18 superstructure2.compressed
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This document discusses different types of columns used in ancient and modern construction. It describes three main column types from ancient Greece and Rome - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - as well as modern column materials like reinforced concrete and steel. Details are provided on structural elements of columns, how they transmit weight from above to below, and common column shapes and construction methods.
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1) The document describes a study that synthesized alpha-iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanofibers using an electrospinning method to modify a glassy carbon electrode.
2) The modified electrode was able to selectively determine folic acid (FA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA), an important physiological interferent, with a detection limit of 60 nM for FA.
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Electrooxidation of methanol on carbon supported pt ru nanocatalysts prepared...
The document describes a study that prepared carbon-supported PtRu nanocatalysts using an ethanol reduction method for different reaction times. The catalysts were characterized using various techniques and tested for their electrocatalytic activity in methanol oxidation. XRD and TEM analysis showed the catalysts had an FCC structure with an average particle size of 3.7 nm. Cyclic voltammetry tests found that the catalyst prepared at a 2h reduction time had higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for methanol electrooxidation compared to the other samples. The results suggest these catalysts could be promising anode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells.
towards a tranquil safe world under the shade of economic system of islam
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This document summarizes the opening address given at a global economic conference held by Hizb ut-Tahrir in Khartoum, Sudan in 2009. The address critiques the failed responses to the global financial crisis by capitalist nations and economists. It argues they only addressed surface-level symptoms and not the underlying flaws of capitalism. The address also argues mainstream economists ignore the viable alternative of Islam's economic system, which provided economic prosperity and security for centuries without crises. The opening call was for examining the real causes of periodic crises under capitalism and considering the superior system of Islamic economics.National geographic
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ngay trung tâm hành chính Thủ Đức.
view toàn cảnh khu Đông Sài Gòn.
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1) The document describes a study that synthesized alpha-iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanofibers using an electrospinning method to modify a glassy carbon electrode.
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3) The α-Fe2O3 nanofibers provided excess electroactive sites on the electrode surface and strong adhesion, resulting in enhanced sensitivity and long-term stability for detecting FA compared to an unmodified electrode.
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2) The platinum nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the nitrogen-containing carbon nanotube surface with an average particle size of 3 nm.
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Electrooxidation of methanol on carbon supported pt ru nanocatalysts prepared...
The document describes a study that prepared carbon-supported PtRu nanocatalysts using an ethanol reduction method for different reaction times. The catalysts were characterized using various techniques and tested for their electrocatalytic activity in methanol oxidation. XRD and TEM analysis showed the catalysts had an FCC structure with an average particle size of 3.7 nm. Cyclic voltammetry tests found that the catalyst prepared at a 2h reduction time had higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for methanol electrooxidation compared to the other samples. The results suggest these catalysts could be promising anode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells.
towards a tranquil safe world under the shade of economic system of islam
towards a tranquil safe world under the shade of economic system of islamabu dhiâ (ابو ضياء) al-tounissi
This document summarizes the opening address given at a global economic conference held by Hizb ut-Tahrir in Khartoum, Sudan in 2009. The address critiques the failed responses to the global financial crisis by capitalist nations and economists. It argues they only addressed surface-level symptoms and not the underlying flaws of capitalism. The address also argues mainstream economists ignore the viable alternative of Islam's economic system, which provided economic prosperity and security for centuries without crises. The opening call was for examining the real causes of periodic crises under capitalism and considering the superior system of Islamic economics.National geographic
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PROYECTO LIFE + SEGURA RIVERLINK
Las presas y azudes constituyen barreras físicas para los movimientos naturales de los peces a lo largo del curso fluvial, impidiendo los movimientos naturales de migración, dispersión y colonización de especies piscícolas como el Barbo gitano. Este proyecto pretende permeabilizar dichas infraestructuras mediante la construcción de escalas de peces y la eliminación de un azud en desuso. Todas estas actuaciones llevan aparejadas una restauración fluvial de las riberas y la creación de una red de custodia del territorio para implicar a los propietarios privados en la gestión, incrementando los lazos entre el río y los territorios colindantes.
