Este documento fornece uma introdução aos princípios e tecnologias por trás dos Linked Data e da Web Semântica. Ele discute a motivação para estruturar dados na web, as limitações da web atual, e como RDF, URIs e links entre dados podem superar essas limitações e conectar ilhas de informação em um espaço global de dados.
Este documento es una carta escrita en el año 2070 donde el autor describe cómo la falta de agua ha devastado el medio ambiente y la sociedad. Recuerda cómo era el mundo cuando era joven, con abundante agua y vegetación, en comparación con el presente donde los ríos y mantos acuíferos están agotados, la población sufre deshidratación y enfermedades, y el agua se ha vuelto un bien preciado. El autor se siente culpable por pertenecer a la generación que destruyó el medio ambiente sin
This document provides an introduction to open educational resources (OER) presented by Robert Schuwer, a lector at Fontys University of Applied Sciences. It defines OER as digital learning materials that are freely available under open licenses allowing users five rights: reuse, rework, remix, redistribute, and retain. It outlines the benefits of OER including personalized learning and cost savings. It also discusses challenges to introducing OER such as findability, quality assurance, and developing sustainable business models. The presentation concludes with contact information for Robert Schuwer.
Este documento lista palabras clave relacionadas con ir de vacaciones a la playa para niños de 3 años. Algunas de las palabras incluyen piscina, manguitos, helado, gafas, flotador, crema, colchoneta, camping, bañador y cámara fotográfica.
This document discusses GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and its features and benefits over existing GSM networks. It provides an overview of GPRS network architecture including new elements like SGSN and GGSN, and interfaces like Gb, Gn, and Gi. Key benefits of GPRS mentioned are higher speed data rates of 14.4-115kbps, more efficient use of bandwidth, and ability to use circuit and packet switching in parallel. The document also provides a brief introduction to UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as a 3G cellular standard building on GSM and offering higher data rates and quality of service.
Mr. Fahmy Yoosoofshah worked at Amana Takaful PLC from October 2006 to November 2007 as an Executive in the General Claims department, coordinating between Claims and Credit. He carried out his duties satisfactorily. The letter confirms that Mr. Yoosoofshah was a loyal, conscientious, and hardworking employee who maintained high personal standards of conduct and integrity. The letter was issued at Mr. Yoosoofshah's request to confirm his employment at Amana Takaful PLC.
This document discusses skin tightening treatments for reducing signs of aging. It summarizes that skin tightening is a non-surgical alternative to procedures like facelifts and tummy tucks that uses radiofrequency energy to tighten skin. The document outlines the skin tightening market size, how cellulite forms, what collagen is, and how radiofrequency devices work to promote skin tightening through collagen remodeling over time.
Este documento fornece uma introdução aos princípios e tecnologias por trás dos Linked Data e da Web Semântica. Ele discute a motivação para estruturar dados na web, as limitações da web atual, e como RDF, URIs e links entre dados podem superar essas limitações e conectar ilhas de informação em um espaço global de dados.
Este documento es una carta escrita en el año 2070 donde el autor describe cómo la falta de agua ha devastado el medio ambiente y la sociedad. Recuerda cómo era el mundo cuando era joven, con abundante agua y vegetación, en comparación con el presente donde los ríos y mantos acuíferos están agotados, la población sufre deshidratación y enfermedades, y el agua se ha vuelto un bien preciado. El autor se siente culpable por pertenecer a la generación que destruyó el medio ambiente sin
This document provides an introduction to open educational resources (OER) presented by Robert Schuwer, a lector at Fontys University of Applied Sciences. It defines OER as digital learning materials that are freely available under open licenses allowing users five rights: reuse, rework, remix, redistribute, and retain. It outlines the benefits of OER including personalized learning and cost savings. It also discusses challenges to introducing OER such as findability, quality assurance, and developing sustainable business models. The presentation concludes with contact information for Robert Schuwer.
Este documento lista palabras clave relacionadas con ir de vacaciones a la playa para niños de 3 años. Algunas de las palabras incluyen piscina, manguitos, helado, gafas, flotador, crema, colchoneta, camping, bañador y cámara fotográfica.
This document discusses GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and its features and benefits over existing GSM networks. It provides an overview of GPRS network architecture including new elements like SGSN and GGSN, and interfaces like Gb, Gn, and Gi. Key benefits of GPRS mentioned are higher speed data rates of 14.4-115kbps, more efficient use of bandwidth, and ability to use circuit and packet switching in parallel. The document also provides a brief introduction to UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as a 3G cellular standard building on GSM and offering higher data rates and quality of service.
Mr. Fahmy Yoosoofshah worked at Amana Takaful PLC from October 2006 to November 2007 as an Executive in the General Claims department, coordinating between Claims and Credit. He carried out his duties satisfactorily. The letter confirms that Mr. Yoosoofshah was a loyal, conscientious, and hardworking employee who maintained high personal standards of conduct and integrity. The letter was issued at Mr. Yoosoofshah's request to confirm his employment at Amana Takaful PLC.
