested that a passing star stripped material from the young Sun via tidal forces, forming the planets, but this did not provide enough angular momentum to explain the current Solar System configuration.
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
The document summarizes the origin of the universe and the solar system. It discusses the Big Bang theory and other theories such as inflation theory and M-theory. It also discusses early theories on the origin of the solar system such as Descartes' vortex theory and the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. Additionally, it provides details on properties of the current solar system, including classifications of planets and components such as asteroids and comets.
Gravity is the force that attracts all matter to each other. It causes planets, stars, and galaxies to form and influences the motion of objects in space. Isaac Newton first proposed that gravity depends on the masses of objects and the distance between them. Later, Einstein's theory of general relativity explained that gravity is caused by the curvature of spacetime due to the uneven distribution of mass. Tests have supported Einstein's theory, such as observations of gravitational lensing and gravitational waves. Gravity plays a key role in the formation and evolution of astronomical objects throughout the universe.
What are the basics behind the General Relativity?
General Relativity actually deals with gravitational interaction between objects. It thus deals with the rules that govern the giant universe and the galaxies within.
1. The document discusses several theories on the origin of the universe and the solar system. It describes the leading theories for the formation of the universe as the Big Bang theory and inflationary theory, which propose that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and rapidly expanded.
2. For the origin of the solar system, the most widely accepted is the nebular hypothesis, which suggests that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust around 4.6 billion years ago that flattened into a disk and planets formed from accretion of planetesimals within the disk.
3. Alternative theories proposed include the encounter hypothesis of a close star passing and stripping material,
The document summarizes the creation and evolution of the universe according to modern cosmology. It describes how 13.7 to 15 billion years ago, all matter in the universe was compressed in a small point that began rotating and exploded, forming galaxies. It discusses the different types of galaxies and how the Milky Way galaxy formed. It then covers the formation of the solar system and different types of planets, asteroids, comets, and meteors. The document outlines early astronomy from Babylonians to Greeks and models from Ptolemy to Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and laws of planetary motion. It discusses Galileo's astronomical observations, Kepler's laws of elliptical orbits, and Newton's law of universal gravitation. Finally, it mentions Einstein
Big Bang Theory & Other Recent Sciences || 2014 - Dr. Mahbub Khaniqra tube
RECENT SCIENCES
Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Hole, Neutrino, God Particle, Higgs Field, Graviton, Expansion of Universe, and Search for Life elsewhere in the Cosmos
The Big Bang model postulates that the universe began as a hot dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has since expanded and cooled. It is supported by two theoretical pillars: general relativity, which describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime, and the cosmological principle that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. The model accounts for the cosmic microwave background radiation and expansion of the universe, but is incomplete as it does not explain structure formation or the universe's uniformity on the largest scales.
1. Ancient Greeks believed the Earth was at the center of the universe, but Copernicus proposed the sun was at the center instead.
2. Kepler modified Copernicus' model, proposing that planets move in ellipses rather than perfect circles. Galileo also made observations that supported Copernicus, such as phases of Venus and moons orbiting Jupiter.
3. When stars run out of hydrogen fuel, they evolve in different ways depending on their mass - less massive stars become white dwarfs, more massive stars explode as supernovae.
SCI. . 409 ALONZO, CRISTIAN D.Beyond the Universe- Other Universe and Motions...CRISTANALONZO
NASA scientists discovered possible evidence of a parallel universe from signals detected by a radio antenna in Antarctica. The signals were coming up from the ground rather than down from space, which could indicate they were traveling back in time from another universe parallel to our own. While some physicists believe parallel universes are possible based on theories like string theory and the multiverse, others are more skeptical without more direct evidence. The discovery has implications for understanding phenomena like the Big Bang that could allow for multiple universes existing simultaneously.
The document discusses the universe and the Big Bang theory. It provides information on:
1) The universe consists of space, time, matter, and energy. Some hypotheses suggest there may be more dimensions and other universes beyond what we can observe.
