This document summarizes Titan Cement's use of alternative fuels (AF) in cement production. It describes how Titan developed an AF business to provide an environmentally-friendly solution for waste disposal. It details Titan's AF usage at plants in various countries, including Greece, Bulgaria, the USA, and Egypt. For its plant in Bulgaria, Titan established a subsidiary called GAEA to process waste into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) for cement kilns. The annex provides diagrams and photos illustrating Titan's RDF facility at its Zlatna Panega plant in Bulgaria.

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How Titan Cement
adds value to
society through
AF co-processing
Duisburg, 15th Oct 2015

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Contents
TITAN INTRODUCTION
CO-PROCESSING
LIFE WITHOUT ALTERNATIVE FUELS (AF)
AF USAGE IN TITAN
© Titan Cement Co. S.A. 2015. All rights reserved. Neither this document nor any part of it may be reproduced,
stored in a public retrieval system or transmitted in any form or means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of Titan Cement Co. S.A.

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Who is Titan Cement ?
Titan is a multi-regional, vertically integrated
cement producer, combining an entrepreneurial
spirit and operational excellence with respect
for people, society and the environment

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Who is Titan Cement ?
… a long-term commitment to continuous self-improvement through
sharing, learning and partnership building…
Corporate Social Responsibility: do less harm; do more good; WIN-WIN

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Co-Processing Evolution
Fuel costs multiply from 1970’s onwards
Need to diversify energy resources
identified – experiments take place
Waste & by-products are energy & raw
materials that remain un-utilized
Co-processing technology developed to
use alternative fuels with success
Cement kilns offer perfect solution for
all: full energy recovery of the waste,
total absorption of ash in clinker
& no negative impact on emissions
Industry receptive to stricter regulation
WIN-WIN co-processing solution found !
Stakeholders engagement guarantees
cooperation & agreement
Cement Industry Response
• Economic growth leads to over
consumption, increasing waste
volumes for final disposal
• Urbanization brings together millions,
creating need of mass waste disposal
• Human activity destroys the natural
environment (i.e. global warming / CO2)
• Green movement asserts new agenda
• Energy & mineral resources are limited
• Economic costs increase
• Landfill space is very limited
• Not in my back yard (NIMBY) mentality
• Society seeks sustainable solutions
Society Concerns

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Creation of AF Business
How the Alternative Fuels Business was created
In mature markets (like the US & EU) Waste Producers are under very strict
regulations to dispose of their waste in an environmentally friendly manner
and pay the full cost of their removal/transport/treatment/disposal services
These regulations have been the outcome of pressures gradually coming
from the people themselves since the early 1970’s in order to better manage
their living environment and stop / reverse the trend of environmental
degradation in their respective societies, including the minimization of
landfills, reducing global warming, etc
In Titan’s Southeast Europe & East Mediterranean regions, the relevant
EU/global legislation & its enforcement grows stronger every day, leading to
the appearance of similar behaviors & practices
Reducing (demand/consumption), Reusing & Recycling (products & waste)
Separating waste at source (in households, public sector & business)
Managing waste streams to create both environmental & economic value
Co-operating with industry to provide solutions, like co-processing in cement kilns

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Co-processing in Cement Industry
Preconditions for Co-processing Success
Co-processing success is not guaranteed unless both Cement
industry & State understand the business & promote it together
Society has to understand & accept this new concept through intense
information & awareness campaigns by both cement industry & State
Waste market must facilitate the supply of “raw waste” to the cement industry
for their treatment and production of alternative fuels:
It’s a WIN-WIN: waste are disposed of properly, while cement gets a new fuel
Quality Control is very important, while large Quantities are needed for
economies of scale;
Gate fees/Pricing is crucial to retain the competitiveness of the business.
The State must develop new regulations to safeguard H&S, Environmental
protection, adherence to Law and enforcement of waste mgt / AF policy
Incentives should be given for the large investments of the cement industry
Cement industry, power generation, incinerators & other energy intensive
industries must compete on a “level playing field” for the energy recovery of
waste

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Complacency !
Lack of Management
interest & commitment
High cement prices, cheap fuels,
fat margins (“the good times”)
Absence of waste
management sector
Titan’s Life without AF
How Titan used to (not) consider the use of Alternative Fuels
Lack of AF
understanding

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Titan’s Life without AF
How Titan used to (not) consider the use of Alternative Fuels
Not any more !!!

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Titan AF Experience
Today Titan provides solutions for the energy recovery of waste
Titan Cement today has significant experience in co-processing Alternative
Fuels (AF) in its Cement Plants in:
the USA (Pennsuko in Florida & Roanoke in Virginia);
Greece (Kamari & Thessaloniki); and
Bulgaria (Zlatna Panega); while
Egypt is undergoing a $15 million AF introduction program.
These AF range from biomass, RDF from MSW & Industrial & Commercial
Waste, Dried Sewage Sludges, Whole & Shredded Tires, Petroleum Products
Residues, Used Oils & Liquids, etc.
Co-processing AF takes place safely using tested, modern technologies under
the relevant strict US/EU legislation & with the support of local societies who
enjoy “win-win” environmental benefits
However, Co-processing has also been met with local resistance in a few
locations of the Titan Plants network

