2. TILE
2
A Tile is a piece of hard wearing material that could
generally used for covering, protection and
decorating finished or unfinished surfaces.
Types:-
Marbles slabs, Tile, Granite tiles
Terrazzo tiles
Pressed clay / Roofing tiles
Glazed/ Ceramic/ Vitrified tiles
3. LAB TEST ON MARBLE SLABS, TILE,
GRANITE
3
Water Absorption & Specific gravity
Flexural Strength
Compressive strength
Abrasion Resistance
4. Water Absorption & Specific gravity
4
Testing material- GRANITE
IS code- IS1124:1974 (RA 2017)
5. SAMPLING(clause 2):
5
Samples are taken from quarried stones and natural rock
STONES FROM LEDGE OR QUARRY FACE: Inspected to
determine any variation in different strata, difference in color and
structure shall be observed. separate samples of stone weighting at
least 25kg each of unwear specimens of vary strata are taken.
FIELD STONE AND BOULDERS:A detail inspection shall be made
deposits of field stone and boulders over the area where supply is
obtained. Different kind of stones and their condition are noted.
Pieces that have been damaged by blasting shall not be included in
the sample.
Perceptive variation occur in quality of rocks , the purchaser shall
select as many sample are necessary for determining the range of
properties.
6. Apparatus, Calibration detail and Least
count
6
Description Least count
Oven
Glass vessel 1ml(clause 4) &1.5Litre capacity
Glass jar1000ml and 100ml 1ml(clause 4)
Cloth
Weigh balance 1g(clause 4) & 3kg capacity
20mm and 10mm sieve
7. Test Procedure
7
Test pieces are crushed or broken and the material passing 20mm IS
sieve and retaining on 10mm IS sieve.
Test piece weighing one kg shall be washed to remove dust particles
and immersed in distilled water in glass vessel at room temperature
20±30ᵒC for 24 hours and it should be dried properly by wiping them
by two separate dry cloth and its weighed .(B)
Sample then introduced in 1000ml capacity measuring cylinder and
distilled water shall be poured by means of 100ml capacity measuring
cylinder until it reach 1000ml. Quantity of water added is recorded. (C)
Sample is dried for 24 hours in an oven at 100 to 110ᵒC and cooled to
room temperature and weighed. (A)
15. CALCULATIONS & RESULT
15
Specific gravity = A/1000-C
Water absorption = (B-A/A)*100
A= weight of oven dry test piece in g
B=weight of Saturated surface-dry test piece in g.
C= quantity of water added in 1000ml jar in ml.
RESULT:- Water absorption of granite is 0.401%
Specific gravity of granite is 2.487
17. Apparatus, Calibration detail and
Least count
17
Description Least count
Oven 1ᵒC
Scale 1mm
Vernier Caliper 0.02mm
Weigh balance 1g(clause 4) & 3kg capacity
Transverse strength testing machine
18. Test Procedure
18
3 test pieces are taken from that 6 tiles test pieces of size (20*5*5) cm and are
kept in water at 20 to 30ᵒC for 72hrs, & another 3 tiles kept in oven at
105±5ᵒC for 24hrs & cooled in desiccator to room temperature. (tiles are tested
in both saturated and dry conditions)
The length of all bearers shall exceed the maximum width of the specimen to
be tested.
Then specimen shall be placed horizontally on 2 parallel steel supports, with
wearing surface upwards and its sides parallel to the supports.
The diameter of the steel supports is 40mm, & distance between them is
150mm.
The load applied gradually and at a uniform rate not exceeding 200kg/min,
until the tile breaks.
The load ‘P’ which caused the breaking of the tile shall be recorded by weigh
the lead balls.
The thickness ‘t’ shall be measured at the mid section of the specimen.
20. CALCULATIONS
20
Transverse Strength, = 3WL/2BT2
W = Central breaking load in kg,
L = Length of the span in cm,
B = Average width in cm,
T = Average depth in cm
23. Test Procedure
23
3 test pieces are taken from that 6 tiles test pieces of particular
size of not less than 50mm & are kept in water at 20 to 30ᵒC for
72hrs, & another 3 tiles kept in oven at 105±5ᵒC for 24hrs &
cooled in desiccator to room temperature. (tiles are tested in both
saturated and dry conditions)
The load applied gradually and at a uniform rate not exceeding
140kg/cm2 of the area per minute, until the tile breaks.
The maximum load applied to the test piece shall be recorded and
the appearance of the stone and any unusual features in the type
of failure shall be noted.
The average of the 3 results in each condition separately shall be
noted down.
31. Test Procedure
31
Not less than 2 test specimens shall be used for conducting the test
6 samples are taken for test of size 7.06cm*7.06cm. & kept in a oven for
24hrs and then weighed.
Measure the thickness at five points with its wearing surface upper most
Fix the specimen in the holding devise of cap loading to the center of
specimen with 30kg.
The grinding path of machine shall be evenly strewn with 20g abrasive
powder
Set 22 revolution
After 22 revolution the disk shall stop and clean the remaining abrasion
powder
Take 20g fresh abrasion powder & the procedure repeated for 110 revolution.
After 110 revolution turn the specimen 90ᵒ & test continued for another 110
revolution
After 220 revolution the specimen reweighed
Then it shall be placed in thickness measuring meter once again in same
manner.
35. CALCULATIONS
35
t = 10 *(W1-W2)V1/ (W1*A)
t = average loss in thickness in mm,
W1= Initial weight of the specimen in g,
W2= Final weight of the abraded specimen in g,
V1= Initial volume of the specimen in cm3
A= Surface area in cm2 of the specimen
