Soil Engineering Experiments

002
WELCOME
to the
New World
of
Soil Engineering

003
Presenting by :-
• Rajesh Pandey
• Krishna Kumar
• MD Ibrahim
• MD Irshad Ansari

005
Contents
1. Comparison B/W two soil.
On the basis of their different experiment.
*Grain size distribution by sieve analysis.
*Determination of moisture content of given soil sample by oven dry metal.
*Bulk unit weight & dry unit weight by core cutter method.
*Bulk unit weight & dry unit weight by sand replacement method.
*Liquid limit and plastic limit.
*Specific gravity of soil by pycnometer.

006
Experiment No.1
Grain size distribution by sieve analysis
• Aim of Experiment :-
Determination of grain size distribution of given soil
sample by silve analysis.
• Apparatus required :-
Set of sieves 100mm, 63mm, 20mm, 10mm1st and 75mm.
2nd set of sleves 200, 1.8mm, 600u, 425u, 300u, 150u and
75u balances of 0.19 sensitivity, then mostatically oven,
mechanical sieve shaken, tray, bursh etc.
• Theory :-
Soil having particles larger than 75m size and termed as coarle as
ground soils grained soil may have boulcher gravel and sand. The grain
size analysis is widely used in classification of soil. The curves is used in
the desing of fitters for earth clams and to determine suitability of soil
for construction air filed etc. information obtained from gain size
analysis can be used to predict soil water movement although
permeability tests are more generally use.

07
• Procedure :-
1) Take representative sample of soil received from the field and dry it in oven.
2) Take 1000g of dried soil sample (required quantities of soil according to IS 2720 -1985).
3) Sieve the dried material through 4.75mm IS -Sieve to separate gravel fraction and and
fraction.
4) Sieve the dried material retained on 4.75m sieve through the following set of sieve 100mm,
63mm, 20mm, 10mm and 4.75mm and rewrd the mass materials each sieves.
5) Further sieve the dried materials passing through 4.75mm sieve through the following sieve
2mm, 1.18mm 600u, 425u, 300u, 150u and 75u each size.
6) Calculate the % retained calculation % retained and % finer.

08
• Sample No. 01 :-
Observation and calculation table
mass of dry soil.
SL. No. IS Sieve
Particle Size
(mm)
Mass
required
(g)
%
retained
Cumulative %
retained
Cumulative %
finer.
1 100mm 100mm 0 0 0 0
2 63mm 63mm 0 0 0 0
3 20mm 20mm 120 12 12 88
4 10mm 10mm 168 16.8 28.8 71.2
5 4.75mm 4.75mm 293 29.3 58.8 41.2
6 2mm 2mm 150 15 73.1 26.9
7 1.18mm 1.18mm 101 10.1 83.1 16.8
8 600µ 0.6mm 83 8.3 91.5 8.5
9 425µ 0.425mm 4 0.4 91.9 8.1
10 300µ 0.3mm 23 2.3 94.2 5.8
11 150µ 0.15mm 27 2.7 96.9 3.11
12 75µ 0.075mm 14 1.4 98.3 1.7

009
 Graph ::
Draw graph between log sieve...............finer the graph is know as grading curve
corresponding to 10%, 30% and 60% finer obtain diameters form graph are
designated as D10, D30 and D60.
Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) is give by :-
D10 = 0.7D30 = 2.5 D60 = 8.0
Coefficient Curvature (Cc) is give by :-
Cu = D60/ D10 = 8/0.7 = 11.42
Cc = (D30)^2 / D60 * D10 = 2.5^2 / 0.7 * 8 = 1.12
Were,
D60 = Particle size at 60% finer.

0011
•Result :-
1) Uniformity coefficient (Cu) = 11.52.
2) Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) = 1.12
3) The given soil is well graded soil.
• Precaution :-
1) During shaking the lid on the topmost sieve should be kept tight to
prevent escape of soils.
2) While drying the soil the temperature of the oven should not ne than
1050 to 1100 c because higher temperature may cause some permanent
change in the 75u fraction.
3) A minimum of 10 minute sieving should be used.
4) The soil fraction retained on each should be carefully collected in
contained.

0012
Experiment No.2
Oven Drying Method
Determination of moisture content of given soil
sample by oven drying method.
1) Non-corrodible Air Tight Container.
2) Electric oven maintain temperature between
1050 to 1100C.
3) Desicotor
4) Balance of sufficient.
• Theory :-
The natural water content also called Natural Moisture content is ration
of weight of water to the weight of solid in given mass of soil. This ration is
usually expressed as percentage.
In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of soil is to be
determination the knowledge of moisture content is elective in soil
mechanics. To sight a few natural moisture content is used determining
the Natural Moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in field.