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Titan Co-processing Model
Flexibility is the key for local energy recovery of waste
Every Business Unit and Cement Plant in the Titan Group has had a different
approach in developing Co-processing capacity in each country/region:
in Greece, the option of a 3rd party AF Supplier has been adopted,
based on “historic” reasons;
in Bulgaria (& in SEE), a tailor-made SPV has been created (GAEA) to
develop “vertically” into the waste management / AF business;
in the USA, a hybrid model is now tried (an SPV/JV in Florida & a
Supplier’s option in Virginia); while
in Egypt , the $15 million AF introduction program is implemented via
another GAEA type SPV.
In reality, all energy efficiency & waste solutions have to be local, depending
not only on specific locations, regulatory frameworks (or lack of), but also on
incentives (i.e. gate fees), availability of resources (waste, people, know-how,
money) and last, but not least management commitment !
In other words, what we have learnt is that there’s no single way to develop,
but a myriad flexible options depending on the circumstances at hand

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Titan Co-processing
Recent AF Performance within the Titan Group
Alternative fuels substitution rate
2011 2012 2013 2014
%Thermal basis %Thermal basis %Thermal basis %Thermal basis
Greece 5,2 7,7 9,9 13,0
SEE 1,0 3,7 3,4 4,9
USA 2,5 1,2 2,5 4,2
Egypt 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Turkey 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,5
Group 1,5 3,0 4,3 6,6

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Titan Case Studies: GREECE
Co-processing of Alternative Fuels in Kamari & Thessaloniki
The Titan Kamari plant co-
processes whole tires, DSS,
RDF, biomass, liquid wastes
and oil sludge derived fuels;
Thessaloniki only biomass &
RDF from C+I waste
AF are supplied commercially
by specialized contractors; all
AF are sourced locally,
providing waste management
solutions to the communities

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Titan Case Studies: USA
The Titan Pennsuco plant co-
processes whole tires & RDF
from C&I waste, thru innovative
(for the US) processes
The Titan Roanoke plant only
co-processes biomass in
substantial volumes, sourced
from local wood & agricultural
waste
The US AF business is quite
fragmented and immature,
while local suppliers lack
substantial know-how and
experience
Co-processing in Pennsuco, Florida & Roanoke, Virginia

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Titan Case Studies: Egypt
Titan has initiated an ambitious
AF program for its Egyptian
Plants, to follow their realized
transition to solid fuels
Both Titan Beni Suef &
Alexandria plants will soon co-
process solar dried DSS & RDF
from MSW, to be supplied by a
new AF subsidiary
At a later stage, biomass and
liquids will be sourced from
local agricultural & petroleum
waste, while the introduction of
MSW bio-drying technology is
also examined
Co-processing in Beni Suef & Alexandria

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Titan Case Studies: BULGARIA
Co-processing of Alternative Fuels in Zlatna Panega
The Titan Zlatna Panega plant co-processes whole tires, biomass and
PEF (Processed Engineered Fuel), produced in the Plant premises
The entire AF program is managed by GAEA (Green Alternative Energy
Assets), a wholly owned Titan subsidiary, specialized in alternative fuels
The co-processing of tires is part of the “cradle to grave” EU End of Life
Tires system, being supplied by Bulgaria & Greece and contributing to
both countries ELT targets
The Plant also uses home grown biomass (artichokes, sunflower, grass)
in co-operation with local farmers under the auspices of a CSR driven
local community energy crops pilot program

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Titan Case Studies: BULGARIA
Evolution of AF in Zlatna Panega Cement

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Titan Case Studies: BULGARIA
Co-processing of Alternative Fuels in Zlatna Panega
The PEF investment of ZPC supports the Sofia Municipal landfill & local
society and has provided many benefits:
a contractual Public-Private Partnership with a win-win component;
increased the life-span of the Sofia Suhodol landfill, plus the quality
of land-filled waste;
created a €6 million investment and 15 permanent employment
positions;
contributed to the achievement of the City of Sofia’s environmental &
recycling targets;
improved the competitiveness of ZPC & saved around 60,000 tons of
CO2 in the last 4 years;
promoted sustainability by saving more than 10,000 tons of fossil
fuels each year, since 2011.

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Conclusions
Co-processing for Titan Cement is a beneficial solution for
both the Company & the society
Co-processing of alternative fuels in the cement industry:
offers a safe and environmentally sound solution to society;
reduces the cement industry’s environmental impact; and
provides a competitive advantage!
However, it demands:
commitment, a clear strategy and targets;
a change management process and Stakeholders’ communication
plan to share the strategy;
significant investments;
reliable waste clients;
flexibility & creativity; and
time & resources to build the necessary capacity in waste recovery.

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ANNEX: Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
ANNEX
RDF Facility Process Diagram
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Raw Materials [pre-sorted] from Sofia Landfill
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Raw Material Loading
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Stage I Shredder
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Discharge Conveyor / Material Size ~300 mm
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Vibrating Screen / Magnetic Head Pulley
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Vibrating Screen
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Discharge Conveyor & Dust Collector
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Wind Sifter (Light Fraction Separation)
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Wind Sifter Diagram
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Discharge Conveyor to Fine Cut Shredder
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Fine Cut (secondary) Shredder
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Finished RDF ~ 25 mm
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Typical RDF
Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant in Bulgaria

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Titan Providing a Solution to Sofia Landfill
Example of AF Usage
Video of RDF facilities in Titan’s Zlatna Panega Plant
in Bulgaria

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Thank You …!
Anthony Nicolopoulos
AF Development Director
SEE & EM
Titan Cement
nicolopoulosa@titan.gr