Para evaluar el impacto de las actuaciones que se llevarán a cabo, se está realizando un seguimiento biológico que se prolongará durante los cuatro años que dura el proyecto. Entre otros grupos animales, ANSE estudia las comunidades de aves riparias a través del anillamiento científico en varias localidades donde paralelamente se trabajará para restaurar el entorno.
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The electrocatalytic activity of the spinel oxide LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 with
different morphologies (cubic, spherical, octahedral, and truncated octahedral) has been
investigated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solutions that is of
interest for metal−air batteries. The OER activity increases in the order truncated
octahedral < cubic < spherical < octahedral, despite a larger surface area (2.9 m2 g−1) for
the spherical sample compared to nearly similar surface areas (0.3−0.7 m2 g−1) for the
other three samples. The high activity of the octahedral sample is attributed to the
regular octahedral shape with low-energy {111} surface planes, whereas the lowest
activity of the truncated octahedral sample is attributed to the high-energy {001} surface
planes. The octahedral sample also exhibits the lowest Tafel slope of 70 mV dec−1 with
the highest durability whereas the truncated octahedral sample exhibits the highest Tafel
slope of 120 mV dec−1 with durability similar to the cubic and spherical samples. The
study demonstrates that the catalytic activities of oxide catalysts could be tuned and
optimized by controlling the surface morphologies/planes via novel synthesis approaches.
Blues jason avila
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This document presents the results of an XRF analysis of 23 bentonite samples collected from different parts of Jharkhand, India. The analysis was conducted to determine the chemical composition and theoretical molecular formula of the samples. Key findings include:
- The chemical composition of most samples is comparable to bentonite from Rajmahal hills and literature values, indicating good quality bentonite.
- Composition varied across samples but all contained high percentages of silica and alumina.
- Theoretical molecular formulas were calculated and found to be similar to the reported formula for Rajmahal bentonite.
- One sample was found to have an abnormal composition and was identified as a poor quality bentonite.
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Building Construction Project 2 Report
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22 slabs.compressed
Floorsystemsarehorizontalplanesthatmustsupportbothliveanddeadloads.Theloadisdistributedtobeams,columns,orloadbearingwalls.Aconcreteslabisacommonfloorelementinmodernbuildings,typically100to500mmthickforfloorsandceilingsandthinnerforpaving.Thickgroundfloorslabsaresupportedbyfoundationsordirectlyonthesubsoil.Slabsareeitherground-bearingorsuspended.Thisprojectwilluseinsitutechniqueswhereformworkboxesandreinforcementsteelareusedbeforewetconcreteispouredonsite.
21 superstructure5.compressed
Columns are built to support a structure and prevent caving in or collapsing, while beams are cast from steel and supported by surrounding steel structures. Columns often contain other materials and artistic elements on the outside and are assembled on site, whereas beams are often pre-assembled. Beams and columns provide flexibility in design, are extremely durable compared to other materials, and are produced indoors using high-strength concrete, resulting in a strong and durable final product.
20 superstructure4.compressed
There are two main types of beams used in construction projects: precast beams and pre-stressed beams. Precast beams are made by pouring concrete into molds and allowing it to cure before removing the beams. This process allows manufacturers to create standardized concrete beams for various projects. Pre-stressed beams also use concrete but with steel wires added to the molds before pouring. The wires are stretched tightly to put them under stress, then concrete is poured around them. This adds extra strength and stability to the beams.
19 superstructure3.compressed
This document discusses beams and columns used in building construction. It defines a beam as a horizontal structural element that withstands loads primarily by resisting bending. Beams carry and transfer transverse loads across supporting elements like columns. Concrete beams can be classified as T-beams, L-beams, or rectangular beams based on their cross-sectional shape. The document also outlines a 5-step process for constructing columns involving setting up wooden panels and forms, pouring cement inside to form the column shape, and allowing the concrete to cure and harden over 28 days.
17 superstructure.compressed
The document discusses superstructures and load-bearing walls in building construction. It defines a superstructure as an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline, such as the buildings, bridges, or ships. It also defines a load-bearing wall as a wall that bears the load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure, and that concrete, block, or brick are most often used for load-bearing walls in large buildings.
16 foundation5.compressed
The document discusses pile caps for building foundations. Piles are often grouped together and linked with reinforced concrete caps, which can also be connected by ground beams, as it is more economical than using piles singly. The pile caps distribute and transfer the building loads from the piles to the ground.