This document discusses skin tightening treatments for reducing signs of aging. It summarizes that skin tightening is a non-surgical alternative to procedures like facelifts and tummy tucks that uses radiofrequency energy to tighten skin. The document outlines the skin tightening market size, how cellulite forms, what collagen is, and how radiofrequency devices work to promote skin tightening through collagen remodeling over time.
đồ áN ngành may đề tài tìm hiểu quy trình làm việc của nhân viên phòng kỹ thuậtTÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
Giá 10k/ 5 lần download -Liên hệ: www.facebook.com/garmentspace Chỉ với 10k THẺ CÀO VIETTEL bạn có ngay 5 lượt download tài liệu bất kỳ do Garment Space upload, hoặc với 100k THẺ CÀO VIETTEL bạn được truy cập kho tài liệu chuyên ngành vô cùng phong phú Liên hệ: www.facebook.com/garmentspace
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para importar contactos de una cuenta de correo electrónico a Skype. Explica cómo iniciar sesión en Skype, acceder a la opción de importar contactos y seleccionar la cuenta de correo electrónico. También describe los pasos para agregar contactos que ya tienen cuentas de Skype o números de teléfono asociados y enviar mensajes a aquellos que aún no tienen Skype instalado.
El documento contiene cinco cartas dirigidas a cinco personas diferentes (Antonio, Ana, Martin, Manuel y Elena) para verificar los datos que tienen registrados en su base de datos y solicitar que se pongan en contacto si algún dato es incorrecto. Se incluyen los nombres, apellidos, edad, número de carnet, dirección, teléfono, código postal y población de cada persona, así como instrucciones para entregar documentación.
O Domain Game é um jogo criado com base no Domain Driven Development para disseminar o conhecimento sobre um projeto/produto. Todos os envolvidos no projeto participam do jogo, respondendo perguntas feitas pelo PO e Domain Expert sobre o domínio do negócio. Acertando as respostas, ganham bombons; errando, pagam bombons. Ao final, avalia-se o conhecimento do time e a compreensão da linguagem do domínio.
Leon Jeacock 2015 Sponsorship brochure motorcycle racingadvectusadvectus
Leon Jeacock is a British motorcycle racer competing in the Superstock 1000 series. He is seeking sponsorship to help fund his racing, as it is an expensive sport. In return for sponsorship, he can offer promotional opportunities like branding on his leathers, bike, and team clothing as well as coverage in motorcycle publications and on Eurosport. Potential sponsors would also be able to entertain clients by attending races.
The document discusses the selection process for hiring a Deputy General Manager at Madras Fertilizers Ltd. It describes how Mr. Praveen was selected through a battery of tests and interviews and hired despite having less experience than another candidate, Mr. Chaitanya. However, Mr. Chaitanya was later hired at Pragati Fertilizers Ltd. without any testing and helped increase their market share while Madras Fertilizers Ltd.'s market share declined under Mr. Praveen's leadership. This calls into question whether the tests accurately predicted job performance.
O documento descreve a metodologia Scrum para desenvolvimento de software de forma ágil. Scrum é baseado em práticas de XP e RUP e segue o modelo empírico de construção de software. Os papéis principais são o Product Owner, que define os requisitos, o Scrum Master, que lidera a equipe, e o Scrum Team, que implementa o trabalho. O processo se baseia em Sprints iterativos para entregar valor incrementalmente.
Nucor Corporation started in the 1950s in the nuclear instrument and electronics business but faced bankruptcy. A new CEO exited that business and rebuilt the company around its steel joist subsidiary. Nucor has since expanded significantly in steelmaking using electric arc furnaces and scrap materials, becoming the second largest steel producer in the US. Its strategies of decentralization, innovation, joint ventures, and focus on low costs have been very effective in growing the business while remaining competitive against imports. However, Nucor must also be wary of new low-cost entrants that could threaten its customer base and profits.
The document discusses peak copper, whether concerns about it are valid, and perspectives on copper reserves and resources. It notes that while copper is relatively common in the Earth's crust, only a fraction can be feasibly extracted. Estimates suggest there are over 1 billion metric tons of copper in the ground that could potentially be used, with around 950 million metric tons considered economically recoverable based on current discovery and extraction potential. The document explores factors that could affect peak copper projections like new discoveries, technological advances, and demand variations.
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining?Chris Helweg
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining:: A Theoretical Issue or a Global Reality?
