Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides the marking scheme for a Class XII Biology exam with multiple choice and long answer questions. It tests concepts related to tissue culture, DNA replication, genetic disorders, population control measures, industrial microbiology, ecosystem structure and function, human reproduction and translation in protein synthesis. Students are evaluated on their understanding of these core biology topics. Questions ranges from one mark to five marks based on the level of detail required in the response.
This document provides instructions for a Senior Secondary Examination English paper. It outlines that there are 12 compulsory questions across 3 sections - Reading, Writing, and Textual Questions. For the reading section, candidates will read passages and answer comprehension questions. The writing section will involve candidates drafting posters, reports, letters, speeches or articles. The textual questions section involves short and long answer questions based on prescribed text passages. Candidates are advised to write their roll numbers, answer all questions in the provided book, and not exceed word limits. The paper is designed to test a range of English skills.
The document provides general instructions to examiners for a chemistry exam. It states that the exam has 30 questions over 11 pages. It provides instructions like writing the roll number on the question paper, answering all questions, writing answers in the given answer book, and writing answers to multipart questions together. It also states that if there is a discrepancy between the Hindi and English versions, the Hindi version should be considered valid. The last few lines provide instructions for tearing open the question paper.
1. The document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology. It provides general instructions to exam takers.
2. The paper contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections - Section A has 13 one-mark questions, Section B has 11 two-mark questions, Section C has 3 three-mark questions, and Section D has 4 four-mark questions.
3. Some questions in Sections B, C and D require explanations or differences to be provided, while others are to be answered in one or two lines.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
The document provides general instructions for examinees taking an exam. It states that candidates must write their roll number on the question paper. All questions are compulsory and answers must be written in the provided answer booklet. For questions with multiple parts, the answers should be written together continuously. The instructions also specify the number of marks allocated per question for each section of the exam paper.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides the marking scheme for a Class XII Biology exam with multiple choice and long answer questions. It tests concepts related to tissue culture, DNA replication, genetic disorders, population control measures, industrial microbiology, ecosystem structure and function, human reproduction and translation in protein synthesis. Students are evaluated on their understanding of these core biology topics. Questions ranges from one mark to five marks based on the level of detail required in the response.
This document provides instructions for a Senior Secondary Examination English paper. It outlines that there are 12 compulsory questions across 3 sections - Reading, Writing, and Textual Questions. For the reading section, candidates will read passages and answer comprehension questions. The writing section will involve candidates drafting posters, reports, letters, speeches or articles. The textual questions section involves short and long answer questions based on prescribed text passages. Candidates are advised to write their roll numbers, answer all questions in the provided book, and not exceed word limits. The paper is designed to test a range of English skills.
The document provides general instructions to examiners for a chemistry exam. It states that the exam has 30 questions over 11 pages. It provides instructions like writing the roll number on the question paper, answering all questions, writing answers in the given answer book, and writing answers to multipart questions together. It also states that if there is a discrepancy between the Hindi and English versions, the Hindi version should be considered valid. The last few lines provide instructions for tearing open the question paper.
1. The document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology. It provides general instructions to exam takers.
2. The paper contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections - Section A has 13 one-mark questions, Section B has 11 two-mark questions, Section C has 3 three-mark questions, and Section D has 4 four-mark questions.
3. Some questions in Sections B, C and D require explanations or differences to be provided, while others are to be answered in one or two lines.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
The document provides general instructions for examinees taking an exam. It states that candidates must write their roll number on the question paper. All questions are compulsory and answers must be written in the provided answer booklet. For questions with multiple parts, the answers should be written together continuously. The instructions also specify the number of marks allocated per question for each section of the exam paper.
1. This document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology from 2013. It contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections.
2. Section A contains 13 one-mark questions related to definitions, processes, diseases and techniques in biology.
3. Section B contains 7 two-mark questions requiring short explanations or examples related to biological processes, effects of certain events, and techniques used.
4. The paper provides instructions to candidates regarding writing details, answering questions, treatment of internal choices and marking scheme. It aims to test the understanding of core concepts in biology.
This document contains a solved exam paper for the SSC Graduate Level Tier-II Exam in Arithmetical Ability. The paper contains 49 multiple choice questions covering a range of mathematical topics including ratios, averages, percentages, profit and loss, time and work problems, and geometry. The questions are at a graduate level and assess skills in applying mathematical concepts to word problems.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
This document provides sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class XII. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks each. The questions cover topics like planning in sports, objectives of adventure sports, eating disorders, physiological benefits of exercise in children, factors affecting speed, meal considerations for competition, motor development factors, the Harvard step test procedure, psychological traits of women athletes, physiological differences between males and females, defining sports injuries and their classification/prevention. The document also provides general instructions for the exam and how questions should be answered based on the number of marks.
