This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the various running events that take place on the track, including short, middle and long distance races, as well as relays and hurdles. It also outlines the road events of marathon and racewalking. For field events, it details the jumping events of high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault, as well as the throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin and shot put. Finally, it introduces the multi-event competitions of heptathlon and decathlon which combine various track and field disciplines over two days.
1 athletics track events, field events & road events (1)school
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics. It describes the various running events that take place on the track, including short, middle and long distance races as well as hurdles and relays. It also outlines the road events of marathon and racewalking. For field events, it details the jumping events of high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault as well as the throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin and shot put. Finally, it introduces the mixed multi-event competitions of heptathlon for women and decathlon for men.
1 athletics track events, field events & road events (2)school
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics. It describes the various running events that take place on the track, including short, middle and long distance races, as well as relays and hurdles. It also outlines the road events of marathon and racewalking. For field events, it details the jumping events of high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault, as well as the throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin and shot put. Finally, it introduces the mixed multi-event competitions of heptathlon for women and decathlon for men.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events including short, middle and long distance races as well as hurdles and relays. It also outlines the field events of jumping, throwing and combined multi-event competitions. Details are given on techniques, equipment and rules for events like sprints, long jump, javelin and the decathlon. The document serves as a reference for the various disciplines in the sport of athletics.
The document provides an overview of various track and field athletic events. It describes the different categories of running events including short, middle and long distance races. It also outlines field events such as jumping, throwing and hurdles. Specific events discussed include the 100m, marathon, pole vault, javelin and decathlon. The rules and techniques for performing each event are summarized.
1 athletics track events, field events & road eventsjuanmanuel2000
The document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the standard 400m oval track layout and different categories of running events including sprints (100m, 200m, 400m), middle distance (800m, 1500m), long distance (3000m, 5000m, 10000m), hurdles, relays, and steeplechase. It also briefly outlines field events such as jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document serves as a reference for the various athletic disciplines in track and field competitions.
Dokumen ini memberikan ringkasan mengenai pelbagai instrumen penilaian yang digunakan untuk menilai prestasi murid tingkatan 3. Instrumen tersebut termasuk ujian bertulis, ujian lisan, tugasan bertulis, projek, kajian lapangan dan demonstrasi untuk pelbagai mata pelajaran seperti bahasa, matematik, sains dan pendidikan Islam.
1 athletics track events, field events & road events (1)school
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics. It describes the various running events that take place on the track, including short, middle and long distance races as well as hurdles and relays. It also outlines the road events of marathon and racewalking. For field events, it details the jumping events of high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault as well as the throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin and shot put. Finally, it introduces the mixed multi-event competitions of heptathlon for women and decathlon for men.
1 athletics track events, field events & road events (2)school
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics. It describes the various running events that take place on the track, including short, middle and long distance races, as well as relays and hurdles. It also outlines the road events of marathon and racewalking. For field events, it details the jumping events of high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault, as well as the throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin and shot put. Finally, it introduces the mixed multi-event competitions of heptathlon for women and decathlon for men.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events including short, middle and long distance races as well as hurdles and relays. It also outlines the field events of jumping, throwing and combined multi-event competitions. Details are given on techniques, equipment and rules for events like sprints, long jump, javelin and the decathlon. The document serves as a reference for the various disciplines in the sport of athletics.
The document provides an overview of various track and field athletic events. It describes the different categories of running events including short, middle and long distance races. It also outlines field events such as jumping, throwing and hurdles. Specific events discussed include the 100m, marathon, pole vault, javelin and decathlon. The rules and techniques for performing each event are summarized.
1 athletics track events, field events & road eventsjuanmanuel2000
The document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the standard 400m oval track layout and different categories of running events including sprints (100m, 200m, 400m), middle distance (800m, 1500m), long distance (3000m, 5000m, 10000m), hurdles, relays, and steeplechase. It also briefly outlines field events such as jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document serves as a reference for the various athletic disciplines in track and field competitions.
