The document provides an overview of the Indian money market and its various components. It discusses short-term instruments like treasury bills, commercial papers, certificates of deposit, and repos. It also describes the call money market and its role in redistributing surplus funds among banks. Major participants include scheduled commercial banks and cooperative banks. The money market helps meet temporary mismatches in bank liquidity and integrates short and long-term markets.
The document discusses India's financial system before and after liberalization. It describes the objectives to historically analyze the system, appreciate its evolution, and evaluate components in a global context. The financial system comprises financial assets/instruments, financial institutions, financial markets, and regulation. Key changes after reforms include increased bank profitability, reduced directed lending, and expansion of banking activities and services.
The document provides an overview of the money market in India, including its key components and participants. The money market deals with short-term financial instruments that are close substitutes for cash, with maturities of less than one year. It meets the short-term funding needs of borrowers and provides liquidity to lenders. Some main money market instruments discussed include treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, repurchase agreements, and the call/notice money market. The roles of primary dealers, the Reserve Bank of India, and different financial institutions in the money market are also outlined.
RBI & Its role in the Indian Banking SectorLeroy J D
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central bank and regulates the entire banking system. It was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. RBI controls monetary policy, issues currency, acts as a banker and debt manager to the government, regulates and supervises banks, and plays a developmental role in the economy. As the regulator of banks, RBI uses various tools like cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, repo and reverse repo rates, open market operations, and the marginal cost of funds based lending rate to regulate money supply and control inflation in the country.
The financial system consists of four main parts: financial assets, financial institutions, financial markets, and financial services. It enables financial transactions through an institutional framework regulated by organizations like RBI, SEBI, and IRDA. The system channels funds from surplus to deficit units through various financial instruments for savers like deposits and bonds, and for borrowers like loans. It mobilizes savings through institutions like banks and invests them in markets like money markets for short-term funds and capital markets for long-term funds.
The document summarizes key aspects of India's financial system and banking sector. It discusses financial assets/instruments, financial institutions, financial markets, and the role of the Reserve Bank of India in regulating the system. It then provides details on money markets, including call money, treasury bills, certificates of deposit, and commercial papers. Lastly, it outlines the progress and diversification of banking in India, including the nationalization of banks in 1969 and expansion of branch networks and credit.
Indian financial system ppt @ bec doms mba bagalkotBabasab Patil
The document summarizes key aspects of the Indian financial system and banking sector. It discusses financial assets/instruments, institutions, and markets. It then describes the various components of the money market in India including the call money market, treasury bill market, and money market instruments. Finally, it provides an overview of the progress and diversification of banking in India, including the nationalization of banks in 1969 and expansion of branch networks and credit.
This document provides an overview of the money market and capital market in India. It discusses the history and development of the money market in India from 1935 when the RBI was established through various committees and reforms. It describes key segments of the money market like the call money market, certificate of deposits, commercial paper market. It also compares organized and unorganized money markets. Similarly, for capital markets it discusses the regulator SEBI, functions, instruments, structure comparing primary and secondary markets and methods to float new issues.
The document provides an overview of banking and financial institutions. It defines banking as accepting deposits from the public that are repayable on demand. Commercial banks engage in deposit taking and lending activities. Central banks act as bankers to commercial banks and engage in credit control to regulate money supply. Non-performing assets are loans that are overdue for over 90 days, impacting bank profitability. The Indian banking system has evolved from money lenders to include public and private sector banks.
The document discusses India's financial system before and after liberalization. It describes the objectives to historically analyze the system, appreciate its evolution, and evaluate components in a global context. The financial system comprises financial assets/instruments, financial institutions, financial markets, and regulation. Key changes after reforms include increased bank profitability, reduced directed lending, and expansion of banking activities and services.
The document provides an overview of the money market in India, including its key components and participants. The money market deals with short-term financial instruments that are close substitutes for cash, with maturities of less than one year. It meets the short-term funding needs of borrowers and provides liquidity to lenders. Some main money market instruments discussed include treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, repurchase agreements, and the call/notice money market. The roles of primary dealers, the Reserve Bank of India, and different financial institutions in the money market are also outlined.
