This document summarizes a presentation on measuring food security using the concept of development resilience. It discusses how existing food security metrics have tradeoffs in addressing the four axioms implied by the internationally agreed definition of food security. The presentation proposes adapting the concept of development resilience to measure food security by modeling stochastic well-being dynamics over time using moment functions. An empirical example using household data from northern Kenya demonstrates how this resilience measure can satisfy all four axioms and be aggregated to different groups. The approach shows promise as a next-generation food security measure but is limited by data availability. Improved measures could enhance food security programming.
The document discusses the Coping Strategies Index (CSI), a tool used to measure household food access and insecurity. The CSI identifies common coping strategies communities employ during food shortages and assigns weights based on perceived severity. It is constructed through focus groups to compile an area-specific list of strategies with frequency and severity scores. A CSI score is then calculated by combining frequency and severity values, with higher scores indicating greater food insecurity. While useful for emergency assessments and targeting, the CSI provides a localized measure and its results may not be comparable across communities without standardization.
Derek Headey discusses measuring food and nutrition security in Egypt. He outlines key concepts like ensuring all people have access to sufficient, safe food at all times. To measure this requires a menu of indicators like calories, poverty, dietary diversity, and nutrition outcomes. However, each indicator has strengths and weaknesses. He emphasizes validating context-specific indicators like dietary diversity. Measurement systems must adhere to principles like representative, frequent surveys. Higher frequency data is needed to monitor resilience, but this could be achieved through lower-cost thin surveys between thick rounds.
This document outlines a framework for analyzing sustainable rural livelihoods. The framework shows how livelihoods are achieved through access to different livelihood resources (natural, economic, human, social capital) which are combined to pursue livelihood strategies like agricultural intensification/extensification, livelihood diversification, and migration. Central to the framework is the analysis of institutions that influence livelihood outcomes. Sustainable livelihoods are assessed based on indicators like employment creation, poverty reduction, well-being, resilience to stresses/shocks, and natural resource sustainability. The framework provides a way to investigate the key factors and tradeoffs involved in achieving sustainable rural livelihoods.
Nutrition, Biodiversity and Sustainable diets: Methods and Indicators for Sus...Bioversity International
Sustainable diets are those diets with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations. Learn more about Bioversity International's work in understanding and promoting sustainable diets: http://bit.ly/17Gk5iK
This document discusses food security assessment in emergencies. It defines food security and its three dimensions: availability, access, and utilization. Food security is determined by interactions between agro-physical, socioeconomic, and biological factors. Assessments measure these dimensions and perceptions of insufficiency, uncertainty, etc. A range of indicators are used to reflect the multiple dimensions, including production, income, expenditures, consumption, and nutrition status. Process indicators reflect food supply and access, while outcome indicators provide information on the likelihood of events affecting household security. A variety of methods are discussed, from early warning systems to specific assessment approaches used by organizations.
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Dan BenjaminStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
Debating the boundaries between public and private spending - Valerie Paris, ...OECD Governance
The document discusses three key dimensions that determine public and private boundaries for financing healthcare: the range of benefits covered, how that range is defined, and the decision process for coverage of new interventions. It notes that while most countries use economic evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis in decisions, it is unclear how much they actually influence choices. The document also examines how countries adjust the benefit basket over time, noting that new technologies usually drive upward adjustments, while downward adjustments are rare.
Food insecurity remains a global challenge. Achieving food security requires accurately measuring the incidence, nature, and causes of food insecurity. This allows for prioritizing interventions and targeting assistance. Conceptual frameworks help analyze the complex underlying causes of food insecurity and guide appropriate responses. Understanding factors like availability, access, utilization, and stability is key to selecting interventions to address problems like inadequate food, care practices, or health environments.
The document discusses the Coping Strategies Index (CSI), a tool used to measure household food access and insecurity. The CSI identifies common coping strategies communities employ during food shortages and assigns weights based on perceived severity. It is constructed through focus groups to compile an area-specific list of strategies with frequency and severity scores. A CSI score is then calculated by combining frequency and severity values, with higher scores indicating greater food insecurity. While useful for emergency assessments and targeting, the CSI provides a localized measure and its results may not be comparable across communities without standardization.