Demand for the main metals that modern society needs to produce goods has increased
dramatically over the past few decades, thereby increasing the extraction to meet this demand. Between
1998 and 2014, world material extraction of the main commodities increased by a factor of 1.7 [1,2],
a very significant number if we compare it to the 8-factor increase observed by Krausmann et al. [3]
from 1900 to 2005. For instance, in the past 10 years, approximately one quarter of the total historic mine
production of copper was produced, showing that global copper production has doubled every 25 years
since data started being recorded [4]. Meeting the increasing demands for metals makes the mining
industry one of the most energy-intensive industrial sectors. According to the International Energy
Agency, between 8% and 10% of the world total energy consumption is dedicated to the extraction
of materials that the society demands, and that number does not take into account metallurgical
processes, transport and other mining-related activities
Prabhash Gokarn gave a presentation on mineral beneficiation at a workshop in Sukinda, India. He began by discussing a famous 1980 bet between Julian Simon and Paul Ehrlich about resource scarcity. Simon bet commodity prices would decrease due to improved extraction methods, while Ehrlich predicted they would increase due to population growth - Simon won. Gokarn then discussed how beneficiation has benefited various minerals like chrome, manganese, iron ore, and coal by increasing production from lower grade deposits and reducing costs. He concluded that beneficiation has been a "game changer" that has allowed supply to keep up with growing demand despite limited resources.
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference
Opening Keynote: Demand, supply and price of copper – an exploration perspective
30 Sep 2009
by Eric Finlayson, Rio Tinto
This document discusses three macro trends in copper production and their implications for tellurium supply:
1) Concentrates will be redistributed to larger smelters and refineries in China and India, shifting tellurium production away from North America and Japan.
2) Pressure leaching will be more widely used to process anode slimes, improving tellurium recovery rates from slimes.
3) Non-conventional leaching processes like SX-EW will account for a larger share of refined copper capacity, changing tellurium supply dynamics.
The trends are expected to increase global tellurium production potential but will require coordination to fully realize this potential given the changing geographic distribution of copper refining.
Brown coal is currently a major source of energy in Victoria, providing 92% of the state's electricity. However, burning brown coal creates significant pollution and carbon dioxide emissions. Closing power stations that use brown coal as fuel would reduce these emissions and lessen environmental damage. While this would eliminate jobs in the brown coal industry, it would improve air quality and public health over the long run. The environmental benefits of closing brown coal power stations outweigh the economic costs.
This document provides an analysis of the copper market fundamentals and outlook for 2011. It discusses factors influencing copper prices such as supply disruptions, economic growth in China and the US, and declining inventory levels. Global copper demand is expected to increase by 4.5% in 2011, outpacing modest supply growth. A shortage of 400,000 tonnes of copper is forecasted for 2011 as demand growth outpaces refined production capacity. Copper prices are expected to increase over 2011 due to tightening supply and demand conditions.
this presentation deals with the types, formation, depletion, conservation of coal. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of it. other sources of energy are also include.
This document summarizes the experiences and expectations with longwall mining in India. It discusses that longwall mining was introduced in India in the 1970s but had limited success due to challenges like unstable geology and underrated mining equipment. Currently, longwall mining accounts for a small portion of underground coal production in India compared to other countries where it is a major production method. However, as opencast reserves deplete, longwall mining will need to play a bigger role to meet future coal demand given its higher productivity potential. The document examines the key reasons for the slow progress of longwall mining in India and argues for immediate action to adopt this bulk-mining method on a larger scale long-term.
The document discusses several sustainability issues facing the mining industry, including declining ore grades, energy sources and reserves, water scarcity, and decreasing productivity. It presents technical solutions but notes the need for a systemic approach given the interconnected nature of these problems in the industrial sector. Charts show decreasing ore grades over time, rising energy consumption in mining, and peaking of global production for oil, gas, coal and other resources. The document argues that the current business model is not sustainable given these finite resource and environmental constraints.
đồ áN ngành may đề tài tìm hiểu quy trình làm việc của nhân viên phòng kỹ thuậtTÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
Giá 10k/ 5 lần download -Liên hệ: www.facebook.com/garmentspace Chỉ với 10k THẺ CÀO VIETTEL bạn có ngay 5 lượt download tài liệu bất kỳ do Garment Space upload, hoặc với 100k THẺ CÀO VIETTEL bạn được truy cập kho tài liệu chuyên ngành vô cùng phong phú Liên hệ: www.facebook.com/garmentspace
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para importar contactos de una cuenta de correo electrónico a Skype. Explica cómo iniciar sesión en Skype, acceder a la opción de importar contactos y seleccionar la cuenta de correo electrónico. También describe los pasos para agregar contactos que ya tienen cuentas de Skype o números de teléfono asociados y enviar mensajes a aquellos que aún no tienen Skype instalado.
El documento contiene cinco cartas dirigidas a cinco personas diferentes (Antonio, Ana, Martin, Manuel y Elena) para verificar los datos que tienen registrados en su base de datos y solicitar que se pongan en contacto si algún dato es incorrecto. Se incluyen los nombres, apellidos, edad, número de carnet, dirección, teléfono, código postal y población de cada persona, así como instrucciones para entregar documentación.
O Domain Game é um jogo criado com base no Domain Driven Development para disseminar o conhecimento sobre um projeto/produto. Todos os envolvidos no projeto participam do jogo, respondendo perguntas feitas pelo PO e Domain Expert sobre o domínio do negócio. Acertando as respostas, ganham bombons; errando, pagam bombons. Ao final, avalia-se o conhecimento do time e a compreensão da linguagem do domínio.
