The document summarizes the transition of government in the Philippines from the revolutionary Katipunan movement to the establishment of the Second Philippine Republic and the subsequent governments during the American colonial and Japanese occupation periods. Key events include the rise of the Magdalo faction and Aguinaldo's government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic, the Malolos Congress and Constitution, the American establishment of a military then civil government, and the creation of the Commonwealth government under the 1935 Constitution in the lead up to independence. During the Japanese occupation, the government was reorganized under the Philippine Executive Commission.

1. Politics and Governance:
History, Government and
Constitution
Transition of Philippine Government: From Katipunan
to the Second Republic

2. Transition of Philippine
Government
Structure of the Revolutionary Movement
KKK
Established after the failure of revolutionary groups to
bring reform.
Founded by Deodato Arellano, Roman Basa and
Andres Bonifacio
Three objectives namely: reform the political, civic and
moral

3. Transition of the Philippine
Government

4. Transition of the Philippine
Government
As the group began to elect councilors and renamed
and changed the positions, it began to the structure of
the movement started to resemble an organized
government

5. Transition of the Philippine
Government
The Magdalo-Magdiwang rivalry and the rise of the Magdalo
Government
 Magdiwang – faction of Bonifacio while the Magdalo
represented the faction of Aguinaldo
 The Magdalo’s felt that a new government should replace
the KKK.
 The failure of Bonifacio to secure the leadership position
led to the dissolution of the KKK.
 While it led to the election of Aguinaldo and the rise of the
Magdalo government

6. Transition of the Philippine
Government

7. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Biak na Bato Republic
 Named after a town in Bulacan where the constitution
was drafted by Isabelo Artacho
 It was deliberated by the revolutionary generals of
Aguinaldo, acting as constitutional assembly.
 Was copied from the Cuban 1895 Himaguayu
Constitution.
 Was adopted and later became the Biak – na- Bato
Constitution

8. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Under this constitution, the Supreme council wielded
power
This Supreme Council was composed of the President,
Vice President and 4 secretaries (interior, foreign
affairs, treasury and war
The Supreme Council of Grace and Justice exercised
judiciary functions.
Momentarily ended when Aguinaldo went into exile.

9. Transition of Philippine
Government

10. Transition of Philippine
Government
Dictatorial Government
 Established after Aguinaldo’s return from exile
 It was established, upon recommendation of Ambrocio
Rianzares Bautista since it suited the political
condition
 In a dictatorial government, the government can
prosecute war criminals and address the war.
 This phase was known for?

11. Transition of Philippine
Government
Declaration of Philippine Independence

12. Transition of Philippine
Government
Revolutionary Government
 It started right after the end of the dictatorial
government
 Recommended by Apolinario Mabini, the new adviser
of Aguinlado
 Revolutionary Government enabled the government to
rally for the people’s support
 Remain vigilant against Spanish tyranny

13. Transition of Philippine
Government
Achievements
 Organization of the first cabinet
 Observance/compliance with the mandate of the decrees
on the election and appointment of members of the Malolos
Congress
 Setting up of the Malolos Congress and its transformation
as a component/constituent body to formulate a new
constitution (agreement, charter) for the country.
 Adoption of the 1899 Malolos Constitution

14. Transition of Philippine
Government
Malolos Congress
 Approved the Malolos Congress
 Adopted the Malolos Constitution
 Malolos Constitution
 Drafted by Felipe Calderon
 Influenced by the constitutions of 7 countries namely:
 As stated, the constitution provides for a parliamentary
system, with the president elected by the Assembly and
special representatives, lasting for 4 years.

15. Transition of the Philippine
Government
France
Belgium
Mexico
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Brazil

16. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Constitutional Government
 First act after the circulation of the constitution was to
reorganize the cabinet (Mabini became the head of the
cabinet and secretary of foreign affairs)
 Creation of the first Republic (as dictated in the
constitution)
 Establishment of the three branches of government
(legislative, executive and judicial)

17. Transition of the philippine
Government
Purpose of the three branches:
 So as not to concentrate power in just one entity
 To be more representative and democratic
 Legislative
 Adopted a unicameral congress, known as the Assembly of Representatives
 In principle, it wielded more power than the two branches with its authority
to create a Permanent Commission
 Permanent Commission – 7 members which can designate the president and
secretary of the country.

18. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Executive Power
 Exercised by the President
 His power was also manifested through his department
secretaries.
 His secretaries were also responsible to the Assembly,
and were given seats in the assembly and allowed to
participate in deliberations

19. Transition of Philippine
Government
Judicial
 Power was vested in the Supreme Court and in other
courts
 Headed by the Chief Justice
 Despite the fact that the CJ and Solicitor Generals
were chosen by the Assembly (with the agreement of
the President and secretaries) the judicial was still free
from influence and, independent.

20. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Government during the American Occupation
Occupation began after Spain and the US sealed the
Treaty of Paris on December 20, 1898.
Treaty of Paris – the “ownership” of the Philippines was
transferred from Spain to US, for 20 million dollars.
- Also part of an agreement of Spain to cede its colonies to
the US

21. Transition of Philippine
Beginning of the US Military Government
US Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 4, 1901)
First governor was General Wesley Merritt
Achievements:
Laid down the foundation (basis) of the US Civil Government
Introduced the American system of education
Organized the civil courts
Established the local government in towns and provinces
Conducted the first local election

22. Transition of the Philippine
Government
While the Military Government was still in full swing,
two commissions were created by the US President:
1st
Philippine Commission/Schurman – laid down the
foundation, based on the outcome of the survey
conducted.
Second Philippine Commission – terms were on the
establishment of a civil government

23. Transition of Philippine
Government
1. First Philippine Commission/Schurman
 Establishment of a territorial government with
legislature of 2 houses (elective and appointive)
 Withdrawal of military rule in the pacified areas
 Conservation of natural resources
 Organization of autonomous local government
 Free elementary schools
 Appointment of trustworthy men to
higher/government offices

24. Transition of Philippine
Government
2. Second Philippine Commission – shift from military
to civil government
 First to exercise legislative functions
 First order was the appropriation (allocation/use) 2
million pesos for the repair of roads and bridges.