Derek Headey discusses measuring food and nutrition security in Egypt. He outlines key concepts like ensuring all people have access to sufficient, safe food at all times. To measure this requires a menu of indicators like calories, poverty, dietary diversity, and nutrition outcomes. However, each indicator has strengths and weaknesses. He emphasizes validating context-specific indicators like dietary diversity. Measurement systems must adhere to principles like representative, frequent surveys. Higher frequency data is needed to monitor resilience, but this could be achieved through lower-cost thin surveys between thick rounds.
This document outlines a framework for analyzing sustainable rural livelihoods. The framework shows how livelihoods are achieved through access to different livelihood resources (natural, economic, human, social capital) which are combined to pursue livelihood strategies like agricultural intensification/extensification, livelihood diversification, and migration. Central to the framework is the analysis of institutions that influence livelihood outcomes. Sustainable livelihoods are assessed based on indicators like employment creation, poverty reduction, well-being, resilience to stresses/shocks, and natural resource sustainability. The framework provides a way to investigate the key factors and tradeoffs involved in achieving sustainable rural livelihoods.
Nutrition, Biodiversity and Sustainable diets: Methods and Indicators for Sus...Bioversity International
Sustainable diets are those diets with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations. Learn more about Bioversity International's work in understanding and promoting sustainable diets: http://bit.ly/17Gk5iK
This document discusses food security assessment in emergencies. It defines food security and its three dimensions: availability, access, and utilization. Food security is determined by interactions between agro-physical, socioeconomic, and biological factors. Assessments measure these dimensions and perceptions of insufficiency, uncertainty, etc. A range of indicators are used to reflect the multiple dimensions, including production, income, expenditures, consumption, and nutrition status. Process indicators reflect food supply and access, while outcome indicators provide information on the likelihood of events affecting household security. A variety of methods are discussed, from early warning systems to specific assessment approaches used by organizations.
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Dan BenjaminStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
Debating the boundaries between public and private spending - Valerie Paris, ...OECD Governance
The document discusses three key dimensions that determine public and private boundaries for financing healthcare: the range of benefits covered, how that range is defined, and the decision process for coverage of new interventions. It notes that while most countries use economic evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis in decisions, it is unclear how much they actually influence choices. The document also examines how countries adjust the benefit basket over time, noting that new technologies usually drive upward adjustments, while downward adjustments are rare.
Food insecurity remains a global challenge. Achieving food security requires accurately measuring the incidence, nature, and causes of food insecurity. This allows for prioritizing interventions and targeting assistance. Conceptual frameworks help analyze the complex underlying causes of food insecurity and guide appropriate responses. Understanding factors like availability, access, utilization, and stability is key to selecting interventions to address problems like inadequate food, care practices, or health environments.
Rao 6a varieties of measurement for food securitySizwan Ahammed
This document discusses measurement approaches for assessing food security. It introduces various classes of food security measures, including measures of food availability, access, dietary status, nutritional status, utilization, and health status. These classes range from more easily measured to more complex, and the appropriate choice depends on the policy purpose, desired accuracy, and available data and costs. The document also covers food security concepts, frameworks for understanding factors that influence nutritional status, and examples of indicators that can measure states and flows within the food system.
Aileen Clarke and Sian Taylor-Phillips' presentation development of a preference based well-being measure for the CLAHRC WM Scientific Advisory Group, 10th June 2015, Birmingham, UK
Dr. Lonnie King - One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next:...John Blue
One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next: Prioritizing Immediate Actions - Dr. Lonnie King, Professor and Dean Emeritus, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
Early Warning - Early Action Mechanisms for Rapid Decision MakingIAWG Africa
This document discusses early warning systems and early action approaches. It defines early action as taking preventative humanitarian responses based on early warning data to protect livelihoods from potential crises, rather than only responding after a crisis occurs. Early warning systems monitor indicators, analyze trends, and communicate findings. National platforms bring decision-makers together to agree on indicators, thresholds for action, contingency plans, and funding approaches. The document outlines key aspects of early warning systems, communicating warnings, triggering early action based on indicator thresholds, contingency planning, funding challenges and opportunities for early action, and expanding social safety nets.
This system model provides a comprehensive, flexible, holistic and system based perspective for nursing.