Leon Jeacock 2015 Sponsorship brochure motorcycle racingadvectusadvectus
Leon Jeacock is a British motorcycle racer competing in the Superstock 1000 series. He is seeking sponsorship to help fund his racing, as it is an expensive sport. In return for sponsorship, he can offer promotional opportunities like branding on his leathers, bike, and team clothing as well as coverage in motorcycle publications and on Eurosport. Potential sponsors would also be able to entertain clients by attending races.
The document discusses the selection process for hiring a Deputy General Manager at Madras Fertilizers Ltd. It describes how Mr. Praveen was selected through a battery of tests and interviews and hired despite having less experience than another candidate, Mr. Chaitanya. However, Mr. Chaitanya was later hired at Pragati Fertilizers Ltd. without any testing and helped increase their market share while Madras Fertilizers Ltd.'s market share declined under Mr. Praveen's leadership. This calls into question whether the tests accurately predicted job performance.
O documento descreve a metodologia Scrum para desenvolvimento de software de forma ágil. Scrum é baseado em práticas de XP e RUP e segue o modelo empírico de construção de software. Os papéis principais são o Product Owner, que define os requisitos, o Scrum Master, que lidera a equipe, e o Scrum Team, que implementa o trabalho. O processo se baseia em Sprints iterativos para entregar valor incrementalmente.
Nucor Corporation started in the 1950s in the nuclear instrument and electronics business but faced bankruptcy. A new CEO exited that business and rebuilt the company around its steel joist subsidiary. Nucor has since expanded significantly in steelmaking using electric arc furnaces and scrap materials, becoming the second largest steel producer in the US. Its strategies of decentralization, innovation, joint ventures, and focus on low costs have been very effective in growing the business while remaining competitive against imports. However, Nucor must also be wary of new low-cost entrants that could threaten its customer base and profits.
The document discusses peak copper, whether concerns about it are valid, and perspectives on copper reserves and resources. It notes that while copper is relatively common in the Earth's crust, only a fraction can be feasibly extracted. Estimates suggest there are over 1 billion metric tons of copper in the ground that could potentially be used, with around 950 million metric tons considered economically recoverable based on current discovery and extraction potential. The document explores factors that could affect peak copper projections like new discoveries, technological advances, and demand variations.
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining?Chris Helweg
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining:: A Theoretical Issue or a Global Reality?
Demand for the main metals that modern society needs to produce goods has increased
dramatically over the past few decades, thereby increasing the extraction to meet this demand. Between
1998 and 2014, world material extraction of the main commodities increased by a factor of 1.7 [1,2],
a very significant number if we compare it to the 8-factor increase observed by Krausmann et al. [3]
from 1900 to 2005. For instance, in the past 10 years, approximately one quarter of the total historic mine
production of copper was produced, showing that global copper production has doubled every 25 years
since data started being recorded [4]. Meeting the increasing demands for metals makes the mining
industry one of the most energy-intensive industrial sectors. According to the International Energy
Agency, between 8% and 10% of the world total energy consumption is dedicated to the extraction
of materials that the society demands, and that number does not take into account metallurgical
processes, transport and other mining-related activities
Prabhash Gokarn gave a presentation on mineral beneficiation at a workshop in Sukinda, India. He began by discussing a famous 1980 bet between Julian Simon and Paul Ehrlich about resource scarcity. Simon bet commodity prices would decrease due to improved extraction methods, while Ehrlich predicted they would increase due to population growth - Simon won. Gokarn then discussed how beneficiation has benefited various minerals like chrome, manganese, iron ore, and coal by increasing production from lower grade deposits and reducing costs. He concluded that beneficiation has been a "game changer" that has allowed supply to keep up with growing demand despite limited resources.
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference
Opening Keynote: Demand, supply and price of copper – an exploration perspective
30 Sep 2009
by Eric Finlayson, Rio Tinto
This document discusses three macro trends in copper production and their implications for tellurium supply:
1) Concentrates will be redistributed to larger smelters and refineries in China and India, shifting tellurium production away from North America and Japan.
2) Pressure leaching will be more widely used to process anode slimes, improving tellurium recovery rates from slimes.
3) Non-conventional leaching processes like SX-EW will account for a larger share of refined copper capacity, changing tellurium supply dynamics.
The trends are expected to increase global tellurium production potential but will require coordination to fully realize this potential given the changing geographic distribution of copper refining.
Brown coal is currently a major source of energy in Victoria, providing 92% of the state's electricity. However, burning brown coal creates significant pollution and carbon dioxide emissions. Closing power stations that use brown coal as fuel would reduce these emissions and lessen environmental damage. While this would eliminate jobs in the brown coal industry, it would improve air quality and public health over the long run. The environmental benefits of closing brown coal power stations outweigh the economic costs.
This document provides an analysis of the copper market fundamentals and outlook for 2011. It discusses factors influencing copper prices such as supply disruptions, economic growth in China and the US, and declining inventory levels. Global copper demand is expected to increase by 4.5% in 2011, outpacing modest supply growth. A shortage of 400,000 tonnes of copper is forecasted for 2011 as demand growth outpaces refined production capacity. Copper prices are expected to increase over 2011 due to tightening supply and demand conditions.
this presentation deals with the types, formation, depletion, conservation of coal. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of it. other sources of energy are also include.