2) Hubble's law established that galaxies are moving away from Earth and the farther away they are, the faster they recede. This supported the idea that the universe began as a single point and has been expanding ever since.
3) The Big Bang theory proposes the universe expanded from an initial extremely dense and hot state approximately 13.8 billion years ago. It explains phenomena like the cosmic microwave background radiation and abundance of light elements.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day. It describes how the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding and cooling ever since. As it expanded, the first atomic nuclei formed via nuclear fusion. Over time, these atoms gathered together through gravity to form structures like galaxies, stars, and planets. The document also examines different astronomical objects like nebulae, quasars, and black holes that can be observed in the universe.
The document summarizes problems that emerged with the Big Bang theory starting in the 1970s-1980s. Observational evidence showed:
1) Galaxies rotated too fast based on visible matter, implying 90% of matter is "dark matter".
2) The cosmic microwave background was too uniform across distances light could not have traveled, the "horizon problem".
3) The universe appeared "flat" requiring impossibly precise conditions shortly after the Big Bang.
4) Distant quasars existed too early, inconsistent with the universe's evolution. This "crisis in cosmology" suggested the Big Bang theory needed replacing.
1. James Hutton established the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological forces shaping Earth today are the same as in the past. He is considered the founder of modern geology.
2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explained how species change over time in response to their environment.
3. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho".
4. Beno Gutenberg studied earthquakes and discovered that their waves can be used to investigate Earth's internal structure
Evolution of universe - Geochemistry & ThermodynamicsPramoda Raj
The document summarizes the evolution of the universe. It discusses the origin and formation of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. The universe began as a very hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago, which then expanded and cooled to form stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects. The document also describes the components that make up the universe such as galaxies, stars, and black holes. It discusses the chemical composition and forces that govern the motion of objects in the universe.
This document provides information about space, cosmology, the Big Bang theory, and the formation and significance of stars. It discusses what space is, the study of cosmology, evidence for the Big Bang, how stars are formed from nebulae and gravitational collapse, and how stars provide light, heat, energy and are essential for life on Earth.
The document discusses several scientific theories that explain the origin of the solar system. It begins by describing the nebular hypothesis proposed by Kant and Laplace, which suggests that the solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity. It then discusses the planetesimal and tidal theories which built upon this idea to explain how smaller bodies formed and were ejected from the sun. The protoplanet theory modified the nebular hypothesis to account for modern knowledge about independent formation of matter in nebulae.
The document discusses several scientific theories that explain the origin of the solar system. It begins by describing the nebular hypothesis proposed by Kant and Laplace, which suggests that the solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity. It then discusses the planetesimal and tidal theories which built upon this idea to explain how smaller planetesimals formed and were ejected from the sun. The protoplanet theory modified this view to incorporate modern knowledge about independent formation of matter in protoplanets within the rotating nebula.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
1. GEOGRAPHY
UNIT 1 – GEOMORPHOLOGY
LECTURE – 1
TOPICS
• GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
• THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF EARTH
• CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY by -TAYLOR
2. UNIT-I
Geomorphology
Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces. Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic
Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and Process of Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding,
faulting and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes,
landslides and avalanches).
3.
4.
5.
6. Theories of origin of the
earth
पृथ्वी की उत्पत्ति क
े बारे में वैज्ञानिक अवधारणाओं |
अद्वैतवादी संकल्पिा (Monistic Concept):
क ांट की व यव्य र शि पररकल्पन (Kant’s Gaseous Hypothesis)
ल प्ल स की ननह ररक पररकल्पन (Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace)
द्वैतवादी संकल्पिा (Dualistic Concept):
1. चैम्बरशलन व मोल्टन की ग्रह णु पररकल्पन (Planetsimal Hypothesis):
2. जेम्स जीन्स (1919 ई.) व जेफररज (1921 ई.) की ज्व रीय पररकल्पन (Tidal Hypothesis):
3. रसेल की द्वैत रक पररकल्पन (Binary Star Hypothesis):
4. ऑटो श्ममड की अांतरत रक धूल पररकल्पन (Inter-Steller Dust Theory):
5. फ्र
े ड होयल व शलटटलटन की अशिनव त र पररकल्पन :