RBI & Its role in the Indian Banking SectorLeroy J D
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central bank and regulates the entire banking system. It was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. RBI controls monetary policy, issues currency, acts as a banker and debt manager to the government, regulates and supervises banks, and plays a developmental role in the economy. As the regulator of banks, RBI uses various tools like cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, repo and reverse repo rates, open market operations, and the marginal cost of funds based lending rate to regulate money supply and control inflation in the country.
The financial system consists of four main parts: financial assets, financial institutions, financial markets, and financial services. It enables financial transactions through an institutional framework regulated by organizations like RBI, SEBI, and IRDA. The system channels funds from surplus to deficit units through various financial instruments for savers like deposits and bonds, and for borrowers like loans. It mobilizes savings through institutions like banks and invests them in markets like money markets for short-term funds and capital markets for long-term funds.
The document summarizes key aspects of India's financial system and banking sector. It discusses financial assets/instruments, financial institutions, financial markets, and the role of the Reserve Bank of India in regulating the system. It then provides details on money markets, including call money, treasury bills, certificates of deposit, and commercial papers. Lastly, it outlines the progress and diversification of banking in India, including the nationalization of banks in 1969 and expansion of branch networks and credit.
Indian financial system ppt @ bec doms mba bagalkotBabasab Patil
The document summarizes key aspects of the Indian financial system and banking sector. It discusses financial assets/instruments, institutions, and markets. It then describes the various components of the money market in India including the call money market, treasury bill market, and money market instruments. Finally, it provides an overview of the progress and diversification of banking in India, including the nationalization of banks in 1969 and expansion of branch networks and credit.
This document provides an overview of the money market and capital market in India. It discusses the history and development of the money market in India from 1935 when the RBI was established through various committees and reforms. It describes key segments of the money market like the call money market, certificate of deposits, commercial paper market. It also compares organized and unorganized money markets. Similarly, for capital markets it discusses the regulator SEBI, functions, instruments, structure comparing primary and secondary markets and methods to float new issues.
The document provides an overview of banking and financial institutions. It defines banking as accepting deposits from the public that are repayable on demand. Commercial banks engage in deposit taking and lending activities. Central banks act as bankers to commercial banks and engage in credit control to regulate money supply. Non-performing assets are loans that are overdue for over 90 days, impacting bank profitability. The Indian banking system has evolved from money lenders to include public and private sector banks.
MONEY MARKET AND CAPITAL MARKET(short project)vijayverma767
The document provides information about money markets and capital markets. It defines the money market as dealing in short term loans of up to 365 days. Money market instruments discussed include call money, treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, repurchase agreements, and banker's acceptances. The roles of the money market are also summarized, such as maintaining monetary equilibrium, promoting economic growth, and helping implement monetary policy. Characteristics of the money market include short term borrowing and lending between parties who agree on interest rates. The importance of the money market to the Indian economy is also highlighted.
The document provides information about banks in India. It discusses the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which was established in 1935 according to the RBI Act of 1934. The RBI formulates monetary policy and regulates other banks. It also discusses the objectives and functions of RBI, which include maintaining currency value and promoting economic growth. The document then covers commercial banks, their definition and functions, as well as nationalized commercial banks. It further discusses foreign banks operating in India, cooperative banks, scheduled banks and their classification.
The document provides an overview of the Indian financial system including its key components such as financial assets, institutions, and markets. It discusses various financial instruments and assets like loans, deposits, bonds, and equities. It describes various financial institutions in India such as banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies. It also explains different financial markets including the money market, capital market, and foreign exchange market. Finally, it provides details on regulation of the financial system in India by bodies like RBI, SEBI, and IRDA.
The financial system in India has three main parts - financial assets, financial institutions, and financial markets. It is regulated by bodies like RBI, SEBI, and IRDA. The money market provides short-term funds through instruments like treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and call/notice money. The capital market supplies long-term funds via stock and bond markets. Indigenous bankers also provide credit but remain outside RBI purview. Post nationalization in 1969, banking expanded through branch proliferation and priority sector lending, increasing access across India.
This document provides an overview of banking in India. It begins with introducing different types of banking institutions in India such as commercial banks, cooperative banks, development banks, investment institutions, and money market institutions. It then discusses the Reserve Bank of India's role as the central bank, including its functions like credit control using quantitative and qualitative methods. Finally, it provides classifications of banking institutions such as public sector banks, private sector banks, foreign banks, and cooperative banks.