Dokumen ini memberikan ringkasan mengenai pelbagai instrumen penilaian yang digunakan untuk menilai prestasi murid tingkatan 3. Instrumen tersebut termasuk ujian bertulis, ujian lisan, tugasan bertulis, projek, kajian lapangan dan demonstrasi untuk pelbagai mata pelajaran seperti bahasa, matematik, sains dan pendidikan Islam.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events including short, middle and long distance races as well as hurdles and relays. It also outlines the field events of jumping, throwing and combined multi-event competitions. Details are given on techniques, equipment and rules for events like sprints, long jump, javelin and the decathlon. The document aims to comprehensively cover the various disciplines involved in track and field athletics.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events, including short distance races from 100m to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 3000m, long distance races from 3000m to 10000m, relays, and hurdles races. It also briefly outlines some road events, such as the marathon and racewalking, as well as field events including jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document provides details on rules, techniques, and distances for various track and field athletics events.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events, including short distance races from 100m to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 3000m, long distance races from 3000m to 10000m, relays, and hurdles races. It also briefly outlines some road events, such as the marathon and racewalking, as well as field events including jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document provides details on rules, techniques, and distances for various track and field athletics events.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different running events including short, middle and long distance races as well as relays. It also outlines the field events of jumping, throwing and combined events. Jumping events include high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events are hammer, discus, javelin and shot put. Combined events for men are the decathlon and for women the heptathlon, each testing overall athletic ability through 10 or 7 track and field events. Road races like the marathon and racewalking are also briefly mentioned.
The document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different categories of running events including short distance races up to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 3000m, and long distance races of 5000m and 10000m. It also discusses field events such as jumping events (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole vault), throwing events (hammer, discus, javelin, shot put), and combined events (heptathlon, decathlon). Relay races and hurdles events are also summarized. Road races like the marathon and racewalking are briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics, including both track and field events. It describes the layout of the track, starting blocks, and rules for races. It then details the different running events from short distance to long distance to road races. Field events like jumping, throwing, and combined events are also outlined. The text provides information on techniques and goals for each specific event in athletics competitions.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events involving running, throwing, jumping, and walking. The main events include short, middle, and long distance running races held on an oval track with multiple lanes, as well as jumping, throwing, and road running events. Field events involve jumping over a bar or the furthest distance jumped or thrown, and are measured in meters. The winner is determined by the best mark out of multiple attempts or the shortest time to complete laps or distances.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events that involve running, throwing, jumping, and walking. There are short, middle, and long distance running races on the track ranging from 50m to 10,000m. Field events include jumping events like long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault as well as throwing events such as shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. The decathlon and heptathlon involve completing a variety of track and field events over two days to test athletes' overall abilities.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events involving running, throwing, jumping, and walking. The main events include short, middle, and long distance running races held on an oval track with multiple lanes, as well as jumping, throwing, and road running events. Field events involve jumping over a bar or the furthest distance jumped or thrown, and are measured in meters. The winner is determined by the best mark out of multiple attempts or the shortest time to complete laps or distances.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events that involve running, throwing, jumping, and walking. There are short, middle, and long distance running races on the track ranging from 50m to 10,000m. Field events include jumping events like long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault as well as throwing events such as shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. Relay races and hurdles races are also included in track and field competitions. The heptathlon and decathlon involve completing a series of track and field events over two days to determine an overall winner.
Tobacco causes around 40,000 deaths per year in Spain through illnesses such as lung and mouth cancer, coughing, and heart attacks. It also damages non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke. The law protects non-smokers by prohibiting smoking in schools, hospitals, and other enclosed public spaces. Alcohol is the most consumed toxic substance and limits brain functions while also damaging the nervous system and causing memory loss and heart disease. Cannabis use can cause problems with concentration, memory, and coordination as well as altering sexual development. Obesity, defined as excessive fat accumulation, affects over 1.6 billion people and is expected to affect over 2.3 billion adults by 2015 due to diets high in calories from
The pole vault is an athletic event where competitors use a flexible pole to help them jump over a crossbar placed at increasing heights. Athletes have three attempts to clear each height before being eliminated if they fail to jump over the bar three times in a row. The men's world record is held by Sergei Bubka at 6.14 meters, while the women's record holder is Yelena Isinbayeva at 5.06 meters.