25. Transition of Philippine
Government
US Civil Government (July 4, 1901 – Nov. 15, 1935) –
replaced the Military Government after the authority
to govern the Philippines was transferred from the US
President to US Congress (1st
Organic Act).
The transfer was a result of the amendment to the
Appropriation Act by Sen. John C. Spooner.
Inaugurated on July 4, 1901 (synchronized with the
date of US independence)

26. Transition of Philippine
Government

27. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Cooper Act of Philippine Bill of 1902 (2nd
Organic
Act)
Highlights of the law:
Extension of Bill of Rights
Appointment of 2 resident Commissioners to
Washington
Continuation of the Philippine Commission as the
upper house and the Philippine Assembly as lower
house.

28. Transition of the Philippine
Government
And the most significant….
4. The establishment of and Elective Philippine Assembly
(election of its members was on July 30, 1907,
inaugurated on October 16, 1907; first speaker was
Sergio Osmena).

29. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Jones Law of 1916 (3rd
Organic Act) – granted the
Filipinos self-government (autonomy)
Highlights:
Legislative function was transferred to the bicameral
legislature (replaced the Philippine Commission);
composed of the Senate (upper house) and lower house
(House of representatives.
Election of Manuel Quezon as first senate president
and again, Sergio Osmena as Speaker of the House of
Rep.

30. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Prelude to Independence
2 OSROX Mission (introduced the Hare-Hawes Cutting
Act)
3 Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934 (successfully adopted by
the Phil. Legislature and ratified/approved on June 5,
1934 )
4 Election of delegates to the 1934 Constitutional
Convention

31. Constitutional Convention

32. Con-Con Subcommittee

33. Transition of the Philippine
Government
1935 Constitution
 Established the Commonwealth of the
Philippines/Government (10-year transition
government)
 Upon withdrawal of American sovereignty and
declaration of independence, the commonwealth shall
be known as a republican state
 The constitution also enumerated the constitution of
the state, the powers and duties of the 3 branches of
government namely:

34. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Executive
Legislative - unicameral
Judicial
Submitted to US President Franklin Roosevelt for
approval and was eventually ratified on May 4, 1935.
Amendments were made in 1940, which changed the
legislative from unicameral to bicameral congress and,
reducing the term of the President from 6 to 4 years.

35. Transition of the Philippine
Gov’t
Commonwealth Government
 Election for the first set of officers was on September
17, 1935
 Manuel Quezon was elected as President
 Sergio Osmena as Vice President.
*Sergio Osmena became the 2nd
president of the
Commonwealth (in exile) after Quezon’s death in the
US on August 1, 1944

36. JAPANESE OCCUPATION

37. Transition of Philippine
Government
Philippine Executive Commission
 Reorganized the government
 Renamed the national government as Central
Administrative Organization
 Created the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas, propaganda unit), which later
became the only political party during the Japanese
Occupation

38. Transition of the Philippine
Government

39. Transition of Philippine
Government
Second Republic (October 14, 1943 – August 17,
1945)
 Replaced the Philippine Executive Commission
 Adopted the 1943 Constitution, through the
Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence
headed by Dr. Jose P. Laurel
 Ratified on September 7, 1943.
 Composed of 12 articles, a preamble and a provision
stating the creation of the 3 branches of government.

40. Transition of Philippine
Government
Executive
 Elected for a single term of 6 years
 Headed by the President who was more powerful than
the three branches of gov’t (absolute power in
appointing even local gov’t officials and half of the
members of the National Assembly.

41. Transition of Philippine
Government
Legislative – unicameral known as the National
Assembly
Judiciary – still in existence but its power was usurped
(taken over) by the president or Executive branch of
government.
*Second Republic ended on August 17, 1945 after the
surrender of Japan to America

42. Transition of Philippine
Government
Third Republic of the Philippines
 Commonwealth became a republic after the
declaration of independence on July 4, 1946
 Last election under the Commonwealth was on April
23, 1946.
 The third republic lasted for 26 years, led by 6
presidents.

43. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946) – last
president of the Commonwealth, first president of the
3rd
Republic. Known for the passage of the Parity
Rights under the Bell Trade Act and economic
rehabiltation
Elpidio Quirino – served from April 17, 1948 to
December 30, 1953. Under his term, the Central
Bank of the Philippines was created.

44. Transition of the Philippine
Government
Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17,
1957. Two of his achievements were the passage of the
Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 and, the
establishment of the NARRA (National Resettlement
and Rehabilitation Administration of 1955.
Carlos Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961).
Known for his Filipino First Policy
Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December
30, 1965 – known for enacting the Agricultural Land
Reform Code, formation of MAPHILINDO,

45. Transition of Philippine
Government
Changing the date of Philippine independence.
 Ferdinand Marcos – (December 30, 1965 – February
25, 1986) Known for the creation of blueprint and
construction of the LRT; campaign again the
Communist Party of the Philippines and its
revolutionary army NPA; adoption of the 1973
Constitution, etc.