This document provides an overview of public sector banks in India. It discusses the history of banking in India beginning with banks established by the British East India Company in the early 19th century. It notes that many major banks were nationalized by the government in 1969 and 1980. The document defines public sector banks as those where the government holds over 50% stake and are listed on stock exchanges. It then outlines various banking services provided by public sector banks like deposits, credits, general services, customized services and products.
Reserve bank of_india___commercial_banks123shynapuri
The document discusses the role and functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank and regulator of the financial system in India. It outlines that RBI regulates commercial banks, controls money supply, acts as a banker to the central and state governments, promotes a sound banking system, and uses various techniques like bank rate, reserve ratios, and open market operations to influence monetary policy and credit growth. The objective of RBI's monetary policy is to accelerate economic development with reasonable price stability.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India that monitors and implements monetary policy. It acts as a banker to the government and other banks, manages government securities, controls money supply and credit in the economy, regulates foreign exchange, and publishes important economic data. RBI also plays a promotional role in developing the banking and financial system.
Banking and Financial Institutions (as per UGC NET syllabus)Abbas Vattoli
a power point presentation on banking and financial institutions convering origin and history of banking in india, commercial banking classification and functions, investment banking role and initiatives, NPA warning signals and mannagement of NPA, NABARD and its rural banking innovations.
The document provides an overview of the Indian banking system, including definitions of key banking terms, the functions and roles of banks, and the history and evolution of banking in India. It describes the different types of banks in India such as public sector banks, private sector banks, foreign banks, cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and specialized banks like NABARD, EXIM Bank, and NHB. It also discusses pre-reforms developments like the lead bank scheme and important milestones in Indian banking.
1. Banks accept deposits from customers and lend money to borrowers, playing an important role in the economy. The Reserve Bank of India regulates banking activities and monetary policy in India.
2. RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. As the central bank, it formulates and implements monetary policy, regulates the financial system, manages foreign exchange reserves, acts as a bank for the government and banks, and plays a developmental role.
3. In addition to accepting deposits and lending loans, banks also perform agency, utility, and secondary functions for customers like money transfers, payments, and investments. Emerging trends in banking include financial inclusion, increased digitization and technology usage, and consolidation in the sector
Call money is money loaned by banks that must be repaid on demand without a fixed schedule. It is used by brokerages as short-term funding to maintain margin accounts. The funds can move quickly between lenders and brokerages.
Certificates of deposit are short-term deposit instruments issued by banks and financial institutions to raise large amounts of money. They have a minimum maturity of 7 days and maximum of 12 months. CDs offer liquidity as they are transferable and allow holders to resell before maturity. They provide banks a way to raise resources and improve lending capacity.
The financial system serves as an intermediary between savers and investors, facilitating the exchange of goods and services as well as the transfer of resources. It is composed of financial assets, markets, and intermediaries. Financial assets are used to transfer funds from lenders to borrowers and represent claims on future income. Primary assets are issued directly to investors, while secondary assets are issued by intermediaries. Financial markets allow for the creation and exchange of assets. Money markets facilitate short-term lending while capital markets handle long-term funds. Financial intermediaries mobilize savings and allocate funds from surplus to deficit units. Regulatory bodies like RBI, SEBI, IDBI, and NABARD oversee the financial system to ensure
This document provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), including its history, functions, monetary policy tools, and credit controls. It establishes that the RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. It acts as the central bank, banker to the government, lender of last resort, and controller of money supply and credit in India through various monetary policy tools like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and open market operations.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Indian financial system. It discusses that the financial system includes institutions that affect savings mobilization and distribution. It also describes the functions of the financial system in transferring resources across time/sectors, managing risks, and pooling/subdividing funds. The major financial instruments mentioned are money, savings accounts, bonds, stocks, mutual funds, pension funds, and derivatives. The types of markets outlined are the money market and capital market.
The document provides an overview of the Indian money market, including its history, structure, instruments, and benefits. It discusses key money market instruments like treasury bills, commercial paper, commercial bills, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements. These short-term instruments can be bought directly from issuers or through stock exchanges and banks. The money market provides liquidity to banks and companies while offering safety and returns to investors.