It deals with stress and stress reduction and is primarily concerned with the effects of stress on health.
This model provides a total approach to client problems by providing a multidimensional view of the person as an individual.
Allocating resources for healthcare.pptxKeirelEdrin
This document summarizes frameworks for priority setting and resource allocation in healthcare systems. It discusses three main categories of frameworks: 1) PBMA frameworks which use deliberative processes to determine funding and disinvestment decisions, 2) HTA frameworks which produce evidence to inform decision making on health technologies, and 3) MCDA frameworks which consider multiple criteria and stakeholder input in decision making. It also discusses ethics considerations in resource allocation including balancing efficiency, equity and fairness, and managing disagreements around prioritizing best outcomes versus fair chances. Fair decision making processes require transparency, relevance of reasons used, ability to revise decisions, and enforcement of procedural fairness.
Professor Nancy Devlin argues that the use of utility theory to value health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) warrants reexamination. While utility theory has been convention for over 30 years, its application in health economics departs from the normative foundations of CEA. Extra-welfarism permits weighting outcomes based on principles other than preferences and allows multiple stakeholders to provide values. The orthodox utility-based approach is inconsistent with extra-welfarism and utility theory choices influence results. Further, stated preference methods construct rather than reveal preferences, limiting their validity. Devlin concludes the field should refocus on simple, fit-for-purpose HRQoL measures
This document discusses normative choices in measurement design for poverty analysis. It outlines eight essential choices that must be made when developing a multidimensional poverty measure: 1) purpose, 2) space, 3) unit of identification, 4) dimensions, 5) indicators, 6) deprivation cutoffs, 7) weights, and 8) poverty cutoff. For each choice, the document explains considerations around value judgments, empirical assessments, and participatory processes that can inform the selection of appropriate options given the purpose of the measure. Overall, the document emphasizes that while measurement requires normative choices, a combination of reasoned consensus, empirical evidence, and stakeholder input can guide decisions in a transparent and justifiable manner.
1. Nutrition surveillance systems collect, analyze, interpret and report on nutritional status data to inform emergency response strategies. They vary based on context and resources.
2. Key challenges include ensuring reliable, timely data and effective links between data and action. Interpreting data requires understanding local contexts and underlying causes of malnutrition.
3. The objectives of surveillance systems are advocacy, identifying responses, triggering actions, targeting at-risk areas, and identifying malnourished individuals. Representative data that monitors standard indicators is most useful.
This document discusses quality improvement and patient safety in anesthesia. It defines key terms like quality improvement, continuous quality improvement and differentiates it from traditional quality assurance. It outlines frameworks for improvement like the Model for Improvement and discusses tools used for quality improvement like Lean methodology, Six Sigma and PDSA cycles. It discusses important measures for quality improvement like process, outcome and balancing measures. Methods for analyzing and displaying quality improvement data like control charts and dashboards are described. Sources of quality improvement information and the importance of incident reporting are also summarized.
Comparative Effectiveness: UCSF East Africa Global Health -Kisumu 2014GlobalResearchUCSF
The document describes an upcoming cost-effectiveness analysis workshop to be held in Kisumu, Kenya on January 20, 2014. The purpose of the workshop is to provide participants with a basic understanding of cost-effectiveness analysis concepts and methods and allow them to apply these concepts to an issue of their choosing. The workshop will cover core CEA approaches such as calculating incremental cost per standardized unit of health gain compared to alternative interventions and key metrics like the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. The workshop aims to provide participants with a foundation for further developing CEA ideas and projects.
The shared value of personal and population dataWessel Kraaij
Wessel Kraaij discusses the shared value of personal and population health data. Health is complex with many interrelated factors beyond just molecules. Quantified self data from sensors in smartphones and devices could provide insights if measured across lifetimes, but raises privacy issues. Different stakeholders have varying interests in healthcare data. Future scenarios may see companies owning patient data. Reference data is needed for clinical reasoning and self-management. A balanced health data infrastructure respecting privacy and shared benefits for all is needed.