7. Total of 8 theories of the origin of the universe.
1.Gaseous hypothesis of Kant
2.Nebular hypothesis of Laplace
3.Planetesimal hypothesis of Chamberlin
4.Jean and Jeffery’s tidal theory
5.Russel’s binary Star Hypothesis
6.Hoyle’s supernova hypothesis
7.Schmidt’s interstellar hypothesis
8.Big bang theory
8. 1. GASEOUS HYPOTHESIS OF KANT
Immanuel Kant, the Prussian philosopher, presented his gaseous hypothesis in his treatise entitled “The
General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens or the Essay on the Working and Mechanical
Origin of the Entire Universe on the Basis of Newtonian Laws" in 1755.
Obviously, Kant’s hypothesis was primarily based on Newton’s laws of gravitation and rotatory motion.
He assumed that primordial matter (conceived as supernaturally created) was scattered in the universe.
This matter consisted of small, hard and cold particles. These particles were attracted towards one
another under the influence of gravitational pull.
In due course of time they began to collide against one another. The friction between these particles
generated heat and the temperature of the primordial matter started rising. The collision also generated
random motion in the primordial matter and angular velocity was produced.
Thus, the original cold and motionless cloud of primordial matter became a vast hot nebula. It was so
vast that it extended from the sun in the centre to as far away as the orbit of the outer-most planet. The
rise in temperature changed the state of primordial matter from solid to gaseous.
9. The repeated collision of the particles increased random motion and angular velocity to such an extent
that the nebula started rotating at a terrific speed and large amount of centrifugal force1 2 was generated.
When centrifugal force became larger than the gravitation force (force towards the centre), a ring was
thrown away from the equator of the nebula. This process was repeated nine times and nine rings were
formed. The irregularity of the rings caused the development of cores (knots) which led to the formation of
corresponding planets.
Our earth is a planet formed from one of the nine rings which got separated from the nebula. By small
scale repetition of the same process, the gaseous mass of some of the planets throw away rings which
became their satellites.
The remaining part of the original gaseous mass is our present sun. Thus the entire solar system
comprising the sun, nine planets and their satellites came into being.
Kant was so confident about his hypothesis that he proclaimed, “Give me matter, and I will show you
how to make a world of it.”
10. i. कांट की वायव्य राशि पररकल्पिा (Kant’s Gaseous Hypothesis):
जममन द िमननक क ांट ने 1755 ई. में न्यूटन क
े गुरुत्व कर्मण क
े ननयमों पर आध ररत व यव्य र शि
पररकल्पन क प्रनतप दन ककय । इसक
े अनुस र एक तप्त एवां गनतिील ननह ररक (Nebula) से कई
गोल छल्ले अलग हुए, श्जनक
े िीतलन से सौरमांडल क
े ववशिन्न ग्रहों क ननम मण हुआ ।
पृथ्वी िी इन्हीां में से एक है । परांतु, इस शसद्ध ांत में क ांट ने गणणत क
े गलत ननयमों क अनुप्रयोग
ककय , क्योंकक यह कोणीय सांवेग क
े सांरक्षण क
े ननयम क अनुप लन नहीां करत है ।
11.
12.
13. Merits of Kant's Theory
1.First theory based on gravity and motion. Kant’s theory was the first theory which is based on
fundamental scientific facts such as Newton’s laws of gravity and motion.
2.Simple. Kant’s hypothesis appears to be simple and sounds more logical.
3.Trend setter. This theory provided ground for developing future ideas about the origin of the earth.
For example the Nebular theory of Laplace was immensely influenced by his theory and it paved way
for postulation of Laplace’s theory.
14. Demerits of Kant's Theory
Although this theory was held in high esteem for about half a century, it has been criticised on the
following ground :
1.Origin of primordial matter not explained. The basic assumption on which Kant based his
hypothesis was that there was primordial matter in the universe. He has not explained the source of
origin of the primordial matter.