The document provides information on the Indian banking system:
- It outlines the structure of the banking system in India, which includes scheduled banks that are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), non-scheduled banks, and development banks. The RBI acts as the central bank.
- The major types of banks in India are discussed, including commercial banks, cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and specialized banks.
- The functions of banks are described, such as accepting deposits, lending, payment systems, and other services. Rural financing is also addressed.
- Acts governing banking in India and the primary and secondary functions of banks are defined in the document.
The document discusses several topics related to money supply and central banking:
- Money supply refers to the total quantity of money available in an economy at a given time, including cash and deposits.
- A central bank, like the Reserve Bank of India, acts as the bank for the government and controls a country's money supply through interest rates, open market operations, reserve requirements and other measures.
- Commercial banks create new money through the process of extending loans which expand the initial deposit through a multiplier effect, with the total money creation determined by the legal reserve ratio.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
MONEY MARKET AND CAPITAL MARKET(short project)vijayverma767
The document provides information about money markets and capital markets. It defines the money market as dealing in short term loans of up to 365 days. Money market instruments discussed include call money, treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, repurchase agreements, and banker's acceptances. The roles of the money market are also summarized, such as maintaining monetary equilibrium, promoting economic growth, and helping implement monetary policy. Characteristics of the money market include short term borrowing and lending between parties who agree on interest rates. The importance of the money market to the Indian economy is also highlighted.
The document provides information about banks in India. It discusses the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which was established in 1935 according to the RBI Act of 1934. The RBI formulates monetary policy and regulates other banks. It also discusses the objectives and functions of RBI, which include maintaining currency value and promoting economic growth. The document then covers commercial banks, their definition and functions, as well as nationalized commercial banks. It further discusses foreign banks operating in India, cooperative banks, scheduled banks and their classification.
The document provides an overview of the Indian financial system including its key components such as financial assets, institutions, and markets. It discusses various financial instruments and assets like loans, deposits, bonds, and equities. It describes various financial institutions in India such as banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies. It also explains different financial markets including the money market, capital market, and foreign exchange market. Finally, it provides details on regulation of the financial system in India by bodies like RBI, SEBI, and IRDA.
The financial system in India has three main parts - financial assets, financial institutions, and financial markets. It is regulated by bodies like RBI, SEBI, and IRDA. The money market provides short-term funds through instruments like treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and call/notice money. The capital market supplies long-term funds via stock and bond markets. Indigenous bankers also provide credit but remain outside RBI purview. Post nationalization in 1969, banking expanded through branch proliferation and priority sector lending, increasing access across India.
This document provides an overview of banking in India. It begins with introducing different types of banking institutions in India such as commercial banks, cooperative banks, development banks, investment institutions, and money market institutions. It then discusses the Reserve Bank of India's role as the central bank, including its functions like credit control using quantitative and qualitative methods. Finally, it provides classifications of banking institutions such as public sector banks, private sector banks, foreign banks, and cooperative banks.
This document provides an overview of public sector banks in India. It discusses the history of banking in India beginning with banks established by the British East India Company in the early 19th century. It notes that many major banks were nationalized by the government in 1969 and 1980. The document defines public sector banks as those where the government holds over 50% stake and are listed on stock exchanges. It then outlines various banking services provided by public sector banks like deposits, credits, general services, customized services and products.
Reserve bank of_india___commercial_banks123shynapuri
The document discusses the role and functions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank and regulator of the financial system in India. It outlines that RBI regulates commercial banks, controls money supply, acts as a banker to the central and state governments, promotes a sound banking system, and uses various techniques like bank rate, reserve ratios, and open market operations to influence monetary policy and credit growth. The objective of RBI's monetary policy is to accelerate economic development with reasonable price stability.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India that monitors and implements monetary policy. It acts as a banker to the government and other banks, manages government securities, controls money supply and credit in the economy, regulates foreign exchange, and publishes important economic data. RBI also plays a promotional role in developing the banking and financial system.
Banking and Financial Institutions (as per UGC NET syllabus)Abbas Vattoli
a power point presentation on banking and financial institutions convering origin and history of banking in india, commercial banking classification and functions, investment banking role and initiatives, NPA warning signals and mannagement of NPA, NABARD and its rural banking innovations.