The pole vault is an athletic event where competitors use a flexible pole to help them jump over a crossbar placed at increasing heights. Athletes have three attempts to clear each height before being eliminated if they fail to jump over the bar three times in a row. In the men's category, the top marks are 6.14 meters by Serguéi Bubka, 6.05 meters jointly by Maksim Tarasov and Dmitri Markov. In the women's category, the top marks are 5.06 meters by Yelena Isinbáyeva, 4.92 meters by Jennifer Suhr, and 4.90 meters by Yarisley Silva.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different types of races including short distance, middle distance, long distance, and road events. It also outlines the field events of jumping and throwing. Jumping events include high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault which require athletes to demonstrate speed, power, and precision. Throwing events are the hammer, discus, javelin, and shot put which test athletes' strength, accuracy, and technique. The document concludes with a brief mention of multi-event competitions like the heptathlon and decathlon that incorporate various track and field disciplines.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different types of races including short distance, middle distance, long distance, and road events. It also outlines the various jumping events in athletics like the high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault. The throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin and shot put are summarized. Additionally, it mentions the heptathlon and decathlon mixed events in athletics competitions. The document aims to inform about the various disciplines in the sport of track and field.
The pole vault is an athletic event where competitors use a flexible pole to help them jump over a crossbar placed at increasing heights. Athletes have three attempts to clear each height before being eliminated if they fail to jump over the bar three times in a row. In the men's category, the top marks are 6.14 meters by Serguéi Bubka, 6.05 meters jointly by Maksim Tarasov and Dmitri Markov. In the women's category, the top marks are 5.06 meters by Yelena Isinbáyeva, 4.92 meters by Jennifer Suhr, and 4.90 meters by Yarisley Silva.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events including short, middle and long distance races as well as hurdles and relays. It also outlines the field events of jumping, throwing and combined multi-event competitions. Details are given on techniques, equipment and rules for events like sprints, long jump, javelin and the decathlon. The document aims to comprehensively cover the various disciplines involved in track and field athletics.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events, including short distance races from 100m to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 3000m, long distance races from 3000m to 10000m, relays, and hurdles races. It also briefly outlines some road events, such as the marathon and racewalking, as well as field events including jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document provides details on rules, techniques, and distances for various track and field athletics events.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different categories of running events, including short distance races from 100m to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 3000m, long distance races from 3000m to 10000m, relays, and hurdles races. It also briefly outlines some road events, such as the marathon and racewalking, as well as field events including jumping, throwing, and combined events. The document provides details on rules, techniques, and distances for various track and field athletics events.
This document provides an overview of track and field events in athletics competitions. It describes the different running events including short, middle and long distance races as well as relays. It also outlines the field events of jumping, throwing and combined events. Jumping events include high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events are hammer, discus, javelin and shot put. Combined events for men are the decathlon and for women the heptathlon, each testing overall athletic ability through 10 or 7 track and field events. Road races like the marathon and racewalking are also briefly mentioned.
The document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different categories of running events including short distance races up to 400m, middle distance races from 800m to 3000m, and long distance races of 5000m and 10000m. It also discusses field events such as jumping events (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole vault), throwing events (hammer, discus, javelin, shot put), and combined events (heptathlon, decathlon). Relay races and hurdles events are also summarized. Road races like the marathon and racewalking are briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics, including both track and field events. It describes the layout of the track, starting blocks, and rules for races. It then details the different running events from short distance to long distance to road races. Field events like jumping, throwing, and combined events are also outlined. The text provides information on techniques and goals for each specific event in athletics competitions.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events involving running, throwing, jumping, and walking. The main events include short, middle, and long distance running races held on an oval track with multiple lanes, as well as jumping, throwing, and road running events. Field events involve jumping over a bar or the furthest distance jumped or thrown, and are measured in meters. The winner is determined by the best mark out of multiple attempts or the shortest time to complete laps or distances.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events that involve running, throwing, jumping, and walking. There are short, middle, and long distance running races on the track ranging from 50m to 10,000m. Field events include jumping events like long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault as well as throwing events such as shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. The decathlon and heptathlon involve completing a variety of track and field events over two days to test athletes' overall abilities.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events involving running, throwing, jumping, and walking. The main events include short, middle, and long distance running races held on an oval track with multiple lanes, as well as jumping, throwing, and road running events. Field events involve jumping over a bar or the furthest distance jumped or thrown, and are measured in meters. The winner is determined by the best mark out of multiple attempts or the shortest time to complete laps or distances.