15 foundation4.compressed
This document discusses different types of pile foundations that can be used for building construction projects. It describes preformed concrete piles that come in various sizes and can be percussion driven into place, with the number of locks varying depending on the pile size. Partially preformed piles are also discussed, which are composite piles of precast concrete combined with in-situ concrete or steel and in-situ concrete. These piles are suitable for medium to large contracts where bored piles would not work due to issues like running water or loose soils.
14 foundation3.compressed
Pad foundations are designed to support high loads over a limited area and have a rectangular shape. Raft foundations are designed to float on poor ground and distribute heavy local loads to reduce the pressure on the ground, which is useful for low bearing capacity soils. Slab foundations involve excavation, laying binding concrete, and casting reinforced concrete.
13 foundation2.compressed
The document discusses types of foundations for building construction projects. It describes shallow foundations including strip foundations, which are long continuous concrete strips buried in the ground to provide support for linear loads. The main function of any foundation is to safely sustain and transmit building loads like dead, imposed, and wind loads to the ground without causing settlement or movement that could damage the structure or compromise its stability.
12 foundation1.compressed
The document outlines the 10 step process for building construction including: 1) excavation to the desired level, 2) laying a concrete base, 3) preparing formwork, 4) placing spacer blocks, 5) laying main reinforcing bars, 6) adding transverse rebar, 7) erecting reinforcement for stumps, 8) adding more ties to formwork, 9) laying concrete into the formwork, and 10) dismantling formwork after curing of the concrete. It also mentions pad foundations.
11 external%20works3.compressed
The diagram shows the external sewerage system works which includes roof drain connections, drain foundations, and road drainage all linked to a main sewer pipe buried underground. Setting out the sewer pipe requires excavating the correct gradient and laying the pipe underground. The external works include manhole covers and frames to service the system as well as gutters and underground pipes collecting and channeling water to the main sewer pipe carrying water out of the housing area.
10 external%20works2.compressed
The document discusses soil filling and the setting out process for building construction. A loader is used to transfer and fill soil to create a flat site for building, since the land is initially sloped. The loader has a versatile bucket to load and fill soil where needed. The setting out process involves establishing the building line, frontage line, two right angles to the frontage line, and final back line. Pegs and string lines are then used to mark the building outline.
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Las presas y azudes constituyen barreras físicas para los movimientos naturales de los peces a lo largo del curso fluvial, impidiendo los movimientos naturales de migración, dispersión y colonización de especies piscícolas como el Barbo gitano. Este proyecto pretende permeabilizar dichas infraestructuras mediante la construcción de escalas de peces y la eliminación de un azud en desuso. Todas estas actuaciones llevan aparejadas una restauración fluvial de las riberas y la creación de una red de custodia del territorio para implicar a los propietarios privados en la gestión, incrementando los lazos entre el río y los territorios colindantes.
Para evaluar el impacto de las actuaciones que se llevarán a cabo, se está realizando un seguimiento biológico que se prolongará durante los cuatro años que dura el proyecto. Entre otros grupos animales, ANSE estudia las comunidades de aves riparias a través del anillamiento científico en varias localidades donde paralelamente se trabajará para restaurar el entorno.
Staying Out of Harm's Way: When Negative Communication Rears Its Ugly Head
Staying Out of Harm's Way: When Negative Communication Rears Its Ugly HeadVictoria (Vici) Koster-Lenhardt
Presentation at the Women's Career Network on October 18, 2012 in Vienna, Austria at the Expat Center.Role of the morphology and surface planes on the catalytic activity of spinel...
The electrocatalytic activity of the spinel oxide LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 with
different morphologies (cubic, spherical, octahedral, and truncated octahedral) has been
investigated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solutions that is of
interest for metal−air batteries. The OER activity increases in the order truncated
octahedral < cubic < spherical < octahedral, despite a larger surface area (2.9 m2 g−1) for
the spherical sample compared to nearly similar surface areas (0.3−0.7 m2 g−1) for the
other three samples. The high activity of the octahedral sample is attributed to the
regular octahedral shape with low-energy {111} surface planes, whereas the lowest
activity of the truncated octahedral sample is attributed to the high-energy {001} surface
planes. The octahedral sample also exhibits the lowest Tafel slope of 70 mV dec−1 with
the highest durability whereas the truncated octahedral sample exhibits the highest Tafel
slope of 120 mV dec−1 with durability similar to the cubic and spherical samples. The
study demonstrates that the catalytic activities of oxide catalysts could be tuned and
optimized by controlling the surface morphologies/planes via novel synthesis approaches.
