Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides the marking scheme for a Class XII Biology exam with multiple choice and long answer questions. It tests concepts related to tissue culture, DNA replication, genetic disorders, population control measures, industrial microbiology, ecosystem structure and function, human reproduction and translation in protein synthesis. Students are evaluated on their understanding of these core biology topics. Questions ranges from one mark to five marks based on the level of detail required in the response.
This document provides instructions for a Senior Secondary Examination English paper. It outlines that there are 12 compulsory questions across 3 sections - Reading, Writing, and Textual Questions. For the reading section, candidates will read passages and answer comprehension questions. The writing section will involve candidates drafting posters, reports, letters, speeches or articles. The textual questions section involves short and long answer questions based on prescribed text passages. Candidates are advised to write their roll numbers, answer all questions in the provided book, and not exceed word limits. The paper is designed to test a range of English skills.
The document provides general instructions to examiners for a chemistry exam. It states that the exam has 30 questions over 11 pages. It provides instructions like writing the roll number on the question paper, answering all questions, writing answers in the given answer book, and writing answers to multipart questions together. It also states that if there is a discrepancy between the Hindi and English versions, the Hindi version should be considered valid. The last few lines provide instructions for tearing open the question paper.
1. The document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology. It provides general instructions to exam takers.
2. The paper contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections - Section A has 13 one-mark questions, Section B has 11 two-mark questions, Section C has 3 three-mark questions, and Section D has 4 four-mark questions.
3. Some questions in Sections B, C and D require explanations or differences to be provided, while others are to be answered in one or two lines.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
The document provides general instructions for examinees taking an exam. It states that candidates must write their roll number on the question paper. All questions are compulsory and answers must be written in the provided answer booklet. For questions with multiple parts, the answers should be written together continuously. The instructions also specify the number of marks allocated per question for each section of the exam paper.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides the marking scheme for a Class XII Biology exam with multiple choice and long answer questions. It tests concepts related to tissue culture, DNA replication, genetic disorders, population control measures, industrial microbiology, ecosystem structure and function, human reproduction and translation in protein synthesis. Students are evaluated on their understanding of these core biology topics. Questions ranges from one mark to five marks based on the level of detail required in the response.
This document provides instructions for a Senior Secondary Examination English paper. It outlines that there are 12 compulsory questions across 3 sections - Reading, Writing, and Textual Questions. For the reading section, candidates will read passages and answer comprehension questions. The writing section will involve candidates drafting posters, reports, letters, speeches or articles. The textual questions section involves short and long answer questions based on prescribed text passages. Candidates are advised to write their roll numbers, answer all questions in the provided book, and not exceed word limits. The paper is designed to test a range of English skills.
The document provides general instructions to examiners for a chemistry exam. It states that the exam has 30 questions over 11 pages. It provides instructions like writing the roll number on the question paper, answering all questions, writing answers in the given answer book, and writing answers to multipart questions together. It also states that if there is a discrepancy between the Hindi and English versions, the Hindi version should be considered valid. The last few lines provide instructions for tearing open the question paper.
1. The document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology. It provides general instructions to exam takers.
2. The paper contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections - Section A has 13 one-mark questions, Section B has 11 two-mark questions, Section C has 3 three-mark questions, and Section D has 4 four-mark questions.
3. Some questions in Sections B, C and D require explanations or differences to be provided, while others are to be answered in one or two lines.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
The document provides general instructions for examinees taking an exam. It states that candidates must write their roll number on the question paper. All questions are compulsory and answers must be written in the provided answer booklet. For questions with multiple parts, the answers should be written together continuously. The instructions also specify the number of marks allocated per question for each section of the exam paper.
1. This document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology from 2013. It contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections.
2. Section A contains 13 one-mark questions related to definitions, processes, diseases and techniques in biology.
3. Section B contains 7 two-mark questions requiring short explanations or examples related to biological processes, effects of certain events, and techniques used.
4. The paper provides instructions to candidates regarding writing details, answering questions, treatment of internal choices and marking scheme. It aims to test the understanding of core concepts in biology.
This document contains a solved exam paper for the SSC Graduate Level Tier-II Exam in Arithmetical Ability. The paper contains 49 multiple choice questions covering a range of mathematical topics including ratios, averages, percentages, profit and loss, time and work problems, and geometry. The questions are at a graduate level and assess skills in applying mathematical concepts to word problems.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
This document provides sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class XII. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks each. The questions cover topics like planning in sports, objectives of adventure sports, eating disorders, physiological benefits of exercise in children, factors affecting speed, meal considerations for competition, motor development factors, the Harvard step test procedure, psychological traits of women athletes, physiological differences between males and females, defining sports injuries and their classification/prevention. The document also provides general instructions for the exam and how questions should be answered based on the number of marks.