Track and field is a collection of athletic events that involve running, throwing, jumping, and walking. There are short, middle, and long distance running races on the track ranging from 50m to 10,000m. Field events include jumping events like long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault as well as throwing events such as shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. Relay races and hurdles races are also included in track and field competitions. The heptathlon and decathlon involve completing a series of track and field events over two days to determine an overall winner.
Similar to 1athleticstrackeventsfieldeventsroadevents 100207064152-phpapp01-140103061349-phpapp02-140106100012--140110140424-phpapp01 (10)
Tobacco causes around 40,000 deaths per year in Spain through illnesses such as lung and mouth cancer, coughing, and heart attacks. It also damages non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke. The law protects non-smokers by prohibiting smoking in schools, hospitals, and other enclosed public spaces. Alcohol is the most consumed toxic substance and limits brain functions while also damaging the nervous system and causing memory loss and heart disease. Cannabis use can cause problems with concentration, memory, and coordination as well as altering sexual development. Obesity, defined as excessive fat accumulation, affects over 1.6 billion people and is expected to affect over 2.3 billion adults by 2015 due to diets high in calories from
The pole vault is an athletic event where competitors use a flexible pole to help them jump over a crossbar placed at increasing heights. Athletes have three attempts to clear each height before being eliminated if they fail to jump over the bar three times in a row. The men's world record is held by Sergei Bubka at 6.14 meters, while the women's record holder is Yelena Isinbayeva at 5.06 meters.
The pole vault is an athletic event where competitors use a flexible pole to help them jump over a crossbar placed at increasing heights. Athletes have three attempts to clear each height before being eliminated if they fail to jump over the bar three times in a row. In the men's category, the top marks are 6.14 meters by Serguéi Bubka, 6.05 meters jointly by Maksim Tarasov and Dmitri Markov. In the women's category, the top marks are 5.06 meters by Yelena Isinbáyeva, 4.92 meters by Jennifer Suhr, and 4.90 meters by Yarisley Silva.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different types of races including short distance, middle distance, long distance, and road events. It also outlines the field events of jumping and throwing. Jumping events include high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault which require athletes to demonstrate speed, power, and precision. Throwing events are the hammer, discus, javelin, and shot put which test athletes' strength, accuracy, and technique. The document concludes with a brief mention of multi-event competitions like the heptathlon and decathlon that incorporate various track and field disciplines.
This document provides an overview of track and field athletics events. It describes the different types of races including short distance, middle distance, long distance, and road events. It also outlines the various jumping events in athletics like the high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault. The throwing events of hammer, discus, javelin and shot put are summarized. Additionally, it mentions the heptathlon and decathlon mixed events in athletics competitions. The document aims to inform about the various disciplines in the sport of track and field.
The pole vault is an athletic event where competitors use a flexible pole to help them jump over a crossbar placed at increasing heights. Athletes have three attempts to clear each height before being eliminated if they fail to jump over the bar three times in a row. In the men's category, the top marks are 6.14 meters by Serguéi Bubka, 6.05 meters jointly by Maksim Tarasov and Dmitri Markov. In the women's category, the top marks are 5.06 meters by Yelena Isinbáyeva, 4.92 meters by Jennifer Suhr, and 4.90 meters by Yarisley Silva.
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In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
3. Physical Education Department
Track Events
1. INTRODUCTION
Running events up to 10000m in distance are conducted on a 400 m track which is outdoors
during summer competition and indoors during the winter. The track is made with a rubber
surface to improve grip and lessen the risk of slipping in poor weather conditions. The track is
an elongated oval shape, consisting of a semi-circle at either end and two straight segments
joining the semi-circles together.