This document summarizes the experiences and expectations with longwall mining in India. It discusses that longwall mining was introduced in India in the 1970s but had limited success due to challenges like unstable geology and underrated mining equipment. Currently, longwall mining accounts for a small portion of underground coal production in India compared to other countries where it is a major production method. However, as opencast reserves deplete, longwall mining will need to play a bigger role to meet future coal demand given its higher productivity potential. The document examines the key reasons for the slow progress of longwall mining in India and argues for immediate action to adopt this bulk-mining method on a larger scale long-term.
The document discusses several sustainability issues facing the mining industry, including declining ore grades, energy sources and reserves, water scarcity, and decreasing productivity. It presents technical solutions but notes the need for a systemic approach given the interconnected nature of these problems in the industrial sector. Charts show decreasing ore grades over time, rising energy consumption in mining, and peaking of global production for oil, gas, coal and other resources. The document argues that the current business model is not sustainable given these finite resource and environmental constraints.
Day 1- Session 2: Speciality Metals
Outlook for Niobium
Objective Capital Global Mining Investment Conference 2010
Stationers' Hall, City of London
28-29 September 2010
Speaker:
Mark Sumich - Globe Metals & Mining
This document provides an overview of the metal industry and analysis of Tata Steel Ltd. It begins with an introduction to the global metal sector and lists the top 10 mining companies by revenue. It then discusses the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on metal prices and industry. The document analyzes key metal commodities, performs a Porter's Five Forces analysis of the industry, and lists new developments. It provides an in-depth company analysis of Tata Steel Ltd, including financials, ratios, management, and compares it to competitors. The document concludes with benefits and how to perform a competitive landscape analysis.
Duncan Calder - In line with Chinese Government policy to cut emissions, increasing demand from steel mills for less polluting magnetite iron ore will boost Western Australia’s magnetite production.
Key energy transition technologies are reliant on the mining sector, including solar PV, wind and battery storage, and demand for these commodities is on an upwards trajectory; there are opportunities for investors to can identify challenges and bring solutions to the industry
The document summarizes the global nickel industry. It states that:
- Primary nickel production recovered in 2010 after declining in 2008-2009 due to the economic crisis, and has been growing since then at a rate of around 9% per year.
- Europe and Asia are the leading producers and consumers of nickel globally, accounting for over 70% of production and consumption in 2012.
- Stainless steel production, which requires nickel, is the largest end use for nickel and accounted for around 66% of total nickel consumption in 2012.
- Future demand is expected to come from growth in stainless steel production and from nickel-based batteries and superalloys, however oversupply and lack of demand pose challenges to the industry
Similar to PERUMIN 31: Innovation in the non-ferrous metals intustry and a case study for lead smelting (20)
El Comité Organizador de PERUMIN brindó un cóctel de agradecimiento a las empresas auspiciadoras, exhibidoras y colaboradores del evento minero más importante del sector tras el éxito de la convención en la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín. Durante la ceremonia, el titular del IIMP reconoció al rector de la UNSA por su notable gestión y respaldo para realizar la edición 32 de PERUMIN.
El Instituto de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú - IIMP, organizador de PERUMIN – 32 Convención Minera, entregó hoy las modernas instalaciones del nuevo vivero de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín - UNSA, que permitirá mejorar el abastecimiento de áreas verdes a los diversas locales de dicha casa de estudios en Arequipa. Participaron en la ceremonia: Ing. Antonio Samaniego, presidente del IIMP; Sra. Josefina Obregón, gerente de PERUMIN - 32 Convención Minera; Dr. Víctor Hugo Linares, rector; Dr. Luis Alfaro, vicerrector administrativo y el Dr. Howard Pinto, vicerrector académico de la UNSA.
Con la ponencia del vicario de Cajamarca, Efraín Castillo, y un panel de especialistas de los sectores público y privado, así como de la sociedad civil, se llevó a cabo una nueva jornada de debate e intercambio de conocimiento que tuvo como tema principal a la Encíclica Laudato Si del Papa Francisco y su relación con la minería.
Un espacio de debate y discusión entre los tres sectores protagonistas de la actividad minera: El Estado, la empresa y la sociedad civil, respecto a la importancia sobre el cuidado el medio ambiente, mejor distribución de la riqueza y el respeto a los derechos de las futuras generaciones peruanas.
Esta semana se llevará a cabo la conferencia magistral titulada “La Encíclica Laudato Si y su relación con la minería”, a cargo del R.P Efraín Castillo, Vicario de Cajamarca, quien interpretará la solemne carta del Papa Francisco en el marco del 72° aniversario del Instituto de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú - IIMP.
Un gobierno que garantice el cumplimiento de las normas regulatorias por parte de las empresas mineras genera confianza en la población. Así lo señaló hoy Kieren Moffat, especialista de CSIRO Mineral Resources, quien visitó nuestro país invitado por el Instituto de Ingeniero de Minas del Perú para ofrecer una conferencia magistral.