This document contains sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class 12. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks. The questions cover a variety of topics related to physical education, health, exercise, sports injuries, motivation, and more. Students are instructed on how to answer questions based on the number of marks (word count requirements) and the breakdown of questions by mark value is provided at the end.
This document provides the date sheet for the Central Board of Secondary Education Senior School Certificate Examination for 2017. It lists the exam subjects, codes, dates and timings over 5 pages from March 9th to April 29th. A total of 122 subjects are scheduled on 27 exam dates, with most exams taking place from 10:30am to 1:30pm. Subjects include languages, arts, humanities, sciences, and vocational subjects.
Hey, this is my BSc assignment which will help you. It contains the basics about sericulture. I will provide you with a brief about sericulture as well.
Sericulture, also known as silk farming, is an ancient practice that involves the cultivation of silkworms for the production of silk. It is a labor-intensive process that requires meticulous care and attention at every stage, from selecting healthy silkworm eggs to the final processing of silk fibers. Sericulture has a rich history that spans thousands of years and has been a significant part of various cultures around the world.
The origins of sericulture can be traced back to ancient China, where it was initially kept as a closely guarded secret. The Chinese closely guarded the production techniques and methods, as silk was considered a valuable commodity and a symbol of wealth and luxury. However, the art of sericulture eventually spread to other parts of Asia and later to Europe and the rest of the world.
The sericulture process begins with the careful selection of silkworm eggs. Healthy and disease-free eggs are chosen to ensure the quality of the silkworms. These eggs are then incubated under controlled conditions until they hatch into tiny silkworm larvae. The larvae are then placed on specially prepared trays and provided with a diet consisting mainly of mulberry leaves, which are the primary food source for silkworms.
Mulberry trees, scientifically known as Morus spp., are cultivated in large quantities to sustain the silk production industry. The leaves of the mulberry trees are rich in nutrients, making them an ideal food source for the silkworms. The silkworms feed voraciously on the leaves, growing rapidly and shedding their skin multiple times in a process called molting.
After several weeks of feeding and molting, the silkworms reach their final stage, known as the cocooning stage. During this stage, the silkworms secrete a protein substance called fibroin, which is used to spin their cocoons. The silkworms create a protective covering by spinning a single continuous silk thread around themselves. This spinning process takes about two to three days, and the resulting cocoon is composed of a single thread that can measure several hundred meters in length.
To obtain the silk fibers, the cocoons are carefully harvested. However, to prevent the silkworms from breaking the silk thread, the cocoons are usually subjected to a process known as stifling. Stifling involves heating the cocoons or exposing them to steam to kill the silkworms inside. This process also makes it easier to unravel the silk thread from the cocoon.
After stifling, the silk thread is carefully unwound from the cocoon. This process is called reeling, and it requires skill and precision to ensure the quality of the silk fibers. Several strands of silk thread are combined to create a stronger and more durable silk yarn. The yarn is then cleaned to remove any impurities and twisted into a usable form.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Female Reproductive Disorders (Instant notes for college students)PRANJAL SHARMA
This document discusses female reproductive disorders. It begins by defining female reproductive disorders as any condition that affects the reproductive organs or hormonal balance, preventing pregnancy. It then describes several common disorders in detail, including gynecologic cancers like cervical cancer; infections like vaginitis and sexually transmitted diseases; hormonal imbalances like polycystic ovary syndrome; and inflammatory diseases like endometriosis. It concludes by noting that treatment for these disorders prioritizes fertility.
Hormonal Control of Reproductive Process in FemalesPRANJAL SHARMA
The hormones controlling the female reproductive system include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutenizing hormone (LH), all of which are produced in the brain; oestrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and the corpus luteum; and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
Physiology of Respiration in InvertebratesPRANJAL SHARMA
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. In these slides you will get to know about Physiology of Respiration in Invertibrates.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
1. This document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology from 2013. It contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections.
2. Section A contains 13 one-mark questions related to definitions, processes, diseases and techniques in biology.
3. Section B contains 7 two-mark questions requiring short explanations or examples related to biological processes, effects of certain events, and techniques used.
4. The paper provides instructions to candidates regarding writing details, answering questions, treatment of internal choices and marking scheme. It aims to test the understanding of core concepts in biology.