013
• Procedure :-
The natural water content also called Natural Moisture content is ration
of weight of water to the weight of solid in given mass of soil. This ration
is usually expressed as percentage.
In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of soil is to be
determination the knowledge of moisture content is elective in soil
mechanics.
To sight a few natural moisture content is used cletermming the Natural
Moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in field.

014
• Sample :-
Determination No. I II
Contain No. 1 17
Weight of container W1 (g) 12 11
Weight of Container + Weight of Soil W2 (g)
39 31
Weight of container + dry soil W3 (g) 32 29
Weight of Moisture (W2-W3) (g)
7 2
Weight of Dry Soil (W3-W1) (g)
20 18
W2-W3
Moisture contain (%) =-x 100
v ’ W3-W1
35% 11.11
Average Moisture Contain = I + II / 2
= 35 + 11.11 / 2
= 23.05

0015
• Precaution :-
1) Contained should be cleaned before experiment.
2) While drying the soil (temp. of the soil) slowly be not
more than 105° - 110° c.

0016
Experiment No.3
Core-Cutter Method
Determination of Bulk unit weight and dry unit weight of soil in field by core
cutter method.
1) Cylindrical container 100 mm internal diameter and 130mm long.
2) Steel rammer mass 9 kg overall length with the and staff about 900mm.
3) Steel cloily 25mm height and 100mm internal diameter.
4) Weight balance always 1g.
5) Paleblet knife.
6) Strainght edge steel rule etf.
7) Moisture content determination apparatus.
• Theory :-
Bulk unit weight of soil is a measure of the amount of solid particles plus water per
unit volume present the soil.
Dry unit weight of soil is defined as the dry. The in-situ density of natural soil is
needed for the determination of bearing capacity of soil
for the purpose of stability analysis of slopel for the underlying strate where is
required in the cases like embantment and pavement Construction.

017
• Procedure :-
1) Determine the internal diameter an weight of the core lutter.
2) Determine the mass (M1) of the core cutter.
3) Place dolley over the core cutter an press the core of the soil.
4) Expose a small area of the soil mass to be tested level the
surface about 30m.
5) Remove the soil surrounding the core cutter and taken same
soil other the projection from the lower end of the cutter.
6) Remove the Dolley - Trim the top and bottom surface of the
core cutter carefully used straight edge.
7) Weight the core cutter wise the soil 1m.
8) Remove the core cutter of the soil from the cutter sample fresh
water content determines.

018
• Sample :- Height of core cutter 13 cm internal diameter
•
Sample I II
Volume of the core cutter (V) cm2
1020.5 1020.5
Mass of empty core cutter (m)
920 960
Mass of core cutter + weight of soil (kg) 2840 2660
Mass of Wet soil m = (m2-m1) g
1420 1700
Bulk content
1.88 1.66
Moisture Content
23.25 41.44

019
• Determination of moisture content :
Sample I II
Determination 12 17
Container No 55 48
Weight of container W1g 45 35
Weight of Container W2g 10 13
Weight of container + Weight of W1 43 31
Weight of moisture (W2-W3)g
23.25 41.44
Average bulk density = 1.882 + 1.666 / 2 = 1.774
Average dry density = 1.52 + 1.666 / 2 = 1.593

0020
•Result :-
a) Bulk density of soil in field 1.724
b) Dry density of soil in field 1.34
c) Bulk unit of soil in field 17.36
d) Dry unit weight of soil in field 13.14
• Precaution :-
1) Stal Dolly should be placed on the top of the cutter before remains it
clown into the ground.
2) Core cutter should not be used for boulders or any hard ground.
3) Before removing the cutter soil should be removed around the cutter
to minimize the disturbance.
4) While lifting the under no soil should drop down.

0021
Experiment No.4
Sand Replacement Method
To determine the Bulk unit weight and Dry unit weight of soil in field by sand
replacement method.
• Object And Scope :-
1) The object of the test is to determine the dry density of natural (or)
compact soil in place by the sand replacement method.
•Object And Scope :-
1) Sand pouring cylinder of about 3 liter capacity mounted above a pouring
core and separated by a shutter cover plate and a shutter.
2) Cylindrical calibrating container 10cm internal diameter and 15cm
internal depth fitted with approximately 5cm wide and about 5mm thick.
3) Glass plate about 45 squre cm and 1 cm thick.
4) Metal tray with a central circular role of diameter equal to the excoriate
hole.
5) Tools for excoriate hole.
6) Balance for water content determined.
7) Clean, closely gruded sand passing the 600 misron. Its sieve and
reterval on the 300 misron and sieve.