El Instituto de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú (IIMP) presentará este 10 de noviembre, a partir de las 08:30 horas, la conferencia magistral “Creando aceptación social duradera para la minería: Evidencia empírica para respaldar la política y la práctica” a cargo de Kieren Moffat, especialista de CSIRO Minerals Resources.
El evento cultural contará con la presencia de 124 autores entre internacionales, nacionales y locales, quienes compartirán sus obras e investigaciones con los asistentes y la comunidad universitaria agustina.
El documento presenta información sobre la edición 32 de PERUMIN, una convención minera en Perú. Se destacan tres puntos: 1) Se han invertido casi 34 mil millones de dólares en el sector minero durante el gobierno actual y se esperan inversiones por 42,600 millones para fines de gobierno. 2) Existen desafíos sociales como la aceptación comunitaria de los proyectos mineros y la protección ambiental. 3) Se discuten los roles del Estado y las empresas mineras, donde el Estado debe promover el diálogo y las empresas deben cumpl
El Comité Organizador de PERUMIN – 32 Convención Minera pone en conocimiento a la opinión pública que, por razones ajenas a nuestro control, hemos visto la necesidad de postergar la fecha de realización del concierto Festival de la Juventud a realizarse este viernes 25 de setiembre en el Jardín de la Cerveza de Arequipa.
A continuación compartimos nuestras recomendaciones de seguridad y plano sede detallando los principales servicios que ofrece PERUMIN - 32 Convención Minera, el evento minero más importante del sector.
El documento resume las principales noticias y entrevistas de la tercera edición del análisis empresarial sobre educación y trabajo. Incluye una entrevista con la Directora Económica de la Embajada de Chile que habla sobre las relaciones comerciales mineras entre Chile y Perú, proponiendo mayor presencia de pymes y fortalecimiento del intercambio de servicios. También cubre reportajes sobre las actividades de responsabilidad social de las mineras y la importancia de la convención minera PERUMIN para impulsar la industria.
En busca del bienestar. Cuando el IIMP inició en 1954 las convenciones mineras, la principal idea era compartir las experiencias de los profesionales del sector. Hoy medio siglo después se mantiene esa principal fuerza motivadora pero más inclusiva.
El documento informa sobre la inauguración de PERUMIN 2015 y EXTEMIN, la exhibición tecnológica minera que se lleva a cabo como parte del evento. Se espera recibir a más de 100,000 asistentes de 50 países durante los cinco días del evento. José de los Heros, presidente del Encuentro Logístico, fue entrevistado y comentó sobre las expectativas del gremio minero ante la coyuntura económica actual y el aporte que brindará PERUMIN a sectores como la educación y el trabajo.
Descarga de manera gratuita la guía del visitante. Recurso importante para disfrutar al máximo de PERUMIN - 32 Convención Minera, el evento minero más importante del sector.
Nuestro programa resumido reúne el detalle de todos los conferencistas que participan en los 7 encuentros académicos y empresariales. Descargarla de forma gratuita aquí.
La trigésimo segunda edición de la Convención Minera PERUMIN se llevará a cabo del 21 al 25 de setiembre y contará con más de 300 conferencistas nacionales y extranjeros. Habrá 7 encuentros académicos y empresariales. El 20 de setiembre finaliza el registro en línea y posteriormente las inscripciones se realizarán en los módulos de registro en la sede del evento del 21 al 24 de setiembre. Los pagos podrán hacerse con tarjeta en la agencia bancaria ubicada
El Comité Organizador de PERUMIN – 32 Convención Minera informa a todos los participantes que a partir del 20 de setiembre, a las 12:00 horas, se desactivará el sistema de inscripciones vía online, tanto para las modalidades individual y empresarial.
Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) iniciará el Encuentro Internacional de PERUMIN – 32 Convención Minera, nuevo espacio de diálogo que tiene como propósito promover el intercambio de experiencias académicas, económicas y culturales con países potencia en minería.
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PERUMIN 31: Innovation in the non-ferrous metals intustry and a case study for lead smelting
1. INNOVATIONS IN METALLURGY WITH A CASE STUDY OF Pb SMELTING IN PERU Phillip J. Mackey PERUMIN - 31st Mining Convention Arequipa, September 16th to 20th, 2013
2. “Peru is a Mining Country”
2
We must not forget that metallurgy is as much a part of mining as digging ore out of the ground. As you will see in the logos here developed by our predecessors, smelting is part of the mining cycle. Peru must be a mining country in the true sense of the word. This presentation will talk about developing a Pb smelting industry in Peru
3. 3
Population growth, with water and food crisis looming
Electric cars gaining further attention
New African opportunities
Waning of the climate debate, emergence of sensible climate science
Slow recovery in the U.S. but an overall decline of U.S. world influence
Surge in the economies of China and India
Growing importance of South America
Political conflict and unrest
Some World Trends
All these trends mean change…..
So change is very much part of life, and there is also change
in the mining/smelting industry ……. as will be discussed....