Blues jason avila
El blues se originó a principios del siglo XX en el sur de Estados Unidos, donde los esclavos africanos cantaban canciones de trabajo que más tarde evolucionaron en el género del blues. El blues se caracteriza por el uso de "notas azules" y la técnica de llamada y respuesta, y trata temas como las dificultades de la vida de los afroamericanos. El blues luego se extendió y transformó en un sonido urbano influyente que nutrió el desarrollo de muchos otros géneros musicales populares.
Highly stable pt–ru nanoparticles supported on three dimensional cubic ordere...
Highly stable pt–ru nanoparticles supported on three dimensional cubic ordered mesoporous carbon (pt ru cmk-8) as promising electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation
G0444246
This document presents the results of an XRF analysis of 23 bentonite samples collected from different parts of Jharkhand, India. The analysis was conducted to determine the chemical composition and theoretical molecular formula of the samples. Key findings include:
- The chemical composition of most samples is comparable to bentonite from Rajmahal hills and literature values, indicating good quality bentonite.
- Composition varied across samples but all contained high percentages of silica and alumina.
- Theoretical molecular formulas were calculated and found to be similar to the reported formula for Rajmahal bentonite.
- One sample was found to have an abnormal composition and was identified as a poor quality bentonite.
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Staying Out of Harm's Way: When Negative Communication Rears Its Ugly Head
Staying Out of Harm's Way: When Negative Communication Rears Its Ugly Head
Role of the morphology and surface planes on the catalytic activity of spinel...
Role of the morphology and surface planes on the catalytic activity of spinel...
Highly stable pt–ru nanoparticles supported on three dimensional cubic ordere...
Highly stable pt–ru nanoparticles supported on three dimensional cubic ordere...
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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This document outlines the construction activities and processes over 17 weeks for a building construction project. It details the site clearance, excavation, pile boring and reinforcement installation, pile filling, pile cap construction, ground beam construction, ground floor slab construction, and first floor beam, slab and column construction. Key activities include setting boundaries, safety signage, excavation, pile installation, reinforcement, formwork, concrete pouring and curing. The schedule provides duration, materials, equipment, workers and technical details for each stage of work.
22 slabs.compressed
Floorsystemsarehorizontalplanesthatmustsupportbothliveanddeadloads.Theloadisdistributedtobeams,columns,orloadbearingwalls.Aconcreteslabisacommonfloorelementinmodernbuildings,typically100to500mmthickforfloorsandceilingsandthinnerforpaving.Thickgroundfloorslabsaresupportedbyfoundationsordirectlyonthesubsoil.Slabsareeitherground-bearingorsuspended.Thisprojectwilluseinsitutechniqueswhereformworkboxesandreinforcementsteelareusedbeforewetconcreteispouredonsite.
21 superstructure5.compressed
Columns are built to support a structure and prevent caving in or collapsing, while beams are cast from steel and supported by surrounding steel structures. Columns often contain other materials and artistic elements on the outside and are assembled on site, whereas beams are often pre-assembled. Beams and columns provide flexibility in design, are extremely durable compared to other materials, and are produced indoors using high-strength concrete, resulting in a strong and durable final product.
20 superstructure4.compressed
There are two main types of beams used in construction projects: precast beams and pre-stressed beams. Precast beams are made by pouring concrete into molds and allowing it to cure before removing the beams. This process allows manufacturers to create standardized concrete beams for various projects. Pre-stressed beams also use concrete but with steel wires added to the molds before pouring. The wires are stretched tightly to put them under stress, then concrete is poured around them. This adds extra strength and stability to the beams.