This document contains sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class 12. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks. The questions cover a variety of topics related to physical education, health, exercise, sports injuries, motivation, and more. Students are instructed on how to answer questions based on the number of marks (word count requirements) and the breakdown of questions by mark value is provided at the end.
This document provides the date sheet for the Central Board of Secondary Education Senior School Certificate Examination for 2017. It lists the exam subjects, codes, dates and timings over 5 pages from March 9th to April 29th. A total of 122 subjects are scheduled on 27 exam dates, with most exams taking place from 10:30am to 1:30pm. Subjects include languages, arts, humanities, sciences, and vocational subjects.
Hey, this is my BSc assignment which will help you. It contains the basics about sericulture. I will provide you with a brief about sericulture as well.
Sericulture, also known as silk farming, is an ancient practice that involves the cultivation of silkworms for the production of silk. It is a labor-intensive process that requires meticulous care and attention at every stage, from selecting healthy silkworm eggs to the final processing of silk fibers. Sericulture has a rich history that spans thousands of years and has been a significant part of various cultures around the world.
The origins of sericulture can be traced back to ancient China, where it was initially kept as a closely guarded secret. The Chinese closely guarded the production techniques and methods, as silk was considered a valuable commodity and a symbol of wealth and luxury. However, the art of sericulture eventually spread to other parts of Asia and later to Europe and the rest of the world.
The sericulture process begins with the careful selection of silkworm eggs. Healthy and disease-free eggs are chosen to ensure the quality of the silkworms. These eggs are then incubated under controlled conditions until they hatch into tiny silkworm larvae. The larvae are then placed on specially prepared trays and provided with a diet consisting mainly of mulberry leaves, which are the primary food source for silkworms.
Mulberry trees, scientifically known as Morus spp., are cultivated in large quantities to sustain the silk production industry. The leaves of the mulberry trees are rich in nutrients, making them an ideal food source for the silkworms. The silkworms feed voraciously on the leaves, growing rapidly and shedding their skin multiple times in a process called molting.
After several weeks of feeding and molting, the silkworms reach their final stage, known as the cocooning stage. During this stage, the silkworms secrete a protein substance called fibroin, which is used to spin their cocoons. The silkworms create a protective covering by spinning a single continuous silk thread around themselves. This spinning process takes about two to three days, and the resulting cocoon is composed of a single thread that can measure several hundred meters in length.
To obtain the silk fibers, the cocoons are carefully harvested. However, to prevent the silkworms from breaking the silk thread, the cocoons are usually subjected to a process known as stifling. Stifling involves heating the cocoons or exposing them to steam to kill the silkworms inside. This process also makes it easier to unravel the silk thread from the cocoon.
After stifling, the silk thread is carefully unwound from the cocoon. This process is called reeling, and it requires skill and precision to ensure the quality of the silk fibers. Several strands of silk thread are combined to create a stronger and more durable silk yarn. The yarn is then cleaned to remove any impurities and twisted into a usable form.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Female Reproductive Disorders (Instant notes for college students)PRANJAL SHARMA
This document discusses female reproductive disorders. It begins by defining female reproductive disorders as any condition that affects the reproductive organs or hormonal balance, preventing pregnancy. It then describes several common disorders in detail, including gynecologic cancers like cervical cancer; infections like vaginitis and sexually transmitted diseases; hormonal imbalances like polycystic ovary syndrome; and inflammatory diseases like endometriosis. It concludes by noting that treatment for these disorders prioritizes fertility.
Hormonal Control of Reproductive Process in FemalesPRANJAL SHARMA
The hormones controlling the female reproductive system include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutenizing hormone (LH), all of which are produced in the brain; oestrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and the corpus luteum; and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
Physiology of Respiration in InvertebratesPRANJAL SHARMA
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. In these slides you will get to know about Physiology of Respiration in Invertibrates.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
1. This document is the question paper for the Senior Secondary Examination in Biology from 2013. It contains 30 multiple choice questions divided into 4 sections.
2. Section A contains 13 one-mark questions related to definitions, processes, diseases and techniques in biology.
3. Section B contains 7 two-mark questions requiring short explanations or examples related to biological processes, effects of certain events, and techniques used.
4. The paper provides instructions to candidates regarding writing details, answering questions, treatment of internal choices and marking scheme. It aims to test the understanding of core concepts in biology.
This document contains a solved exam paper for the SSC Graduate Level Tier-II Exam in Arithmetical Ability. The paper contains 49 multiple choice questions covering a range of mathematical topics including ratios, averages, percentages, profit and loss, time and work problems, and geometry. The questions are at a graduate level and assess skills in applying mathematical concepts to word problems.