4. 4
What are the ten top issues that mining companies worldwide will face during the next 50 years?
5. 5
1.Loss of market capitalization, lower share prices (market does not buy the industry’s “long term growth strategy”)
2.Importance of emerging markets (China, India, etc)
3.One critical key to the future will be the ability of a company to bring on new metal supply through the right projects ( capital discipline)
4.Relentless demand will be there – the % increases in growth may not be as high as before
5.Balancing productivity and profitability:
Position on cost curve a primary focus (= cost reduction)
Role of technology – technology & innovation can lower
costs (also requires detailed understanding of data and processes)
Some Immediate Issues Affecting Mining Companies
In part taken from.“ Review of Global Trends in the Mining Induistry-2013, Price Waterhouse, www.pwc.com
6. …..and a prediction……….
6
1.At present, world mining companies send huge amounts of non-ferrous metal concentrates to China for smelting…..copper, zinc, lead……….
2.This large scale “mining-custom smelting model” is likely not sustainable due to issues including….higher labour costs in China, energy costs, environmental controls, possible difficulties/concerns on shipping some materials (like Zn, Pb, etc), other environmental aspects....
3.It is considered that over say about the next decade, concentrates will more and more be treated at the country of origin or another convenient country (but still, China will remain a key player in the industry) Peru needs to plan now for future changes. This situation will be discussed later in this presentation regarding developing a modern Pb smelting industry in Peru
8. 8
•Part I - Innovations in metallurgy
Important for keeping low on the cost curve
Types of innovation – examples
Discussion
•Part II – Case Study of new Pb smelting industry in Peru
Considerations involved, requires some innovative thinking
Plan of action
•Part III- Conclusions
Outline of Presentation
9. 9
World Growth in Metals 1800 to 2010
Up until about 1900,
Pb was the most
important non-ferrous
metal
Growth of all metals
will continue
10. The white curve plots the trend of Cu concentrate to custom smelters, 1970 to 2010 The box (yellow curve) shows this trend from 1700 to beyond 2000
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
YEAR
CUSTOM SUPPLY, %
Source: P.J. Mackey
This reveals the trend is cyclical. The same type of trend would also apply to Pb concentrates
11. 11
•Different results require different actions
•Different actions require different thinking
•Different thinking requires generous listening
Change…… (e.g., establish a modern Pb smelting industry in Peru)
12. 12
To look is one thing
To see is another
To understand what we see is still another
But to ACT on what we understand is really what it’s all about, isn’t it?
* Paul Hersey (1931-2012) – A leading US authority on training and development in leadership
Paul Hersey’s quote*
13. 13
All major technical developments in mining and metallurgy
have occurred as a result of successful innovative
developments
This has been carried out by operating companies,
equipment suppliers, research institutes of various types
and universities
There need not be “one best place” to carry out
development….it depends on the strategy and approach of
people involved
What has innovation done for us
14. What innovation has done for the energy requirement to produce copper (by smelting)
Since 1900, energy consumption has dropped by a factor of about 30 times. (flotation, use of large reverbs, later use of O2) Energy at present time ~ 12,000 MJ/t Cu, 70-80% is electricity, as compared to mostly fossil fuel in the past
Decreasing trend of energy consumption in Cu Smelting over the last four centuries (as MJ/t Cu - feed to metal)
Source: Coursol et al. Energy in copper smelting, CIM, 2011
15. 15
1.Creative-”Flash of Insight”
Examples
Noranda Process – 1963 (copper smelting),
Top Smelting Lance - (1971) - ISASMELTTM, Ausmelt
Gravity separator (in mineral processing)
2.Innovative Adaptation (also called “incremental innovation”)
Examples
Outokumpu flash smelting -1947 (Cu, Pb and Ni)
SAG milling
Use of oxygen for smelting
Establish a modern Pb smelting industry in Peru
Two Broad Types of Innovation
16. 16
1.In the 1960s, the mainstay of smelting was the large reverberatory
furnace, with converter slag returned to the furnace for slag cleaning
2.The soon-to-be-inventors did ground-breaking tests that showed
returned converter slag had an extremely short residence time in the furnace, yet slag was still effectively cleaned of copper
3.The inventors deducted that since the slag residence time was low yet effective, why not combine smelting and converting in the same vessel and still keep the same short residence time for slag cleaning
4.Thus was born the Noranda Process, the world’s first commercial
plant for continuous smelting and converting
A Flash of Insight - The Noranda Process (N.Themelis and P. Spira - 1963)
17. Innovative Adaptation-Outokumpu Flash Smelting (Bryk et al. - 1947)
17
1. The idea “flash smelting” of fine concentrate
in a gas stream had been known and used
since the 1930s
2.Outokumpu in the 1940s, wishing to utilize
the chemical heat of smelting (instead of
using scarce electric power as used pre-war),
chose to adapt the 1930s flash smelting ideas
to their own requirements.
3.Thus was born the Outokumpu Flash Smelting Process, the world’s first commercial plant for smelting to a medium grade of matte and utilizing the heat for smelting
St Jacques furnace, 1930s
18. 18
“ The reasonable person adapts himself to the world.