The document provides an overview of the Indian banking system, including definitions of key banking terms, the functions and roles of banks, and the history and evolution of banking in India. It describes the different types of banks in India such as public sector banks, private sector banks, foreign banks, cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and specialized banks like NABARD, EXIM Bank, and NHB. It also discusses pre-reforms developments like the lead bank scheme and important milestones in Indian banking.
1. Banks accept deposits from customers and lend money to borrowers, playing an important role in the economy. The Reserve Bank of India regulates banking activities and monetary policy in India.
2. RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. As the central bank, it formulates and implements monetary policy, regulates the financial system, manages foreign exchange reserves, acts as a bank for the government and banks, and plays a developmental role.
3. In addition to accepting deposits and lending loans, banks also perform agency, utility, and secondary functions for customers like money transfers, payments, and investments. Emerging trends in banking include financial inclusion, increased digitization and technology usage, and consolidation in the sector
Call money is money loaned by banks that must be repaid on demand without a fixed schedule. It is used by brokerages as short-term funding to maintain margin accounts. The funds can move quickly between lenders and brokerages.
Certificates of deposit are short-term deposit instruments issued by banks and financial institutions to raise large amounts of money. They have a minimum maturity of 7 days and maximum of 12 months. CDs offer liquidity as they are transferable and allow holders to resell before maturity. They provide banks a way to raise resources and improve lending capacity.
The financial system serves as an intermediary between savers and investors, facilitating the exchange of goods and services as well as the transfer of resources. It is composed of financial assets, markets, and intermediaries. Financial assets are used to transfer funds from lenders to borrowers and represent claims on future income. Primary assets are issued directly to investors, while secondary assets are issued by intermediaries. Financial markets allow for the creation and exchange of assets. Money markets facilitate short-term lending while capital markets handle long-term funds. Financial intermediaries mobilize savings and allocate funds from surplus to deficit units. Regulatory bodies like RBI, SEBI, IDBI, and NABARD oversee the financial system to ensure
This document provides an overview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), including its history, functions, monetary policy tools, and credit controls. It establishes that the RBI was established in 1935 and nationalized in 1949. It acts as the central bank, banker to the government, lender of last resort, and controller of money supply and credit in India through various monetary policy tools like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, and open market operations.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Indian financial system. It discusses that the financial system includes institutions that affect savings mobilization and distribution. It also describes the functions of the financial system in transferring resources across time/sectors, managing risks, and pooling/subdividing funds. The major financial instruments mentioned are money, savings accounts, bonds, stocks, mutual funds, pension funds, and derivatives. The types of markets outlined are the money market and capital market.
The document provides an overview of the Indian money market, including its history, structure, instruments, and benefits. It discusses key money market instruments like treasury bills, commercial paper, commercial bills, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements. These short-term instruments can be bought directly from issuers or through stock exchanges and banks. The money market provides liquidity to banks and companies while offering safety and returns to investors.
The document provides information on the Indian banking system:
- It outlines the structure of the banking system in India, which includes scheduled banks that are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), non-scheduled banks, and development banks. The RBI acts as the central bank.
- The major types of banks in India are discussed, including commercial banks, cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and specialized banks.
- The functions of banks are described, such as accepting deposits, lending, payment systems, and other services. Rural financing is also addressed.
- Acts governing banking in India and the primary and secondary functions of banks are defined in the document.
The document discusses several topics related to money supply and central banking:
- Money supply refers to the total quantity of money available in an economy at a given time, including cash and deposits.
- A central bank, like the Reserve Bank of India, acts as the bank for the government and controls a country's money supply through interest rates, open market operations, reserve requirements and other measures.
- Commercial banks create new money through the process of extending loans which expand the initial deposit through a multiplier effect, with the total money creation determined by the legal reserve ratio.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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1. Money Market
• The term “money market” is a misnomer. Money
(currency) is not actually traded in the money markets.
The securities in the money market are short term with
high liquidity, therefore they are close to being money
• Call money market
• Bill Market
– Treasury bills
– Commercial bills
• Bank loans (short-term)
• Organized money market comprises RBI (through LAF),
banks (commercial and co-operative) and primary dealers
2. Purpose of the money market
• Banks borrow in the money market to:
– Fill the gaps or temporary mismatch of funds
– To meet the CRR and SLR mandatory requirements
as stipulated by the central bank
– To meet sudden demand for funds arising out of
large outflows (like advance tax payments)
• Call money market serves the role of
equilibrating the short-term liquidity position
of the banks
3. Major Participants in the call money market:
Scheduled Commercial Banks
Non-Scheduled Commercial Banks
Foreign Banks
State, District and Urban Co-operative Banks
Discount and Finance House of India(DFHI)
Securities Credit Corporation of India(STCI)
STCI & DFHI borrow as well lend like banks and
Primary dealers in the call market
Continuous Participation of market Players helps to
integrate long-term & short-term money markets in
the economy.
3
Participation in Call Money Market
4. Call Money Market
• Mainly to redistribute the pool of day-to-day surplus
funds of banks among other banks in temporary deficit of
funds
• An integral part of money market where day-to-day
surplus funds (mostly of banks) are traded.
• The loans are of short-term duration (1 to 14 days).
• Money lent for one day is called ‘call money’; if it exceeds
1 day but is less than 15 days it is called ‘notice money’.
Money lent for more than 15 days is ‘term money’
• The borrowing is exclusively limited to banks, who are
temporarily short of funds.
• Call loans are generally made on a clean basis- i.e. no
collateral is required
• Highly competitive and sensitive market
• Acts as a good indicator of the liquidity position
5. Call money market (1)
• It deals with one-day loans (overnight, to be precise)
called call loans or call money
• Participants are mostly banks. Also called inter-bank call
money market.
• The borrowing is exclusively limited to banks, who are
temporarily short of funds.
• On the lending side, besides banks with excess cash and
as special cases few FIs like LIC, UTI
• All others have to keep their funds in term deposits of
minimum 15 days with banks to earn interest
6. Call money market (2)
• Call loans are generally made on a clean basis- i.e. no
collateral is required
• The main function of the call money market is to
redistribute the pool of day-to-day surplus funds of banks
among other banks in temporary deficit of funds
• The call market helps banks economise their cash and yet
improve their liquidity
• It is a highly competitive and sensitive market
• It acts as a good indicator of the liquidity position
7. Developments in Money Market
• Prior to mid-1980s participants depended heavily on the call
money market
• The volatile nature of the call money market led to the
activation of the Treasury Bills market to reduce dependence
on call money
• Emergence of market repo and collateralized borrowing and
lending obligation (CBLO) instruments
Prudential measures:
• Banks are allowed to borrow a maximum of 125
percent of their capital funds on any day during a
fortnight (On a fortnightly average basis, outstanding
should not exceed 100%)
• On a fortnightly average basis, lending outstanding
should not exceed 25 per cent of their capital funds.
However, banks are allowed to lend a maximum of 50
per cent of their capital funds on any day, during a
fortnight.
8. Money Market Instruments
• Have maturity period of less
than one year.
• The most active part is the
market for overnight call and
term money between banks
and institutions and repo
transactions
• Call money/repo are very
short-term money market
products
• Call/notice/term
money
• Treasury Bills
• Commercial Bill
(re/discounting)
• Certificates of Deposit
• Commercial Paper
• Repo: Market & RBI
• CBLO
10. Bill Market
• Treasury Bill market- Also called the T-Bill market
– These bills are short-term liabilities (91-day, 182-day, 364-day)
of the Government of India
– It is an IOU of the government, a promise to pay the stated
amount after expiry of the stated period from the date of issue
– They are issued at discount to the face value and at the end of
maturity the face value is paid
– The rate of discount and the corresponding issue price are
determined at each auction
• Commercial Bill market- Not as developed in India as the
T-Bill market
11. Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
• CDs are short-term borrowings in the form of Usance
Promissory Notes* (UPN) issued by all scheduled banks and
are freely transferable by endorsement and delivery.
• Introduced in 1989
• Maturity of not less than 7 days and maximum up to a year.