The track is split into six to ten lanes which circle around an inner field used for throwing and
jumping events. Each runner is allocated a lane at the beginning of the race, with starting
blocks marking the
beginning of the race,
although
whether
athletes are required to
stay in lane for the
duration of the race,
depends on the distance
being run.
The winner of all races
conducted on the track
is the first person whose
torso
crosses
the
finishing line. If hands,
legs, head or feet cross
the line before another
contestant’s torso a win
is not counted. A runner
is disqualified from a race if they make two false starts, which are counted if they leave the
starting blocks before the starting gun is fired. Running events on the track are split into
different categories, distinguished by the distance being run. The categories are: short distance
races, middle distance races and long distance races.
2. STARTING BLOCK
Device made up of two adjustable pedals that allow sprinters to give themselves momentum
during a start.
3
4. Physical Education Department
3. SHORT DISTANCE RACES
For the shortest running races, contestants must stay in lane at all times and will be disqualified
if they change lanes. The short distance races consist of:
100 m - The shortest running event in athletics, the 100 m sprint requires the athlete to start well,
leaving the blocks with immense power and speed.
200 m - As with the 100 m, the 200 m requires instant acceleration but it also needs stamina to
maintain the speed for the duration of the race.
400 m - The distance of one circuit around the track, the 400 m requires the athlete to have a good
powerful start whilst maintaining enough stamina and energy to make a sprinting finish at the end of
the race.
600 m (this is only included in Indoor Athletics competitions) - Sometimes considered a middle
distance race, this is often raced by 400 m athletes to improve endurance or by 800 m athletes to
improve speed.
4. MIDDLE DISTANCE RACES
The middle distance races consist of:
800 m - This consists of two circuits around the track, requiring the athlete to demonstrate good speed
combined with endurance. In the 800 m the runner is required to stay in their allocated lane until the
first curve of the track, when they are then allowed to change lanes, although if a runner deliberately
obstructs another contestant they risk being disqualified from the competition.
1500 m - Also known as the metric mile, the 1500m race requires athletes to run 3.75 times around
the track. It requires endurance in order that contestants maintain speed and have enough energy to
make a final push to the finish line. Unlike the 800 m, runners can change lanes as soon as the race has
started, although like all races, a contestant will be disqualified if they deliberately obstruct another
runner.
5. LONG DISTANCE RACES
The long distance races consist of:
3000 m - A distance that is often run by runners who are comfortable at both 1500m and 5000m.
Many see it as a hybrid event between middle and long distances and is characterised by fast finishes.
3000 m Steeplechase - Originating from a British event where runners raced between towns, from one
church steeple to the next, the Steeplechase is a 3000 m race in which contestants run around the
track encountering various obstacles over the course of the race. The obstacles consist of twenty eight
different barriers and seven water jumps which are situated at different points on the track.
5000 m - Requiring extreme endurance and aerobic training the 5000 m requires athletes to run 12.5
times around the track. Unlike the short distance races, stamina is much more important than speed
and athletes begin the race steadily in order to conserve energy for the duration of the race.
10000 m - The longest track event in athletics competition, the 10000 m requires intense training
sessions in order that the athlete can build up the stamina and mental determination necessary to run
the required 25 times around the track.
4
5. Physical Education Department
6. RELAY
The relay most commonly consists of 4 x 100 m sprint with four runners each completing one
leg of the race. Contestants are allowed to change lanes in
relay events, with the exception of the first runner who
will be disqualified if they do not stay in lane. Athletic
rules stipulate that contestants must pass a baton to the
next runner on completion of their own leg within a
marked changeover zone.
Once the baton is passed, the runner who passed the baton must stay in lane until all other
runners pass, to avoid obstructing another contestant. If the baton is dropped, the runner may
pick it up but should not obstruct other runners when doing so. As well as the 4 x 100 m relay,
other relay events that are commonly included in Athletics competitions are:
4 x 200 m
4 x 400 m
4 x 800 m
There are also medley relays although these usually only take place at specific relay events.