2.Problem of Gravitational Pull. According to Kant’s view, the collision between the particles of the
primordial matter was due to gravitational pull. Scientists have asked whether this force did not exist
before the collision, and if it existed, what prevented it to act and collision to take place.
3.Generation of angular momentum not explained. Kant did not explain how angular momentum was
generated in the primordial matter after collision of its particles. According to Newton’s first law of motion
‘a body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless and until an external force is applied on it.’ Thus, it is
clear that some external force is required to generate angular momentum. Kant did not mention any
such force and could not explain it satisfactorily.
4.Against the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. Kant assumed that rotation was set up,
i.e., angular momentum was produced in the nebula by the collision of its particles. This is against the
well known law of conservation of angularmomentum. In the words of Otto Schmidt, ‘‘According to law of
conservation of angular momentum, the sum total of rotation in a closed system remains constant. The
rotation may be transferred from one body to another, but the sum neither increases nor decreases.”
15. 2. Nebular hypothesis of Laplace
Laplace (French Mathematician) propounded his theory in 1796. Laplace’s
nebular hypothesis was in some way similar to the Gaseous hypothesis of Kant
and appears like the modified version of Kant’s hypothesis.
Book entitled ‘Exposition of the World System’.
Nebula – It is a primordial (primitive) amorphous (without shape) mass of
cloud of gas and dust.
Assumptions
•He assumed that there was a huge and hot gaseous nebula in the space.
•From the very beginning huge and hot nebula was rotating on its axis.
•The nebula was continuously cooling due to loss of heat from its outer
surface through the process of radiation and thus it was continuously reduced
in size due to contraction on cooling.
16. ii. लाप्लास की निहाररका पररकल्पिा (Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace):
फ्र ांसीसी ववद्व न ल प्ल स ने 1796 ई. में क ांट क
े शसद्ध ांत को सांिोधधत करते हुए बत य कक एक ववि ल तप्त
ननह ररक से पहले एक ही छल्ल ब हर ननकल जो कई छल्लों में ववि श्जत हो गय तथ ये छल्ले अपने वपतृ
छल्ले क
े च रों ओर एक टदि में घूमने लगे ।
ब द में इन्हीां क
े िीतलन से ववशिन्न ग्रहों क ननम मण हुआ, श्जनमें पृथ्वी िी ि शमल है । इस पररकल्पन क
े
अनुस र सिी ग्रहों क
े उपग्रहों को अपने वपतृ ग्रह की टदि में घूमन च टहए । परन्तु, इस तथ्य क
े ववपरीत
िनन तथ बृहस्पनत क
े उपग्रह अपने वपतृ ग्रह क
े ववपरीत टदि में भ्रमण करते हैं
17. According to Laplace
•Since, Nebula was continuously reduced in size due to gradual loss of heat
from the outer surface of the nebula through radiation.
•Thus, Reduction in the size and volume of the nebula increased the circular
velocity (rotatory motion) of the nebula.
•Due to the increase in velocity, nebula started spinning at very fast speed
and consequently the centrifugal force becomes so great that it exceeded the
centripetal force.
•Consequently, the Outer surface was condensed due to excessive cooling and
so it could not rotate with the still cooling and contracting the
central nucleus of the nebula.
•And, Thus the outer ring was separated from the remaining part of the
nebula.
•And this separated ring started moving around the nebula.
•Laplace further maintained that the original ring was divided into nine
rings and each ring moved away from the outer ring.
•Thus, nine planets were formed from the nine rings and the remaining central
nucleus of the nebula become the Sun.
18.
19. Evaluations
•He did not describe the source of the origin of the nebula.
•He did not explain that, why did only 9 rings come out from irregular
ring detached from the nebula?
•If the sun is the remaining nucleus of the nebula as claimed Laplace, it
should have a small bulge around its middle part which would point out the
probable separation of the irregular ring from the sun but there is no
such bulge in the middle part of the sun.
