The document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics. It explains that quantum mechanics views matter as having both particle-like and wave-like properties. It also describes the uncertainty principle, which states that the more precisely one property of a particle is known, the less precisely its complementary property can be known. Additionally, it summarizes how problems like blackbody radiation were resolved by early quantum theories like Planck's quantum hypothesis.
This is a schrodinger equation and also Heiseinberg's uncertainty principle.
It is necessary to know this equation for the quantum mechanic. The wave equation, uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, time dependent and independent of schrodinguer...
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
2. Cyberspace has complete
disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
3. Cyberspace
handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second
. Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.
4. Cyberspace is
absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
ABOUT AUTHOR
Sumit Verma
Chitkara University
Undergraduate
PAPERS
1
FOLLOWERS
575
Follow
RELATED PAPERS
Important question answers Information Technology Act, 2000
Suvo Chatterjee
Download
More Options
IT ACT 2000 – PENALTIES, OFFENCES WITH CASE STUDIES From
aru mugam
Download
More Options
Information Technology
trinisha chakroborty
Download
More Options
OVERVIEW OF CYBER LAWS IN INDIA Index
aneesh tvm
Download
More Options
Critical analysis of proposed cyber Crime Bill 2015
Shahid Jamal T U B R A Z Y Cyber Lawyer
Download
More Options
Final Cyber Cri
Prashant Dabhade
Download
More Options
Cyber Laws in India
Vikas Khatkar
Download
More Options
Commentary on THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000
Rohas Nagpal
Download
More Options
INTRODUCTION TO THE ACT 2. NEED AND OBJECTIVES 3 ROLE OF IT IN ECOMMERCE 4 CYBER CRIME 5 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 6 E-GOVERNANCE
keshav agarwal
Download
More Options
NON BAILABLE OFFENCES( Cyber Crimes) UNDER The IT Act, 2000 (Cyber Law)
Adv Prashant Mali, Ph.D.
Download
More Options
P a g e Fundamentals of Cyber Law Rohas Nagpal Asian School of Cyber Laws
vijay onlinesangli
Download
More Options
SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP ON DETECTION OF CYBER CRIME AND INVESTIGATION Presented by
chayapathi A R
Download
More Options
Cyber Crime Investigation and Trial Procedure in Bangladesh: Comparison with India
Thohedul Islam Talukdar
Down
This is a schrodinger equation and also Heiseinberg's uncertainty principle.
It is necessary to know this equation for the quantum mechanic. The wave equation, uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, time dependent and independent of schrodinguer...
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
2. Cyberspace has complete
disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
3. Cyberspace
handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second
. Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.
4. Cyberspace is
absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
ABOUT AUTHOR
Sumit Verma
Chitkara University
Undergraduate
PAPERS
1
FOLLOWERS
575
Follow
RELATED PAPERS
Important question answers Information Technology Act, 2000
Suvo Chatterjee
Download
More Options
IT ACT 2000 – PENALTIES, OFFENCES WITH CASE STUDIES From
aru mugam
Download
More Options
Information Technology
trinisha chakroborty
Download
More Options
OVERVIEW OF CYBER LAWS IN INDIA Index
aneesh tvm
Download
More Options
Critical analysis of proposed cyber Crime Bill 2015
Shahid Jamal T U B R A Z Y Cyber Lawyer
Download
More Options
Final Cyber Cri
Prashant Dabhade
Download
More Options
Cyber Laws in India
Vikas Khatkar
Download
More Options
Commentary on THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000
Rohas Nagpal
Download
More Options
INTRODUCTION TO THE ACT 2. NEED AND OBJECTIVES 3 ROLE OF IT IN ECOMMERCE 4 CYBER CRIME 5 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 6 E-GOVERNANCE
keshav agarwal
Download
More Options
NON BAILABLE OFFENCES( Cyber Crimes) UNDER The IT Act, 2000 (Cyber Law)
Adv Prashant Mali, Ph.D.