There are two types of medley relays:
Distance Medley Relay: this consists of a 1200 m leg, a 400 m leg, an 800 m leg and a 1600 m leg to
finish.
Sprint Medley Relay: this consists of a 400 m leg, two 200 m legs and an 800 m leg to finish.
7. HURDLES
The hurdles race consists of a track with ten hurdles in each lane,
spaced evenly over the course of the track. Contestants are
required to jump over each hurdle with both feet clearing the
height of the hurdle bar. The hurdles are positioned in such a way
that they will fall over if the runner touches them and although
contestants will not be disqualified for knocking hurdles down
accidentally, they will be penalized for knocking them down
deliberately. Contestants must stay in lane throughout the race and will be disqualified for
changing lanes or obstructing another athlete. There are three types of hurdle races which
commonly take place at athletics competitions:
110 m hurdles - Designed for male competitors, the 110 m hurdle event consists of ten hurdles at
1.067 m high, with the first hurdle being placed 13.72 m from the starting block and the following nine
hurdles placed at a distance of 9.14 m from each other.
100 m hurdles - Designed for female competitors, the 100 m hurdle event consists of ten hurdles at 84
cm high, with the first hurdle being placed 13 m from the starting block and the following nine hurdles
placed at a distance of 8.50 m from each other.
400 m hurdles - this race is commonly run by both male and female athletes. It consists of ten hurdles
at 91.44 cm for male events and ten hurdles at 76.20 m for female events. In both the male and female
400 m hurdles, the first hurdle is placed 45 m from the starting block with a distance of 35 m between
each hurdle and 40 m from the last hurdle to the finishing line.
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Road Events
Whilst most athletic events take place on the track or field within an indoor or outdoor stadium,
the races which cover longer distances take place on the road.
1. MARATHON
The marathon is a race covering the distance of 42.195 km, which was first run by a Greek
messenger in 490 BC. Whilst marathons usually take place independently from other athletics
events, the marathon is included as an athletics event in the summer Olympic Games. The
marathon is the ultimate challenge in endurance and strength, requiring the athlete to pace
themselves from the beginning to avoid running out of energy and postponing the ‘wall’ stage,
where athletes suffer extreme fatigue as glycogen levels run low.
2. RACEWALKING
Racewalking is a popular event world wide but it is usually only included in the major
competitions, including the Olympics, the Commonwealth Games and the IAAF Athletics
World Championships. Racewalking requires the athlete to cover a set distance as quickly as
possible but unlike the running technique, the toe of the back foot is not permitted to leave the
ground until the heel of the front foot makes contact with the ground, thus distinguishing the
movement as a walk, despite the speed racewalkers use.
The athlete is also required to keep their supporting leg straight until the body passes over it, a
rule that if violated is known as ‘lifting.’ In order to walk as quickly as possible, athletes move
the pelvis as far forward as possible in order to propel the body along the ground at maximum
speed. Racewalking events take place over 20 km for both male and female athletes and 50 km
for male athletes only.
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Field events
1. JUMPING EVENTS
There are four jumping events in field athletics: high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole
vault. There are four main principles which are applied to all jumping events:
Starting run - this is the period of time where the athlete gathers speed for the take-off.
Take off - this is the transition between the run and the jump with the athlete propelling their body
into the air.
Flight - this is the period of time when the body is airborne, sending them horizontally away from the
starting point in the long jump or triple jump and vertically over the bar in the high jump.
Landing - this is the point at which the athlete finishes the jump marking the distance (in the case of
the long jump and triple jump) that they have travelled through the air.
1.1.
High Jump
In the high jump event, athletes sprint down a runway towards a four meter long horizontal bar
and jump vertically over the bar on to a cushioned mattress.
There are various methods of jumping over the bar but the most
common is known as the ‘Fosbury Flop’. Whatever their chosen
methods of jumping over the bar, all contestants are required to
make the take off from one foot.After three failed jumps a
contestant is eliminated from the competition.
1.2.
Long Jump
The long jump requires athletes to sprint down a runway and jump off a raised platform into a
stretch of sand or other marked area, with the aim of
landing as far from the starting point as possible.
The distance travelled is measured by the first mark
made by the athlete’s body in the sand on landing.