19 superstructure3.compressed
This document discusses beams and columns used in building construction. It defines a beam as a horizontal structural element that withstands loads primarily by resisting bending. Beams carry and transfer transverse loads across supporting elements like columns. Concrete beams can be classified as T-beams, L-beams, or rectangular beams based on their cross-sectional shape. The document also outlines a 5-step process for constructing columns involving setting up wooden panels and forms, pouring cement inside to form the column shape, and allowing the concrete to cure and harden over 28 days.
17 superstructure.compressed
The document discusses superstructures and load-bearing walls in building construction. It defines a superstructure as an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline, such as the buildings, bridges, or ships. It also defines a load-bearing wall as a wall that bears the load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure, and that concrete, block, or brick are most often used for load-bearing walls in large buildings.
16 foundation5.compressed
The document discusses pile caps for building foundations. Piles are often grouped together and linked with reinforced concrete caps, which can also be connected by ground beams, as it is more economical than using piles singly. The pile caps distribute and transfer the building loads from the piles to the ground.
15 foundation4.compressed
This document discusses different types of pile foundations that can be used for building construction projects. It describes preformed concrete piles that come in various sizes and can be percussion driven into place, with the number of locks varying depending on the pile size. Partially preformed piles are also discussed, which are composite piles of precast concrete combined with in-situ concrete or steel and in-situ concrete. These piles are suitable for medium to large contracts where bored piles would not work due to issues like running water or loose soils.
14 foundation3.compressed
Pad foundations are designed to support high loads over a limited area and have a rectangular shape. Raft foundations are designed to float on poor ground and distribute heavy local loads to reduce the pressure on the ground, which is useful for low bearing capacity soils. Slab foundations involve excavation, laying binding concrete, and casting reinforced concrete.
13 foundation2.compressed
The document discusses types of foundations for building construction projects. It describes shallow foundations including strip foundations, which are long continuous concrete strips buried in the ground to provide support for linear loads. The main function of any foundation is to safely sustain and transmit building loads like dead, imposed, and wind loads to the ground without causing settlement or movement that could damage the structure or compromise its stability.
12 foundation1.compressed
The document outlines the 10 step process for building construction including: 1) excavation to the desired level, 2) laying a concrete base, 3) preparing formwork, 4) placing spacer blocks, 5) laying main reinforcing bars, 6) adding transverse rebar, 7) erecting reinforcement for stumps, 8) adding more ties to formwork, 9) laying concrete into the formwork, and 10) dismantling formwork after curing of the concrete. It also mentions pad foundations.
11 external%20works3.compressed
The diagram shows the external sewerage system works which includes roof drain connections, drain foundations, and road drainage all linked to a main sewer pipe buried underground. Setting out the sewer pipe requires excavating the correct gradient and laying the pipe underground. The external works include manhole covers and frames to service the system as well as gutters and underground pipes collecting and channeling water to the main sewer pipe carrying water out of the housing area.
10 external%20works2.compressed
The document discusses soil filling and the setting out process for building construction. A loader is used to transfer and fill soil to create a flat site for building, since the land is initially sloped. The loader has a versatile bucket to load and fill soil where needed. The setting out process involves establishing the building line, frontage line, two right angles to the frontage line, and final back line. Pegs and string lines are then used to mark the building outline.
9 external%20works.compressed
This document discusses setting out for building construction projects. Setting out establishes marks and lines to define the position and level of construction elements so that work can proceed with reference to them. Common equipment used in setting out includes theodolites and reference pegs. Theodolites are electronic devices used to accurately measure vertical and horizontal angles, which is essential for large construction projects. Reference pegs are hammered into the ground to mark alignments and road levels.
3 intro%20bcons%20first%20site.compressed
This document provides information about a residential housing project located in Kajang, Selangor called SK Villa. The project consists of 16 2-story shop-office houses and 10 2-story semi-detached houses, begun in January 2014 and expected to be completed in November 2015. It is being developed by VCS Properties Sdn Bhd Group with architectural design by E.H. Lim Architect and main contractor VCS Builders Sdn Bhd.
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This document outlines the contents of a construction project, including an introduction, site and safety plans, external work like setting and earthwork, foundation types and construction processes, superstructure elements like beams, columns, slabs, walls and staircases, doors and windows, roof types and construction processes, and references sections with summaries and cited sources. The document provides information over several chapters on the various elements of the construction site, foundation, and superstructure for the project.
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