This document provides the instructions and content for a sample biology exam consisting of 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 5 short answer questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 5 short answer questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 11 short answer questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 1 value-based question worth 4 marks. Section E contains 3 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, with internal choices provided. The document provides examples of question content assessing topics such as tissue culture, cellular defense mechanisms, assisted reproduction techniques, PCR, genetics, evolution, disease, biotechnology, and ecosystems.
This document provides sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class XII. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks each. The questions cover topics like planning in sports, objectives of adventure sports, eating disorders, physiological benefits of exercise in children, factors affecting speed, meal considerations for competition, motor development factors, the Harvard step test procedure, psychological traits of women athletes, physiological differences between males and females, defining sports injuries and their classification/prevention. The document also provides general instructions for the exam and how questions should be answered based on the number of marks.
This document contains sample questions for a Physical Education exam for Class 12. It includes 28 total questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks. The questions cover a variety of topics related to physical education, health, exercise, sports injuries, motivation, and more. Students are instructed on how to answer questions based on the number of marks (word count requirements) and the breakdown of questions by mark value is provided at the end.
This document provides the date sheet for the Central Board of Secondary Education Senior School Certificate Examination for 2017. It lists the exam subjects, codes, dates and timings over 5 pages from March 9th to April 29th. A total of 122 subjects are scheduled on 27 exam dates, with most exams taking place from 10:30am to 1:30pm. Subjects include languages, arts, humanities, sciences, and vocational subjects.
Hey, this is my BSc assignment which will help you. It contains the basics about sericulture. I will provide you with a brief about sericulture as well.
Sericulture, also known as silk farming, is an ancient practice that involves the cultivation of silkworms for the production of silk. It is a labor-intensive process that requires meticulous care and attention at every stage, from selecting healthy silkworm eggs to the final processing of silk fibers. Sericulture has a rich history that spans thousands of years and has been a significant part of various cultures around the world.
The origins of sericulture can be traced back to ancient China, where it was initially kept as a closely guarded secret. The Chinese closely guarded the production techniques and methods, as silk was considered a valuable commodity and a symbol of wealth and luxury. However, the art of sericulture eventually spread to other parts of Asia and later to Europe and the rest of the world.
The sericulture process begins with the careful selection of silkworm eggs. Healthy and disease-free eggs are chosen to ensure the quality of the silkworms. These eggs are then incubated under controlled conditions until they hatch into tiny silkworm larvae. The larvae are then placed on specially prepared trays and provided with a diet consisting mainly of mulberry leaves, which are the primary food source for silkworms.
Mulberry trees, scientifically known as Morus spp., are cultivated in large quantities to sustain the silk production industry. The leaves of the mulberry trees are rich in nutrients, making them an ideal food source for the silkworms. The silkworms feed voraciously on the leaves, growing rapidly and shedding their skin multiple times in a process called molting.
After several weeks of feeding and molting, the silkworms reach their final stage, known as the cocooning stage. During this stage, the silkworms secrete a protein substance called fibroin, which is used to spin their cocoons. The silkworms create a protective covering by spinning a single continuous silk thread around themselves. This spinning process takes about two to three days, and the resulting cocoon is composed of a single thread that can measure several hundred meters in length.
To obtain the silk fibers, the cocoons are carefully harvested. However, to prevent the silkworms from breaking the silk thread, the cocoons are usually subjected to a process known as stifling. Stifling involves heating the cocoons or exposing them to steam to kill the silkworms inside. This process also makes it easier to unravel the silk thread from the cocoon.
After stifling, the silk thread is carefully unwound from the cocoon. This process is called reeling, and it requires skill and precision to ensure the quality of the silk fibers. Several strands of silk thread are combined to create a stronger and more durable silk yarn. The yarn is then cleaned to remove any impurities and twisted into a usable form.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Delhi University previous 4th semester question papers. This gonna help student to practice for the final exams. As many questions comes again and again because of limited syllabus.
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Female Reproductive Disorders (Instant notes for college students)PRANJAL SHARMA
This document discusses female reproductive disorders. It begins by defining female reproductive disorders as any condition that affects the reproductive organs or hormonal balance, preventing pregnancy. It then describes several common disorders in detail, including gynecologic cancers like cervical cancer; infections like vaginitis and sexually transmitted diseases; hormonal imbalances like polycystic ovary syndrome; and inflammatory diseases like endometriosis. It concludes by noting that treatment for these disorders prioritizes fertility.
Hormonal Control of Reproductive Process in FemalesPRANJAL SHARMA
The hormones controlling the female reproductive system include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutenizing hormone (LH), all of which are produced in the brain; oestrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and the corpus luteum; and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
Physiology of Respiration in InvertebratesPRANJAL SHARMA
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. In these slides you will get to know about Physiology of Respiration in Invertibrates.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.