022
• Procedure :-
A. Determination of mass sand fillers the cone
1) Fill the clean closely graded sand in the sand pouring up to a
height 1cm below the top Determine the total internal mass of the
cylinder plus sand (m1) this total initial mass should be mounted
throughout the for which the
2) Allow the sand of volume equivalent to that of the excavated
hole is the soil equal to of the excavated hole in the soil. The shutter
by
opening the shutter close the shutter and plate.
3) Open the cylinder on the glass plate sand to run out. Close the
value when no the sand filling the pouring cone. Filling the step at
least 3 times twice the mean mun (m2) put the sand he cylinder to
the same.

023
B) Determination of Bulk density of Sand :-
4) Determine the volume(v) of the container by falling it with
water full to the brim and finding the measured internal
dimensions of the container.
5) Place the sand pouring cylinder un-vertically on the top of the
container after filled to constant mass (m1) open the shutter and
the cylinder and feivel its mass (m3) to gram.
6) Repeat step at least thrice and find the mean (m3) put the sand
into the sand pouring cylinder.
C) Determination of Dry density of place :-
7) Expose 45cm square area of the soil to be tested trim it down to
level surface keep the tray on the level square and hole of
approximately 10m diameter and 15 cm c the
8) Remove the tray and place the sand poorly the the
cylinder and determine in

024
• Sample :
•
Volume of Calibraty 1150CM 1049.53
Weight of cylinder + sand (before pouring)
W1
6740 7040
Weight of cylinder + Sand (after pouring) W2
4800 5100
Minimum weight of Sand inland on glass.
400 368
Weight of Sand filled in callutraty containder
(M1-M2 mc)
15.40 15.72
Bulk density of Sand
1.49 1.43

025
• Sample :-
•
Weight of walles soil from hole soil 1700 1800
Weight of cylinder + sand (before pouring) m1
6740 7040
Weight of cylinder + Sand (after pouring) m4
5400 4840
Weight of sand in hole m1m1-m3-m4 940 1832
Volume of hole V hole = 1m3
P Sand
1214.28 1259
Buik density of Soil B Soil =
V Hole
1.40 1.43
Moisture Content W % 11.11% 15.387
Dry Density of Soil 1.26 1.24

026
• Sample :-
•
I II
Determination No. 18 13
Container No. - -
Weight of Container (W1)
139 139
Weight of Container + Wet Soil (W2)
339 289
Weight of Container + Dry Soil (W3).
319 269
Weight of Moisture (W2-W3)
29 29
Weight of Container Soil = (W3-W1)
189 139

0027
• Result :-
A. Bulk density of soil in field = 1.415 g/cm2
B. Dry density of soil in field = 0.0449 g/cm3.
C. Bulk weight of soil in field = 13.88 kn/m3.
D. Dry unit weight of soil in field = 0.404 kn/1m2
• Precaution :-
1) The executed hole must be
equal to the volume of the.
2) While weight the exawated
soilno soil should drop down.

0028
Experiment No.5
Liquid limit & Plastic limit of given soil sample
Determination of liquid limit & plastic limit of given soil sample.
•Appartus Requirement :-
1) Cosagrande, sliquid limit device and qrouving tool.
2) Spatula
3) Balance
4) Glass plate.
5) Hot air oven
6) Moisture containers theory.
Liquid Limit (LL or WL) :: In define as the arbitrary of water content of
which the soil is just about to pass from the plastic state into the liquid state.
At this limit the soil possesses a small volume of shear strength losing its
ability of flow as limit in other the liquid limit, is the minimum moisture
content at which the soil tends to flow as liquid.
Plastic Limit (PL or WP) :: In the water content where soil starts to exhibit
plastic behaviour. A theory of soil is at plastic limit when it is rolled a diameter
of 3mm or be gives cramble to improve consistency 3mm dia often used to the
thickness of the thread when conducting the test.