•According to the nebular hypothesis all satellites should revolve in the
direction of father planets but few satellites of Saturn and Jupiter
revolve in the opposite direction of their father planets.
•The nebular hypothesis is unable to explain the peculiar distribution of
present-day angular momentum in our solar system.
Outcome: The merit of the theory lies in the fact that it is the most
acceptable explanation in explaining the layered structure of the earth’s
interior.
20. 3. The planetesimal hypothesis of Chamberlin (1905)
The planetesimal hypothesis of Chamberlin belongs to the dualistic concepts
of the origin of the Earth.
According to Chamberlin initially there were two heavenly bodies (stars) in
the universe –
1.Proto-Sun
2.and its Companion Star or Intruding star
The behavior and properties of proto-sun were not like other stars, It was
formed of very small particles which were cold and solid.
Theory: When the intruding star came very close to the the Proto-Sun
infinite number of small particles were detached from the outer surface of
proto-sun due to massive gravitational pull exerted by the giant intruding
star. This matter which is dust, gases, rock fragments eventually accrete
forming planets & other celestial bodies that revolve around the proto sun.
21. Planetesimal hypothesis not only explains the origin of the earth but
also throws light on the structure of the earth, the origin of its
atmosphere and continents and ocean basins.
22. 4. Jean and Jeffery’s tidal theory
This theory is somewhat similar to Chamberlin’s theory that an intruding
star ejects matter from the proto sun. Chamberlin, in his theory, had
assumed the proto sun to be initially as a cold body whereas the Tidal
theory assumes the proto sun to be hot and incandescent.
According to Tidal theory, the matter ejected are not randomly thrown dust,
gases, planetesimal.
The ejected matter was in the shape of a cigar and was called Filament from
which the planets & other celestial bodies accrete.
This theory is the best interpretation in explaining the sizes of the
planets as they have arranged themselves away from the sun.
23. 5. Russel’s binary Star Hypothesis
There is a binary star system (two stars coupled together and rotating
around a fixed center of mass).
The intruding star comes close to the binary stars & eject matter from one
of the stars. (It doesn’t explain what happened to the intruding star and
the remainant of the star from which matter got ejected.)
The ejected matter circulates into planets and revolves around the proto
sun.
This theory is convenient to explain why the composition of planets is
different from the sun.
24.
25. 6. Hoyle’s supernova hypothesis
According to Hoyle initially there were two stars in the universe –
(1.)Primitive Sun and
(2.) Companion star
The companion star was giant and later on became supernova due to nuclear
reaction.
Over time, all of the hydrogen nuclei of companion star were consumed in the
process of nuclear reaction and it collapsed and violently exploded.
The Violent explosion of companion star resulted in the spread of enormous
mass of dust which started revolving around the primitive sun in the form of
a circular disc
The matter of this disc became building material for the formation of the
future of planets.
Thus, the planets of our solar system were formed due to condensation of the
matter of the disc.
26.
27. 7. Schmidt’s interstellar hypothesis
According to this theory, the initial universe comprised of stars &
randomly distributed matter filling up the space in between.
According to Schimidt, this dark matter, started to revolve around the
primitive rotating sun and gradually the dark matter stars accreting &
condensing & thus forming the solar system.
Though Schimidt did not explain the mode of origin of these dark matters.
These dark matters were called ‘inter-stellar dusts’ by Schimidt.
This theory may be considered as explaining the processes that preceded the
Nebular accretionary process of Laplace & Kant.
28.
29. 8. BIG BANG THEORY
Big Bang theory’s idea was first given by George LeMaitre in the 1920s & was
gradually contributed by many scientists. But an important role was played by
Gamenov (1970’s).
According to this theory, Everything in the universe has emerged from a point
known as the singularity, 15 billion years ago.
The galaxies moved apart from one another as the empty space between them
expanded.
Theory:
The universe expanded from a very high density & high-temperature state.
There was a major cosmic explosion 13-15 bn yrs ago from which all the matter
of the universe was thrown out which eventually accreted to form stars, solar
system and celestial bodies.