This document contains a solved exam paper for the SSC Graduate Level Tier-II Exam in Arithmetical Ability. The paper contains 49 multiple choice questions covering a range of mathematical topics including ratios, averages, percentages, profit and loss, time and work problems, and geometry. The questions are at a graduate level and assess skills in applying mathematical concepts to word problems.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
This document provides sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class XII. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks each. The questions cover topics like planning in sports, objectives of adventure sports, eating disorders, physiological benefits of exercise in children, factors affecting speed, meal considerations for competition, motor development factors, the Harvard step test procedure, psychological traits of women athletes, physiological differences between males and females, defining sports injuries and their classification/prevention. The document also provides general instructions for the exam and how questions should be answered based on the number of marks.
This document contains sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class 12. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks. The questions cover a variety of topics related to physical education, health, exercise, sports injuries, motivation, and more. Students are instructed on how to answer questions based on the number of marks (word count requirements) and the breakdown of questions by mark value is provided at the end.
This document provides the date sheet for the Central Board of Secondary Education Senior School Certificate Examination for 2017. It lists the exam subjects, codes, dates and timings over 5 pages from March 9th to April 29th. A total of 122 subjects are scheduled on 27 exam dates, with most exams taking place from 10:30am to 1:30pm. Subjects include languages, arts, humanities, sciences, and vocational subjects.
Hey, this is my BSc assignment which will help you. It contains the basics about sericulture. I will provide you with a brief about sericulture as well.
Sericulture, also known as silk farming, is an ancient practice that involves the cultivation of silkworms for the production of silk. It is a labor-intensive process that requires meticulous care and attention at every stage, from selecting healthy silkworm eggs to the final processing of silk fibers. Sericulture has a rich history that spans thousands of years and has been a significant part of various cultures around the world.
The origins of sericulture can be traced back to ancient China, where it was initially kept as a closely guarded secret. The Chinese closely guarded the production techniques and methods, as silk was considered a valuable commodity and a symbol of wealth and luxury. However, the art of sericulture eventually spread to other parts of Asia and later to Europe and the rest of the world.
The sericulture process begins with the careful selection of silkworm eggs. Healthy and disease-free eggs are chosen to ensure the quality of the silkworms. These eggs are then incubated under controlled conditions until they hatch into tiny silkworm larvae. The larvae are then placed on specially prepared trays and provided with a diet consisting mainly of mulberry leaves, which are the primary food source for silkworms.
Mulberry trees, scientifically known as Morus spp., are cultivated in large quantities to sustain the silk production industry. The leaves of the mulberry trees are rich in nutrients, making them an ideal food source for the silkworms. The silkworms feed voraciously on the leaves, growing rapidly and shedding their skin multiple times in a process called molting.
After several weeks of feeding and molting, the silkworms reach their final stage, known as the cocooning stage. During this stage, the silkworms secrete a protein substance called fibroin, which is used to spin their cocoons. The silkworms create a protective covering by spinning a single continuous silk thread around themselves. This spinning process takes about two to three days, and the resulting cocoon is composed of a single thread that can measure several hundred meters in length.
To obtain the silk fibers, the cocoons are carefully harvested. However, to prevent the silkworms from breaking the silk thread, the cocoons are usually subjected to a process known as stifling. Stifling involves heating the cocoons or exposing them to steam to kill the silkworms inside. This process also makes it easier to unravel the silk thread from the cocoon.
After stifling, the silk thread is carefully unwound from the cocoon. This process is called reeling, and it requires skill and precision to ensure the quality of the silk fibers. Several strands of silk thread are combined to create a stronger and more durable silk yarn. The yarn is then cleaned to remove any impurities and twisted into a usable form.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Female Reproductive Disorders (Instant notes for college students)PRANJAL SHARMA
This document discusses female reproductive disorders. It begins by defining female reproductive disorders as any condition that affects the reproductive organs or hormonal balance, preventing pregnancy. It then describes several common disorders in detail, including gynecologic cancers like cervical cancer; infections like vaginitis and sexually transmitted diseases; hormonal imbalances like polycystic ovary syndrome; and inflammatory diseases like endometriosis. It concludes by noting that treatment for these disorders prioritizes fertility.
Hormonal Control of Reproductive Process in FemalesPRANJAL SHARMA
The hormones controlling the female reproductive system include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutenizing hormone (LH), all of which are produced in the brain; oestrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and the corpus luteum; and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
Physiology of Respiration in InvertebratesPRANJAL SHARMA
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. In these slides you will get to know about Physiology of Respiration in Invertibrates.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid