This document appears to be a field guide or reference text about various types of mushrooms or fungi. It provides brief descriptions of multiple species in other languages, including their identifying characteristics like color, shape, habitat and whether they are edible or poisonous. Each entry includes the species name, short description and sometimes notes on taste or uses. The document uses scientific names and terminology related to mycology.
Este documento es una hoja de vida que contiene información personal, formación académica, experiencia laboral y declaración de veracidad de una persona llamada María Camila Bedoya Mejia. Incluye detalles como su fecha y lugar de nacimiento, educación primaria y secundaria, un título técnico en mecánica automotriz, y sectores para registrar empleos actuales y pasados.
This document appears to be a field guide or reference text about various types of mushrooms or fungi. It provides brief descriptions of multiple species in other languages, including their identifying characteristics like color, shape, habitat and whether they are edible or poisonous. Each entry includes the species name, short description and sometimes notes on taste or uses. The document uses scientific names and terminology related to mycology.
Este documento es una hoja de vida que contiene información personal, formación académica, experiencia laboral y declaración de veracidad de una persona llamada María Camila Bedoya Mejia. Incluye detalles como su fecha y lugar de nacimiento, educación primaria y secundaria, un título técnico en mecánica automotriz, y sectores para registrar empleos actuales y pasados.
This document describes how to build a simple and portable shortwave radio receiver using a single hand-wound coil. The receiver requires only basic components, including a variable capacitor, transistor, diode and battery. It can receive international radio broadcasts with its small whip antenna. The document provides detailed instructions on winding the coil, assembling the circuit board, and operating the receiver to tune in shortwave radio signals.
This document provides information about basic AC electrical generators. It discusses different types of generators including rotating armature generators and rotating field generators. It also describes polyphase generators and the three main types of generator cooling: air, hydrogen, and liquid. Temperature rise, reliability, and construction are important factors in generator design. The stator, rotor, winding design, and cooling systems are explained. Excitation systems are also covered along with practice questions and a final exam. The document serves as a training module to increase knowledge of AC generator design and operation.
This document describes a simple VHF receiver that can be built for around $20 using a superregenerative design. The receiver requires no special components or test equipment to construct. It uses a single JFET transistor as a superregenerative detector to provide high sensitivity of around 1 microvolt. The receiver can detect both AM and FM signals between 49-55 MHz with modifications allowing it to receive other VHF bands. With adjustments to the regeneration control and quench waveform control, the receiver can be tuned to receive narrowband FM transmissions with reasonable selectivity.
The Maxon SL55 is a handportable radio designed for professional users. It is compact yet rugged with features like long battery life, scanning, encryption, and programmable settings. The radio has 16 channels across VHF and UHF bands with adjustable channel spacing and transmit power up to 5 watts. It performs well in both transmit and receive modes with clear audio and strong selectivity. The SL55 is simple to use but still offers advanced features through programming with accessories.
This document describes how to build a simple and portable shortwave radio receiver using a single hand-wound coil. The receiver requires only basic components, including a variable capacitor, transistor, diode and battery. It can receive international radio broadcasts with its small whip antenna. The document provides detailed instructions on winding the coil, assembling the circuit board, and operating the receiver to tune in shortwave radio signals.
This document provides information about basic AC electrical generators. It discusses different types of generators including rotating armature generators and rotating field generators. It also describes polyphase generators and the three main types of generator cooling: air, hydrogen, and liquid. Temperature rise, reliability, and construction are important factors in generator design. The stator, rotor, winding design, and cooling systems are explained. Excitation systems are also covered along with practice questions and a final exam. The document serves as a training module to increase knowledge of AC generator design and operation.
This document describes a simple VHF receiver that can be built for around $20 using a superregenerative design. The receiver requires no special components or test equipment to construct. It uses a single JFET transistor as a superregenerative detector to provide high sensitivity of around 1 microvolt. The receiver can detect both AM and FM signals between 49-55 MHz with modifications allowing it to receive other VHF bands. With adjustments to the regeneration control and quench waveform control, the receiver can be tuned to receive narrowband FM transmissions with reasonable selectivity.
The Maxon SL55 is a handportable radio designed for professional users. It is compact yet rugged with features like long battery life, scanning, encryption, and programmable settings. The radio has 16 channels across VHF and UHF bands with adjustable channel spacing and transmit power up to 5 watts. It performs well in both transmit and receive modes with clear audio and strong selectivity. The SL55 is simple to use but still offers advanced features through programming with accessories.
This document outlines different power and band settings for PMR radios and LPD devices including legal and extended power levels up to 2W for various modes. It also lists combinations of jumper settings labeled JP1, JP2, and JP3 that correspond to the different operating modes. The document provides instructions for toggling between PMR-only and PMR+LPD modes on the radio.
This summary provides an overview of the purpose and content of the document:
The document discusses Walter Russell's cosmology and the goal of developing robust models of Russell's wave theory and applying it to topics like transmutation and free energy. It acknowledges that fully understanding Russell's work requires both studying his published writings as well as contemplation and meditation on the concepts. It aims to help students navigate Russell's work by deconstructing and rebuilding the models in a clear progression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides details on the design and performance of two simple software-defined radio (SDR) receivers called DR1 and DR2 for the HF ham bands between 30 kHz and 70 MHz.
DR1 is a single-chip sample and hold receiver using the 74HC4066 chip that achieves good performance such as a sensitivity of 3-5 uV, IIP3 of 28-33 dBm, and SNR of 80 dB despite its simplicity. However, it has an audio image that can interfere in crowded bands. DR2 is similar but uses I/Q sampling to reject the audio image with 35-45 dB rejection. Both receivers connect directly to a PC sound card for processing and demodulation in software
Airband prijemnik 220 m hz to 400mhz bandsmail hondo
This document describes a simple circuit that can be built to receive communications between aircraft and ground control in the 220MHz to 400MHz frequency band. The circuit uses inexpensive common components like resistors, capacitors, an inductor and transistor. It provides an easy and low-cost way for people to listen to air-ground radio conversations given that radios and scanners to receive these frequency bands can be large, complicated and expensive.
1. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mjerenje vibracija
Definicije
Mehanički parametri
Sistem masa-opruga
Vrste signala
Parametri signala
Prikaz rezultata
Ispitivanje proizvoda
Mjerenje vibracija
doc.dr. Samir Lemeš
<slemes@mf.unze.ba>
Mjerenje vibracija 2/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Definicije
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
OSCILACIJE su promjene intenziteta
neke veličine u odnosu na zadatu
referentnu vrijednost, kod kojih se
intenzitet mijenja
naizmjenično
i j ič
iznad i ispod
referentne vrijednosti
VIBRACIJE su oscilacije kod kojih je
količina koja osciluje parametar koji
definiše kretanje mehaničkog sistema
Vibracije su mehaničke oscilacije oko
referentnog položaja
Mogu biti destruktivne ali i korisne
Vibracije mašina su rezultat
j
dinamičkih sila pokretnih dijelova i
izazivaju trošenje i oštećenja
Mjerenje vibracija 3/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Uzroci vibracija
Debalans
Oštećenja rotacionih
komponenti (ležajevi,
osovine, vratila, radna
kola pumpi, lopatice
turbina,...)
Olabavljeni oslonci
Nesaosnost
Dejstvo fluida (kavitacija)
Mjerenje vibracija 5/36
Definicije
Mjerenje vibracija 4/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mehanički parametri
Svi mehanički sistemi sadrže tri
osnovne komponente: oprugu,
prigušenje i masu
Kad se svaka od
tih komponenti
izloži djelovanju
konstantne sile,
one reaguju konstantnim
pomjeranjem, konstantnom
brzinom i konstantnim ubrzanjem
Mjerenje vibracija 6/36
1
2. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mehanički parametri
pomjeranje
brzina
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
ubrzanje
Mjerenje vibracija 7/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Sistem masa-opruga
Kad se (teoretski)
sistem masa-opruga
pokrene, nastaviće
kretanje konstantnom
frekvencijom i
f k
ij
amplitudom
Sistem ima
"sinusoidalno"
kretanje
Mjerenje vibracija 8/36
Sistem masa-opruga
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Sinusioida je
definisana
amplitudom D i
periodom T
Vlastita frekvencija
Ugaona frekvencija
Sistem masa-opruga
Mjerenje vibracija 9/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mjerenje vibracija 10/36
Sistem masa-opruga
Slobodne neprigušene vibracije
Energija je konstantna, ali se mijenja
iz kinetičke u potencijalnu
Vlastita (rezonantna)
frekvencija:
Slobodne neprigušene vibracije
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Sistem masa-prigušenje-opruga
Mjerenje vibracija 11/36
Slobodne prigušene vibracije
Veće prigušenje smanjuje amplitudu
Mjerenje vibracija 12/36
2
3. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prinudne vibracije
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prinudne vibracije
Realni sistemi su
mnogo složeniji
Primjer: sistem
dvije mase/opruge/
prigušenja
Odziv sistema je
kombinacija odziva
pojedinačnih
komponenti
Vanjska sila
sinusnog
karaktera
Amplituda i faza zavise od vanjske sile
Mjerenje vibracija 13/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mjerenje vibracija 14/36
Odziv sistema
Sistem sa više
stepeni slobode
Vrste signala
Stacionarni
Nestacionarni
Sistem s jednim
stepenom slobode
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Deterministički
Slučajni
Kontinuirani
Tranzijentni
Mjerenje vibracija 15/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Vrste signala
Deterministički signal je signal čije se
vrijednosti mogu unaprijed odrediti
Frekventna analiza se koristi da bi se
utvrdio uzrok (izvor) vibracija
Mjerenje vibracija 17/36
Mjerenje vibracija 16/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Vrste signala
Deterministički signali
Signal koji se dobije
praćenjem kretanja se može
razdvojiti na
komponente i u
vremenskom i u
frekventnom
domenu
Mjerenje vibracija 18/36
3
4. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Vrste signala
Harmonici: Neki nesinusni signali se
mogu razdvojiti u set harmonički
vezanih sinusoida
Mjerenje vibracija 19/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Slučajni signali nemaju periodične
niti harmonijske komponente
Njihova vrijednost se ne može
predvidjeti, ali se može opisati
statističkim parametrima
Mjerenje vibracija 20/36
Vrste signala
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Impulsni (udarni, šok) signal
Ako je šok beskonačno kratak, imat
će frekventni spektar kontinuirano
distribuiran sa frekvencijom
Kako šok ima
konačnu dužinu,
spektar je
ograničen na
raspon
frekvencija
Mjerenje vibracija 21/36
Mjerenje vibracija 23/36
Mjerenje vibracija 22/36
Parametri signala
Parametri signala
Nivo signala vibracija se može opisati
raznim parametrima
Peak (vršna vrijednost)
p
)
Peak-peak (
(maksimum-minimum)
RMS – Root Mean Square (mjera
energije)
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Vrste signala
Isti parametri u vremenskom domenu
se koriste i kod slučajnog signala
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Parametri signala
Kod linearnog kretanja, položaj,
brzina i ubrzanje su nezavisne veličine
Kod oscilatornog
kretanja, te tri veličine
su međusobno
povezane
Mjerenje vibracija 24/36
4
5. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Parametri signala
Mjerenje vibracija 25/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Parametri signala
Mjerenje vibracija 26/36
Parametri signala
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Kako je integraciju lakše izvršiti
elektronski nego deriviranje, najčešće
se mjeri ubrzanje
Jedinice:
Parametri signala
pomjeranje:
brzina:
ubrzanje:
1 g = 9,80665 m/s2
Mjerenje vibracija 28/36
Prikaz rezultata
Mjerenje vibracija 29/36
Kvaliteta mjernog lanca je jednaka
kvaliteti najslabije karike u lancu
m
m/s
m/s2
Mjerenje vibracija 27/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mjerni lanac za mjerenje vibracija
Rezultati mjerenja mogu biti prikazani
u linearnoj ili logaritamskoj skali
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prikaz rezultata
Logaritamski prikaz frekvencija daje
precizniji pregled kod malih vrijednosti
Mjerenje vibracija 30/36
5
6. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prikaz rezultata
Logaritamska skala za amplitudu
pokriva veći raspon amplituda, a daje
više detalja za male vrijednosti
Mjerenje vibracija 31/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prikaz rezultata
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Skala u decibelima podrazumijeva
neku referentnu vrijednost nivoa
vibracija
Međunarodni
standard:
10-6 m/s2
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prikaz rezultata
FFT se vrši da bi se lakše uočile
dominantne frekvencije
Pikovi u
frekventnom
domenu
predstavljaju
dominantne
frekvencije
vibracija
Mjerenje vibracija 35/36
Često se umjesto logaritamske skale
koristi skala u decibelima (dB)
Mjerenje vibracija 32/36
Prikaz rezultata
Frekventni prikaz rezultata izmjerenih
u vremenskom domenu
FFT – Fast Fourier Transformation
Mjerenje vibracija 33/36
Prikaz rezultata
Mjerenje vibracija 34/36
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prikaz rezultata
FFT – Fast Fourier Transformation
Mjerenje vibracija 36/36
6