FIs are allowed to issue CDs for a period between 1 year and
up to 3 years
• Subject to payment of stamp duty under the Indian Stamp
Act, 1899
• Issued to individuals, corporations, trusts, funds and
associations
• They are issued at a discount rate freely determined by the
market/investors
*Demand Promissory Note has to be paid immediately on demand and Usance
Promissory Note has to be paid after certain time period. There are two parties in the
PN. The maker is who promises to pay and the payee is who is promised to pay
12. Commercial Papers (CPs)
• Short-term borrowings by corporates, financial institutions,
primary dealers from the money market
• Can be issued in the physical form (Usance Promissory Note)
or de-mat form
• Introduced in 1990
• When issued in physical form are negotiable by endorsement
and delivery and hence, highly flexible
• Issued subject to minimum of Rs. 5 lacs and in the multiple of
Rs. 5 lacs after that
• Maturity is 7 days to 1 year
• Unsecured and backed by credit rating of the issuing company
• Issued at discount to the face value
13. Repos
• Repo (repurchase agreement) instruments enable
collateralized short-term borrowing through the selling
of debt instruments
• A security is sold with an agreement to repurchase it at a
pre-determined date and rate
• Reverse repo is a mirror image of repo and reflects the
acquisition of a security with a simultaneous
commitment to resell
• Market Repos
– Among banks and with DHFI & STCI
• RBI Repos
14. Collateralized Borrowing and Lending
Obligation (CBLO)
• Operationalized as money market instruments by the
Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) in 2003
• …..
• Follows an anonymous, order-driven and online trading
system
• Liabilities of banks arising out of transaction in CBLO are
subject to maintenance of CRR
15. Indigenous bankers
• Individual bankers like Shroffs, Seths, Sahukars,
Mahajans, etc. Combine trading and other business with
money lending.
• Vary in size from petty lenders to substantial shroffs
• Act as money changers and finance internal trade
through hundis (internal bills of exchange)
• Indigenous banking is usually family owned business
employing own working capital
• At one point it was estimated that IB met about 90% of
the financial requirements of rural India
16. RBI and indigenous bankers (1)
• Methods employed by the indigenous bankers are
traditional with vernacular system of accounting.
• RBI suggested that bankers give up their trading and
commission business and switch over to the western
system of accounting.
• It also suggested that these bankers should develop the
deposit side of their business
• Ambiguous character of the hundi should stop
• Some of them should play the role of discount houses
(buy and sell bills of exchange)
17. RBI and indigenous bankers (2)
• IB should have their accounts audited by certified
chartered accountants
• Submit their accounts to RBI periodically
• As against these obligations the RBI promised to provide
them with privileges offered to commercial banks
including
– Being entitled to borrow from and rediscount bills with RBI
• The IB declined to accept the restrictions as well as
compensation from the RBI
• Therefore, the IB remain out of RBI’s purview
18. Development Oriented Banking
• Historically, close association between banks and some
traditional industries- cotton textiles in the west, jute
textiles in the east
• Banking has not been mere acceptance of deposits and
lending money to include development banking
• Lead Bank Scheme- opening bank offices in all important
localities
• Providing credit for development of the district
• Mobilising savings in the district. ‘Service area approach’
19. Progress of banking in India (1)
• Nationalisation of banks in 1969: 14 banks were
nationalised
• Branch expansion: Increased from 8260 in 1969 to 68500
in 2005
• Population served per branch has come down from
64000 to 15000
• A rural branch office serves 15 to 25 villages within a
radius of 16 kms
• However, at present only 32,180 villages out of 5 lakh
have been covered
20. Progress of banking in India (2)
• Deposit mobilisation:
– 1951-1971 (20 years)- 700% or 7 times
– 1971-1991 (20 years)- 3260% or 32.6 times
– 1991- 2006 (11 years)- 1100% or 11 times
• Expansion of bank credit: Growing at 20-30%
thanks to rapid growth in industrial and
agricultural output
• Development oriented banking: priority sector
lending
21. Progress of banking in India (3)
• Diversification in banking: Banking has moved
from deposit and lending to
– Merchant banking and underwriting
– Mutual funds
– Retail banking
– ATMs
– Anywhere banking
– Internet banking
– Venture capital funds
– Factoring-
22. Profitability of Banks(1)
• Reforms has shifted the focus of banks from
being development oriented to being
commercially viable