The jump is also a fail if the athlete leaves the
runway after the take-off line at the end of the takeoff board.
1.3.
Triple Jump
Also known as ‘the hop, step and jump’ the triple
jump requires the athlete to begin with speed but
to maintain energy for the take-off. The triple
jump begins with a sprint down the runway and is
followed by a hop, a step and a jump before the
athlete propels their body into the air, with the aim
of landing as far from the starting point as possible, in the same manner as the long jump.
When the athlete hops, they must land on the same foot as they began sprinting on and the step
should land on the opposite foot.
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1.4.
Pole Vault
The pole vault requires the athlete to clear the height of a horizontal bar with the assistance of a
vertical pole, with the bar increasing in height as more athletes are
eliminated from the competition. The athlete begins the jump by
sprinting down a runway and then plants the pole into a box in
front of the bar, using the pole to power over the bar. As with the
high jump, a pole vault is classified as a fail if the contestant
knocks the bar down during the vault and after three failed
attempts the athlete is then eliminated from the competition.
2. THROWING EVENTS
There are four different throwing events included in athletics competition which require
athletes to demonstrate power, strength and accuracy. The four events are: the hammer, the
discus, the javelin and the shot put.
2.1.
Hammer
The ‘hammer’ is an extremely heavy metal ball weighing 7.2kg
which is attached to a handle by a steel wire. The hammer event
requires the contestant to have extreme strength and excellent
technique, in order to throw the metal ball across the field.
When making the throw the contestant must stand within a
designated area, marked by a circle. If the athlete steps out of
the circle during the throw or before the hammer lands, the
throw is classified as a fail.
2.2.
Discus
Making use of a spinning technique to bring about speed and strength, the discus requires the
athlete to throw a disc shaped object across the field as far as
possible. The athlete must begin the throw from a stationary
position but there are no specified requirements for the method
used to throw the discus. To make the throw the athlete stands
within a circle marked on the ground and is forbidden to leave
the circle before the discus has landed. If the contestant steps on
or outside the circle, the throw is classified as a fail.
2.3.
Javelin
The Javelin combines speed with great strength, requiring the athlete to throw a long spiked
pole as far as possible across the field. The javelin has a
grip, part way along the pole, which the athlete must hold
on to when throwing. The javelin is thrown by an arm
extended backwards, being thrown over the shoulder or
upper part of the arm. For the throw to count, the javelin
must land with the tip (front part of the javelin) hitting the
ground before the tail (back part of the javelin) If the athlete
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turns their back to the throwing line during the throw or crosses the line during or after the
throw, the throw is classified as a fail.
2.4.
Shot Put
Requiring perhaps more strength than any other athletic event, the shot put requires the athlete
to throw an extremely heavy ball across a specified distance
by transferring leg strength up through the arms. The athlete
is required to begin the throw from a stationary position
within a marked circle and must throw the shot using one
hand only. The contestant is disqualified if they leave the
marked circle before the shot has touched the ground.
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Mixed Events
1. HEPTATHLON
Combining seven different track and field events the heptathlon is an all-female event which
tests the endurance, strength and all-round ability of the athlete, awarding contestants points in
each event for their best performance. The heptathlon consists of the 100 m hurdles, the high
jump, the shot put and the 200 m run on the first day of competition and the long jump, the
javelin and the 800 m run on the second day.
Although on the whole most of the normal rules apply to each individual event included in the
heptathlon there are some small variations. In the running events, athletes are permitted to
make three false starts before being disqualified from the event. There are only three attempts
allowed in each field event and should an athlete choose not to compete in one event, they are
disqualified from the entire competition.
2. DECATHLON
Like the heptathlon for female athletes, the decathlon tests the stamina and strength of male
athletes through ten different track and field events spread over two days of competition, with
points being awarded for the contestant’s best performance in each event. The decathlon
consists of the 100m run, the long jump, the shot put, the high jump and the 400 m run on the
first day and the 110 m hurdles, the discus, the pole vault, the javelin and the 1500 m run on the
second day of the competition. The same rule variations apply to the decathlon as to the
heptathlon.
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