029
• Procedure :-
 Determination of liquid limit.
1) About 120gm of air, dried soil from through mix34ed portion of material passing
425 micro 1s sieve it be to obtained.
2) Distilled water is mixed to the soil consitery that would require 30 to 35 drops of
cup couse closer standard grove for sufficient length.
3) A portion of the paste is plaled the the cup cusagrade apparatus and spread into
protion storles of spataler.
4) Train to a depth of 1 cm at the point of mar™ thickness of return and thedish.
5) The soil in the cup shall be divided by firm stokel of the grooving proper
dimension of formed.
6) Lift and drop the cup by turning at the rate of two revolutions pes
sewnel length of about 1 com by flow only.
7) The number of bloks required to the groove closer for about 1 cm shall be
re
8) A representative portion of soil taken from cup for water.
9) Repeat the test with different moisture contents at least throe more times for blow
between 10 and
10) Prow a grop showing the relationship between water content and
humber of blow on

030
• Procedure :-
 Determination of plastic limit
1) To take about 20ym of thoroughly mixed portion of the
materials passing through 425
is micro obtain in accordance with
2) Mix it thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating be
with figures.
3) Allow it to for sufficient water to permeture through the soil
mass.
4) Take about 10gm of the plastic soil mass and roll it between
figure avel glow.
5) Continuous the process to a uniform dia 3 mm.
6) Kneed the soil together to uniform
7) Collect the process until thread the dia 3mm.
8) Collect the pieces the crumbled thread in or in air tight
moisture content determination.
9) Repeat the felt to atleast 3 times over take the arrange result
calculated to the newest to whole number.

031
•
Determination No. I II III IV
Number of Blows 10 40 34 17
Container No. 4 7 8 3
Weight of container W1g 12 11 12 12
Weight of Container +
Wet Soil W2
34 35 36 44
Weight of Container +
Dry Soil W3
23 32 32 39
Weight of Moisture (W2-
W3)g
6 3 4 5
Weight of dry soil (W3-
W1)g
16 21 20 27
Moisture content in % =
(w2-w3)/(w3-w1) * 100%
37.5 14.28 20.0 18.51
Moisture content losses ponchines to 25 blow s = 24.4 from graph.

032
Determination No. I II
Container no. 15 13
Weight of container W1 12 13
Weight of 16 18
Weight of Container + Wet Soil W2 15.5 17.5
Weight of Container + Dry Soil W3 0.5 0.5
Weight of Moisture (W2-W3)g 3 3
Weight of dry soil (W3-W1)g 0.5/3*100=16.66 16.66
Weight of Container + Wet Soil W2 16.66
Moisture content in = (W2-W3) X 100
(W3-W1)
Average moisture content
_ (i+ii)
(2)

0034
Experiment No.6
Specific gravity of soil by pycnometer
Determination of the specific gravity of soil by Pychometer.
•Apparatus Requirement :-
1) Pychometer of about 1 liter capacity.
2) Weighing balance with an accuracy of 1g.
3) Glass rod and tray.
4) Vacuum pump.
5) Oven.
Appartus Requirement :-
1.Specific gravity is defined as the ratio below which weight of a given volume
of materials and weight of an equal volume of water.
2.The Pychometer is used for determination of specific gravity and grained
soils.
3.The determination of specific gravity of soil will help in the calculation of
void ration, degree of saturation and other different soil properties.

035
• Procedure :-
1) Clean and dry Pycnometer find its mass with cap
2) Plate about 200 gm of oven of dried soil passing theough 4.75 mm it
selves.
3) Determine mass of Pycnometer with dry soil as W2.
4) Add sufficient amount of de aired water to the soil in the
Pycnometer thoroughly mix it determine mass of Pycnometer with
soil and water as W3.
5) Empty the Pycnometer with soil and soil it from outside.
6) Fill the Pycnometer with distilled water and find it mass as W4.
7) Now calculate the specific gravity of soil using given formula.

036
Determination Trial - 1 Trial – 2
Weight of Empty Pycnometer with cap W1
668 666
Weight of Pycnometer + dry soil W2 868 866
Weight of Pycnometer + Dry + Water W3 1651 1660
Weight of Pycnometer + Full water W4. 1585 1556

037
• Procedure :-
Calculation :-
The Specific gravity of soil is determined Using the relation,
G = (W2-W1)/(W2-W1) – (W3-W4)
G = 3.70
By Using the above calculation,
Average specific gravity of law = I + II / 2
= 3.70 + 2.08 / 2
= 2.89

038
• Precautions :-
1) The Soil sample to be tested for specific gravity completely free
from lumps. If present they have to be broken down original from.
2)Two main reasons for error in the calculation weighing in accuracy
and the presence of entrapped air.
3)The soil sample taken for testing have to be completely over dried.

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