The unreasonable person tries to adapt himself to the world.
All progress comes from the unreasonable man.”
George Bernard Shaw
British Writer (1903)
The Path to Progress (e.g., establish a modern Pb smelting industry in Peru)
19. 19
Note: Mine production
represents about 44%
of output, bal. is recycled Pb
Peru provides about 5 % of world mined Pb but no Pb metal*
Source: Hassall et al, Pb-Zn 2010, CIM/TMS
Global Pb Production
With Cerro re-starting,
this is a simplification
20. 20
Ranking of Pb mine output by country
Source: USGS, Washington, USA, 2012
21. Metal price trends Highly volatile since 2005
Metal price trends - highly volatile since 2005,will likely remain so Long Term Pb price ~US$2,100/mt
Lead
Source: ILZSG, 2012
22. Pb mine output in China increasing
22
Source: ILZSG, 2012
25. 25
All lead metal used in Peru is imported metal* Chances are that 1 car in 20 in Peru has lead in the battery originally mined in Peru, the concentrate was shipped elsewhere for smelting and then the metal was re-imported in the battery. A case could be made for some Pb smelting in a modern plant to be done in Peru. Such a plant could also treat secondary Pb (batteries)
* With Cerro re-starting, this is a simplification
26. 26
It requires some 50 Litres of fuel oil to ship 1 tonne of Pb concentrate to China thereby adding unnecessarily to greenhouse gas emissions
The typical Peruvian Pb miner receives much less than 100% of conc. value
27. Considerations Regarding a Modern Peruvian Pb Smelting Industry
27
Economics of any new plant to be in the first quartile of the cost curve
This requires world-class technology for a new plant, start small
Benefits include:
Security of processing (refer to news report last month that Yunnan will halt Pb smelting – next slide)
Labour costs are on the rise in China, Smelting Charges will likely increase in future. Storage of concentrates at the ports can be problematic
Shorter payment period
Saves on freight costs (which will likely increase in future), shipping will increasingly require stringent environmental safeguards seriously affecting the present “mining-custom smelting model”
Reduces industry greenhouse gases - it requires ~50 Litres fuel oil to ship 1 tonne of Pb concentrate from Peru to China
28. China’s Yunnan Tin Will Halt Lead Smelting After Price Declines (Bloomberg News - Aug 23, 2013 )
Chinas Yunnan Tin Co said it would idle its lead smelter because lower
prices for the metal have made it unprofitable.
The plant, with 100,000 metric tons of annual capacity, will stop operating
this month, according to a statement from the company, which is based in
Kunming, Yunnan province. Output this year from the smelter will drop to
about 60,000 tons from a previous estimate of 90,000 tons, Board Secretary
Pan Wenhao said today by phone.
29. 29
Create an industry - Government “Pb Task Force” Essential to have industry support, market driven Group to carry out benchmarking survey- Industry trends Role of China (growth, but… trend of increasing costs, etc, concerns over shipping Pb, storage at ports, etc) Technology Review (Top Lance, SKS, other….) Economics, financial and country issues, possibility of a Japanese style JV plant in Peru, etc Consideration given to also processing secondary Pb (batteries) Consider Peru setting up a Canadian “CANMET-like Government metallurgical laboratories (to retain Government expertise) Prepare recommendations
Possible steps Peru can take to establish a world class Pb smelting industry
30. Leadership and Expertise Applies to a company as well as a country
30
“ Obviously, our leadership does not and should not necessarily have the technical expertise needed to make some of the decisions we need to make.
However, we have people who do have the expertise and top management needs to ask the right questions of these people to understand the technical implications of our decisions.”
Roger Ackerman, Corning Chairman and CEO, 1998
31. Generous listening
Comfort with uncertainty
Prioritization
Turning complexity into simpler parts and most
importantly……….
Capacity to enlist others into action
31
Critical Thinking Components (in looking at a new “mining-smelting” model)
32. Modern Pb smelting Technologies (all these technologies are environmentally clean)
Top Smelting Lance (Australia)
ISASMELTTM
Ausmelt/Outotec
Flash Smelting (Finland)
SKS/Bottom Oxygen Blowing (China)
Kivcet (Russia)
QSL (USA)
32
37. Conclusions
37
1. Since successful introduction of “innovation” requires
an “atmosphere of change”, openness to new approaches
is essential ( for setting up a modern Pb smelting industry)
2. There is potential for an innovative approach to Pb
smelting in Peru. Issues and considerations as regarding
achieving this were outlined in the presentation
3. A number of modern Pb smelting technologies are now
available for clean, environmentally safe operations
4. A tentative “Plan of action” was developed for discussion
38. One last thought
Strategies and technologies only deliver promises.
People and processes deliver results.
Deloitte & Touche Advertising
“Peru is a Mining Country”
38
39. Acknowledgements
I wish to acknowledge the support of Bertrand De Windt, ICM-Peru Chair and also Perumin in helping to make this presentation possible
39