• Prior to reforms banks were not profitable and
in fact made losses for the following reasons:
– Declining interest income
– Increasing cost of operations
23. Profitability of banks (2)
• Declining interest income was for the
following reasons:
– High proportion of deposits impounded for CRR
and SLR, earning relatively low interest rates
– System of directed lending
– Political interference- leading to huge NPAs
• Rising costs of operations for banks was
because of several reasons: economic and
political
24. Profitability of Banks (3)
• As per the Narasimham Committee (1991) the reasons
for rising costs of banks were:
– Uneconomic branch expansion
– Heavy recruitment of employees
– Growing indiscipline and inefficiency of staff due to trade union
activities
– Low productivity
• Declining interest income and rising cost of operations of
banks led to low profitability in the 90s
25. Bank profitability: Suggestions
• Some suggestions made by Narsimham
Committee are:
– Set up an Asset Reconstruction Fund to take over
doubtful debts
– SLR to be reduced to 25% of total deposits
– CRR to be reduced to 3 to 5% of total deposits
– Banks to get more freedom to set minimum
lending rates
– Share of priority sector credit be reduced to 10%
from 40%
26. Suggestions (cont’d)
• All concessional rates of interest should be removed
• Banks should go for new sources of funds such as
Certificates of Deposits
• Branch expansion should be carried out strictly on
commercial principles
• Diversification of banking activities
• Almost all suggestions of the Narasimham Committee
have been accepted and implemented in a phased
manner since the onset of Reforms
27. NPA Management
• The Narasimham Committee
recommendations were made, among other
things, to reduce the Non-Performing Assets
(NPAs) of banks
• To tackle this the government enacted the
Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial
Assets and Enforcement of Security Act
(SARFAESI) Act, 2002
• Enabled banks to realise their dues without
intervention of courts
28. SARFAESI Act
• Enables setting up of Asset Management Companies to
acquire NPAs of any bank or FI (SASF, ARCIL are examples)
• NPAs are acquired by issuing debentures, bonds or any
other security
• As a second creditor can serve notice to the defaulting
borrower to discharge his/her liabilities in 60 days
• Failing which the company can take possession of assets,
takeover the management of assets and appoint any
person to manage the secured assets
• Borrowers have the right to appeal to the Debts Tribunal
after depositing 75% of the amount claimed by the
second creditor
29. The Indian Capital Market (1)
• Market for long-term capital. Demand comes
from the industrial, service sector and
government
• Supply comes from individuals, corporates,
banks, financial institutions, etc.
• Can be classified into:
– Gilt-edged market
– Industrial securities market (new issues and stock
market)
30. The Indian Capital Market (2)
• Development Financial Institutions
– Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)
– State Finance Corporations (SFCs)
– Industrial Development Finance Corporation (IDFC)
• Financial Intermediaries
– Merchant Banks
– Mutual Funds
– Leasing Companies
– Venture Capital Companies
31. Industrial Securities Market
• Refers to the market for shares and
debentures of old and new companies
• New Issues Market- also known as the primary
market- refers to raising of new capital in the
form of shares and debentures
• Stock Market- also known as the secondary
market. Deals with securities already issued by
companies
32. Financial Intermediaries (1)
• Mutual Funds- Promote savings and mobilise funds
which are invested in the stock market and bond market
• Indirect source of finance to companies
• Pool funds of savers and invest in the stock market/bond
market
• Their instruments at saver’s end are called units
• Offer many types of schemes: growth fund, income fund,
balanced fund
• Regulated by SEBI
33. Financial Intermediaries (2)
• Merchant banking- manage and underwrite new issues,
undertake syndication of credit, advise corporate clients
on fund raising
• Subject to regulation by SEBI and RBI
• SEBI regulates them on issue activity and portfolio
management of their business.
• RBI supervises those merchant banks which are
subsidiaries or affiliates of commercial banks
• Have to adopt stipulated capital adequacy norms and
abide by a code of conduct
34. Conclusion
• There are other financial intermediaries such
as NBFCs, Venture Capital Funds, Hire and
Leasing Companies, etc.
• India’s financial system is quite huge and
caters to every kind of demand for funds
• Banks are at the core of our financial system
and therefore, there is greater expectation
from them in terms of reaching out to the vast
populace as well as being competitive.