Download
More Options
P a g e Fundamentals of Cyber Law Rohas Nagpal Asian School of Cyber Laws
vijay onlinesangli
Download
More Options
SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP ON DETECTION OF CYBER CRIME AND INVESTIGATION Presented by
chayapathi A R
Download
More Options
Cyber Crime Investigation and Trial Procedure in Bangladesh: Comparison with India
Thohedul Islam Talukdar
Down
This was created using a template from Canva. This was also created by students when they were asked to report for a specific topic namely "Atomic and Nuclear Physics." This can serve as a reviewer for students who want to study about this topic.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
This was created using a template from Canva. This was also created by students when they were asked to report for a specific topic namely "Atomic and Nuclear Physics." This can serve as a reviewer for students who want to study about this topic.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Want to move your career forward? Looking to build your leadership skills while helping others learn, grow, and improve their skills? Seeking someone who can guide you in achieving these goals?
You can accomplish this through a mentoring partnership. Learn more about the PMISSC Mentoring Program, where you’ll discover the incredible benefits of becoming a mentor or mentee. This program is designed to foster professional growth, enhance skills, and build a strong network within the project management community. Whether you're looking to share your expertise or seeking guidance to advance your career, the PMI Mentoring Program offers valuable opportunities for personal and professional development.
Watch this to learn:
* Overview of the PMISSC Mentoring Program: Mission, vision, and objectives.
* Benefits for Volunteer Mentors: Professional development, networking, personal satisfaction, and recognition.
* Advantages for Mentees: Career advancement, skill development, networking, and confidence building.
* Program Structure and Expectations: Mentor-mentee matching process, program phases, and time commitment.
* Success Stories and Testimonials: Inspiring examples from past participants.
* How to Get Involved: Steps to participate and resources available for support throughout the program.
Learn how you can make a difference in the project management community and take the next step in your professional journey.
About Hector Del Castillo
Hector is VP of Professional Development at the PMI Silver Spring Chapter, and CEO of Bold PM. He's a mid-market growth product executive and changemaker. He works with mid-market product-driven software executives to solve their biggest growth problems. He scales product growth, optimizes ops and builds loyal customers. He has reduced customer churn 33%, and boosted sales 47% for clients. He makes a significant impact by building and launching world-changing AI-powered products. If you're looking for an engaging and inspiring speaker to spark creativity and innovation within your organization, set up an appointment to discuss your specific needs and identify a suitable topic to inspire your audience at your next corporate conference, symposium, executive summit, or planning retreat.
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For event details, visit pmissc.org.
New Explore Careers and College Majors 2024Dr. Mary Askew
Explore Careers and College Majors is a new online, interactive, self-guided career, major and college planning system.
The career system works on all devices!
For more Information, go to https://bit.ly/3SW5w8W
Exploring Career Paths in Cybersecurity for Technical CommunicatorsBen Woelk, CISSP, CPTC
Brief overview of career options in cybersecurity for technical communicators. Includes discussion of my career path, certification options, NICE and NIST resources.
NIDM (National Institute Of Digital Marketing) Bangalore Is One Of The Leading & best Digital Marketing Institute In Bangalore, India And We Have Brand Value For The Quality Of Education Which We Provide.
www.nidmindia.com
Resumes, Cover Letters, and Applying OnlineBruce Bennett
This webinar showcases resume styles and the elements that go into building your resume. Every job application requires unique skills, and this session will show you how to improve your resume to match the jobs to which you are applying. Additionally, we will discuss cover letters and learn about ideas to include. Every job application requires unique skills so learn ways to give you the best chance of success when applying for a new position. Learn how to take advantage of all the features when uploading a job application to a company’s applicant tracking system.
Jill Pizzola's Tenure as Senior Talent Acquisition Partner at THOMSON REUTERS...dsnow9802
Jill Pizzola's tenure as Senior Talent Acquisition Partner at THOMSON REUTERS in Marlton, New Jersey, from 2018 to 2023, was marked by innovation and excellence.