The document summarizes the Well-Being In the Nation (WIN) Measurement Framework, which was developed by the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics to establish a set of common measures for assessing population and community health and well-being across multiple sectors. The framework includes core measures of individual and community well-being and equity, as well as leading indicators and a full set of measures across 12 domains that influence health. It was created through a collaborative process with over 100 organizations and is intended to help communities monitor and improve health, well-being, and equity over time.
This document discusses the rising costs of healthcare and the emergence of health economics to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions. It outlines how cost-effectiveness analysis measures the costs and health outcomes of alternative healthcare options. The document then focuses on the intensive care unit (ICU) as a case study, noting that ICUs are increasingly used for seriously ill and elderly patients at the end of life. It questions whether ICUs always provide the best value given their high costs and limited evidence on outcomes for end of life care.
There are several ethical issues related to allocating scarce health care resources. Different ethical frameworks provide approaches for prioritizing patients, such as maximizing health benefits for the greatest number, or allocating based on principles of fairness and medical need. While it is difficult to satisfy all expectations, transparent use of ethical tools and frameworks can help clinicians and committees make reasoned and justifiable decisions about resource allocation.
ICN2-Diet Matters: Approaches and Indicators to Assess Agriculture's Role in ...FAO
Diet Matters:Approaches and Indicators to Assess Agriculture's Role in Nutrition
By Diego Rose, Brian Luckett, and Adrienne Mundorf
School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine
Tulane University
Researching Purchasing to achieve the promise of Universal Health Coverageresyst
This presentation was given by Professor Kara Hanson at the BMC Health Services Research Conference, in July 2014.
The presentation illustrates the important role that strategic purchasing can play in achieving effective health coverage, and how the topic is being studied by researchers. It highlights RESYST's multi-country study of purchasing arrangements that is currently taking place in Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, India, Thailand and Vietnam.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Rao 6a varieties of measurement for food securitySizwan Ahammed
This document discusses measurement approaches for assessing food security. It introduces various classes of food security measures, including measures of food availability, access, dietary status, nutritional status, utilization, and health status. These classes range from more easily measured to more complex, and the appropriate choice depends on the policy purpose, desired accuracy, and available data and costs. The document also covers food security concepts, frameworks for understanding factors that influence nutritional status, and examples of indicators that can measure states and flows within the food system.
Aileen Clarke and Sian Taylor-Phillips' presentation development of a preference based well-being measure for the CLAHRC WM Scientific Advisory Group, 10th June 2015, Birmingham, UK
Dr. Lonnie King - One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next:...John Blue
One Health Antibiotic Stewardship - What MUST Be Done Next: Prioritizing Immediate Actions - Dr. Lonnie King, Professor and Dean Emeritus, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
Early Warning - Early Action Mechanisms for Rapid Decision MakingIAWG Africa
This document discusses early warning systems and early action approaches. It defines early action as taking preventative humanitarian responses based on early warning data to protect livelihoods from potential crises, rather than only responding after a crisis occurs. Early warning systems monitor indicators, analyze trends, and communicate findings. National platforms bring decision-makers together to agree on indicators, thresholds for action, contingency plans, and funding approaches. The document outlines key aspects of early warning systems, communicating warnings, triggering early action based on indicator thresholds, contingency planning, funding challenges and opportunities for early action, and expanding social safety nets.
This system model provides a comprehensive, flexible, holistic and system based perspective for nursing.
It deals with stress and stress reduction and is primarily concerned with the effects of stress on health.
This model provides a total approach to client problems by providing a multidimensional view of the person as an individual.
Allocating resources for healthcare.pptxKeirelEdrin
This document summarizes frameworks for priority setting and resource allocation in healthcare systems. It discusses three main categories of frameworks: 1) PBMA frameworks which use deliberative processes to determine funding and disinvestment decisions, 2) HTA frameworks which produce evidence to inform decision making on health technologies, and 3) MCDA frameworks which consider multiple criteria and stakeholder input in decision making. It also discusses ethics considerations in resource allocation including balancing efficiency, equity and fairness, and managing disagreements around prioritizing best outcomes versus fair chances. Fair decision making processes require transparency, relevance of reasons used, ability to revise decisions, and enforcement of procedural fairness.