Evidence in support:
1. Red Shift: As an object (light) moves away from us, its wavelength increases
& shift to the Red end of the spectrum (Called Red Shift).
2.CBMR: Electromagnetic Radiation which was present shortly after the big bang,
is now observed as background microwave radiation.
30.
31. Continental Drift Theory of Taylor
In this article we will discuss about the continental drift theory of Taylor.
F.B, Taylor postulated his concept of ‘horizontal displacement of the continents’ in the year of
1908 but it could be published only in the year 1910. The main purpose of his hypothesis was to explain
the problems of the origin of the folded mountains of tertiary period.
Infact, F.B. Taylor wanted to solve the peculiar problem of the distributional pattern of tertiary folded
mountains.
32.
33. The north-south arrangement of the Rockies and the Andes of the western margins of the North and
South Americas and west – east extent of the Apline mountains (Alps, Caucasus, Himalayas etc.) posed a
serious problem before Taylor which needed careful explanation. He could not find any help from the
‘contraction theory’ to explain the peculiar distribution of tertiary folded mountains and hence he
propounded his ‘drift or displacement theory’.
Taylor started from cretaceous period. According to him there were two land masses during creta-
ceous period. Lauratia and Gondwanaland were located near the north and south poles respectively.
He further assumed that the continents were made of sial which was practically absent in the oceanic
crust. According to Taylor continents moved towards the equator. The main driving force of the
continental drift was tidal force.
According to Taylor, continents were displaced in two ways e.g.:
(i) Equator ward movement, and
(ii) Westward movement but the driving force responsible for both types of movement was tidal force
of the moon.
34.
35. Lauratia started moving away from the North Pole because of enormous tidal force of the moon
towards the equator in a radial manner. This movement of land mass resulted into tensional force near
the North Pole which caused stretching, splitting and rupture in the landmass. Consequently, Baffin
Bay, Labrador Sea and Davis Strait were formed.
Similarly, the displacement of the Gondwanaland from the South Pole towards the equator caused
splitting and disruption and hence the Gondwanaland was split into several parts. Consequently, Great
Australian Bight and Ross Sea were formed around Antarctic Continent.
Arctic sea was formed between Greenland and Siberia due to equator ward movement of Lauratia.
Atlantic and Indian oceans were supposed to have been formed because of filling of gaps between the
drifting continents with water. Taylor assumed that the landmasses began to move in lobe form while
drifting through the zones of lesser resistance. Thus, mountains and island arcs were formed in the
frontal part of the moving lobes.
The Himalayas, Caucasus and Alps are considered to have been formed during equator ward
movement of the Lauratia and Gondwanaland from the north and south poles respectively while the
Rockies and Andes were formed due to westward movement of the land- masses.
36. Evaluation:
Since F.B. Taylor’s main aim was to explain the origin of the tertiary folded mountains and hence he made
the continents to move at a very large scale.
In fact, some sort of horizontal movement of the land masses was essential for the origin of mountains but
the displacement of land masses up to 32-64 km would have been sufficient enough for the purpose.
Contrary to this Taylor has described the displacement of the landmasses for thousands of kilometres.
Secondly, the mode of drift as suggested by Taylor has also been erroneous.
If the tidal force of the moon was so enormous during cretaceous period that it could displace the
landmasses for thousands of kilometers apart then it might have also put a break on the rotatory motion of
the earth and thus the rotation of the earth might have stopped within a year.
According to A. Holmes neither tidal force nor any external force can drift the continents apart and can
help in the formation of mountains. The responsible force must come from within the earth.
37. Though the concept of F.B. Taylor is not acceptable but his hypothesis is considered to be
significant on the ground that Taylor raised his voice very forcefully through deductive
postulation against the prevalent concept of the permanency of the continents and ocean basins
and forcefully objected to the ‘contraction theory’ and showed a new direction to solve the prob-
lem of the origin of the continents and ocean basins. A. Holmes has rightly remarked, ‘but Taylor
must be given credit for making an independent and slightly an earlier start in this precarious
field.’