MISS TEEN GONDA 2024 - WINNER ABHA VISHWAKARMADK PAGEANT
Abha Vishwakarma, a rising star from Uttar Pradesh, has been selected as the victor from Gonda for Miss High Schooler India 2024. She is a glad representative of India, having won the title through her commitment and efforts in different talent competitions conducted by DK Exhibition, where she was crowned Miss Gonda 2024.
2. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 2
The Quantum Mechanics View
• All matter (particles) has wave-like properties
– so-called particle-wave duality
• Particle-waves are described in a probabilistic manner
– electron doesn’t whiz around the nucleus, it has a probability
distribution describing where it might be found
– allows for seemingly impossible “quantum tunneling”
• Some properties come in dual packages: can’t know both
simultaneously to arbitrary precision
– called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
– not simply a matter of measurement precision
– position/momentum and energy/time are example pairs
• The act of “measurement” fundamentally alters the system
– called entanglement: information exchange alters a particle’s state
3. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 3
Crises in physics that demanded Q.M.
• Why don’t atoms disintegrate in nanoseconds?
– if electron is “orbiting”, it’s accelerating (wiggling)
– wiggling charges emit electromagnetic radiation (energy)
– loss of energy would cause prompt decay of orbit
• Why don’t hot objects emit more ultraviolet
light than they do?
– classical theory suggested a “UV
catastrophe,” leading to obviously
nonsensical infinite energy radiating from
hot body
– Max Planck solved this problem by
postulating light quanta (now often called the
father of quantum mechanics)
4. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 4
Pre-quantum problems, cont.
• Why was red light incapable of knocking electrons out of certain
materials, no matter how bright
– yet blue light could readily do so even at modest intensities
– called the photoelectric effect
– Einstein explained in terms of photons, and won Nobel Prize
5. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 5
Problems, cont.
• What caused spectra of atoms to
contain discrete “lines”
– it was apparent that only a small set of
optical frequencies (wavelengths)
could be emitted or absorbed by atoms
• Each atom has a distinct “fingerprint”
• Light only comes off at very specific
wavelengths
– or frequencies
– or energies
• Note that hydrogen (bottom), with
only one electron and one proton,
emits several wavelengths
6. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 6
The victory of the weird theory
• Without Quantum Mechanics, we could never have
designed and built:
– semiconductor devices
• computers, cell phones, etc.
– lasers
• CD/DVD players, bar-code scanners, surgical applications
– MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) technology
– nuclear reactors
– atomic clocks (e.g., GPS navigation)
• Physicists didn’t embrace quantum mechanics because it
was gnarly, novel, or weird
– it’s simply that the #$!&@ thing worked so well
7. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 7
Let’s start with photon energy
• Light is quantized into packets called photons
• Photons have associated:
– frequency, (nu)
– wavelength, ( = c)
– speed, c (always)
– energy: E = h
• higher frequency photons higher energy more damaging
– momentum: p = h/c
• The constant, h, is Planck’s constant
– has tiny value of: h = 6.6310-34 J·s
8. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 8
How come I’ve never seen a photon?
• Sunny day (outdoors):
– 1015 photons per second enter eye (2 mm pupil)
• Moonlit night (outdoors):
– 51010 photons/sec (6 mm pupil)
• Moonless night (clear, starry sky)
– 108 photons/sec (6 mm pupil)
• Light from dimmest naked eye star (mag 6.5):
– 1000 photons/sec entering eye
– integration time of eye is about 1/8 sec 100 photon
threshold signal level
9. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 9
Quantum Wavelength
• Every particle or system of particles can be defined in
quantum mechanical terms
– and therefore have wave-like properties
• The quantum wavelength of an object is:
= h/p (p is momentum)
– called the de Broglie wavelength
• typical macroscopic objects
– masses ~ kg; velocities ~ m/s p 1 kg·m/s
– 10-34 meters (too small to matter in macro environment!!)
• typical “quantum” objects:
– electron (10-30 kg) at thermal velocity (105 m/s) 10-8 m
– so is 100 times larger than an atom: very relevant to an electron!
10. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 10
The Uncertainty Principle
• The process of measurement involves interaction
– this interaction necessarily “touches” the subject
– by “touch,” we could mean by a photon of light
• The more precisely we want to know where something is,
the “harder” we have to measure it
– so we end up giving it a kick
• So we must unavoidably alter the velocity of the particle
under study
– thus changing its momentum
• If x is the position uncertainty, and p is the momentum
uncertainty, then inevitably,
xp h/2
11. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 11
Example: Diffraction
• Light emerging from a tiny hole or slit will diverge (diffract)
• We know its position very well (in at least one dimension)
– so we give up knowledge of momentum in that dimension—thus the
spread
large opening: greater
position uncertainty
results in smaller
momentum uncertainty,
which translates to less
of a spread angle
small opening: less
position uncertainty
results in larger
momentum uncertainty,
which translates to more
of a spread angle
angle p/p h/px h/hx = /x
12. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 12
Diffraction in Our Everyday World
• Squint and things get fuzzy
– opposite behavior from particle-based pinhole camera
• Eye floaters
– look at bright, uniform source through tiniest pinhole
you can make—you’ll see slowly moving specks with
rings around them—diffraction rings
• Shadow between thumb and forefinger
– appears to connect before actual touch
• Streaked street-lights through windshield
– point toward center of wiper arc: diffraction grating
formed by micro-grooves in windshield from wipers
– same as color/streaks off CD
14. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 14
Results
• The pattern on the screen is an interference pattern
characteristic of waves
• So light is a wave, not particulate
• But repeat the experiment one photon at a time
• Over time, the photons only land on the
interference peaks, not in the troughs
– consider the fact that they also pile up in the middle!
– pure ballistic particles would land in one of two spots
15. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 15
Wave or Particle? Neither; Both; take your pick
• Non-intuitive combination of wavelike and particle-like
• Appears to behave in wavelike manner. But with low
intensity, see the interference pattern build up out of
individual photons, arriving one at a time.
• How does the photon know about “the other” slit?
– Actually, it’s impossible to simultaneously observe
interference and know which slit the photon came through
– Photon “sees”, or “feels-out” both paths simultaneously!
• Speak of wave-part describing probability distribution
of where individual photons may land
16. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 16
The hydrogen atom
• When the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics
is turned to the hydrogen atom, the solutions yield energy
levels in exact agreement with the optical spectrum
– Emergent picture is one of probability distributions describing
where electrons can be
• Probability distributions are static
– electron is not thought to whiz around atom: it’s in a “stationary
state” of probability
• Separate functions describe the radial and angular pattern
– http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hydwf.html
The energy levels of
hydrogen match the
observed spectra, and
fall out of the mathematics
of quantum mechanics
17. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 17
The angular part of the story
s
p
d
f
These plots describe the directions
in which one is likely to find an
electron. They are denoted with
quantum numbers l and m, with
l as the subscript and m as the
superscript.
The s state (l =0,m=0) is spherically
symmetric: equal probability of
finding in all directions.
The p state can be most likely to
find at the poles (and not at all
at the equator) in the case of (1,0),
and exactly the opposite situation
in the (1,1) state.
18. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 18
electron always
repelled
electron usually
repelled, but will
occasionally pop
out on the other
side of the barrier,
even though it
does not have
enough energy to
do so classically
If the wall is
much thicker
than the quantum
wavelength,
tunneling
becomes
improbable
Why do we not
see tunneling in
our daily lives?
19. UCSD Physics 10
Spring 2008 19
Assignments
• References:
– Brian Greene’s The Elegant Universe has an excellent
description/analogy of the quantum solution to the
ultraviolet catastrophe (among other quantum things)
– Chapter 31 isn’t half bad: read it for fun, even!
• Assignments:
– Read Hewitt chapters 30 & 31 (Quantum & Light)
– Read Hewitt pp. 566–572 on diffraction & interference
– HW 7 due 5/30: 26.E.3, 26.E.4, 26.E.10, 26.E.14,
26.E.38, 26.P.4, 31.E.4, 31.E.9, plus 4 additional
questions available from website