Professor Nancy Devlin argues that the use of utility theory to value health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) warrants reexamination. While utility theory has been convention for over 30 years, its application in health economics departs from the normative foundations of CEA. Extra-welfarism permits weighting outcomes based on principles other than preferences and allows multiple stakeholders to provide values. The orthodox utility-based approach is inconsistent with extra-welfarism and utility theory choices influence results. Further, stated preference methods construct rather than reveal preferences, limiting their validity. Devlin concludes the field should refocus on simple, fit-for-purpose HRQoL measures
This document discusses normative choices in measurement design for poverty analysis. It outlines eight essential choices that must be made when developing a multidimensional poverty measure: 1) purpose, 2) space, 3) unit of identification, 4) dimensions, 5) indicators, 6) deprivation cutoffs, 7) weights, and 8) poverty cutoff. For each choice, the document explains considerations around value judgments, empirical assessments, and participatory processes that can inform the selection of appropriate options given the purpose of the measure. Overall, the document emphasizes that while measurement requires normative choices, a combination of reasoned consensus, empirical evidence, and stakeholder input can guide decisions in a transparent and justifiable manner.
1. Nutrition surveillance systems collect, analyze, interpret and report on nutritional status data to inform emergency response strategies. They vary based on context and resources.
2. Key challenges include ensuring reliable, timely data and effective links between data and action. Interpreting data requires understanding local contexts and underlying causes of malnutrition.
3. The objectives of surveillance systems are advocacy, identifying responses, triggering actions, targeting at-risk areas, and identifying malnourished individuals. Representative data that monitors standard indicators is most useful.
This document discusses quality improvement and patient safety in anesthesia. It defines key terms like quality improvement, continuous quality improvement and differentiates it from traditional quality assurance. It outlines frameworks for improvement like the Model for Improvement and discusses tools used for quality improvement like Lean methodology, Six Sigma and PDSA cycles. It discusses important measures for quality improvement like process, outcome and balancing measures. Methods for analyzing and displaying quality improvement data like control charts and dashboards are described. Sources of quality improvement information and the importance of incident reporting are also summarized.
Comparative Effectiveness: UCSF East Africa Global Health -Kisumu 2014GlobalResearchUCSF
The document describes an upcoming cost-effectiveness analysis workshop to be held in Kisumu, Kenya on January 20, 2014. The purpose of the workshop is to provide participants with a basic understanding of cost-effectiveness analysis concepts and methods and allow them to apply these concepts to an issue of their choosing. The workshop will cover core CEA approaches such as calculating incremental cost per standardized unit of health gain compared to alternative interventions and key metrics like the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. The workshop aims to provide participants with a foundation for further developing CEA ideas and projects.
The shared value of personal and population dataWessel Kraaij
Wessel Kraaij discusses the shared value of personal and population health data. Health is complex with many interrelated factors beyond just molecules. Quantified self data from sensors in smartphones and devices could provide insights if measured across lifetimes, but raises privacy issues. Different stakeholders have varying interests in healthcare data. Future scenarios may see companies owning patient data. Reference data is needed for clinical reasoning and self-management. A balanced health data infrastructure respecting privacy and shared benefits for all is needed.
The document summarizes the Well-Being In the Nation (WIN) Measurement Framework, which was developed by the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics to establish a set of common measures for assessing population and community health and well-being across multiple sectors. The framework includes core measures of individual and community well-being and equity, as well as leading indicators and a full set of measures across 12 domains that influence health. It was created through a collaborative process with over 100 organizations and is intended to help communities monitor and improve health, well-being, and equity over time.
This document discusses the rising costs of healthcare and the emergence of health economics to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions. It outlines how cost-effectiveness analysis measures the costs and health outcomes of alternative healthcare options. The document then focuses on the intensive care unit (ICU) as a case study, noting that ICUs are increasingly used for seriously ill and elderly patients at the end of life. It questions whether ICUs always provide the best value given their high costs and limited evidence on outcomes for end of life care.
There are several ethical issues related to allocating scarce health care resources. Different ethical frameworks provide approaches for prioritizing patients, such as maximizing health benefits for the greatest number, or allocating based on principles of fairness and medical need. While it is difficult to satisfy all expectations, transparent use of ethical tools and frameworks can help clinicians and committees make reasoned and justifiable decisions about resource allocation.
ICN2-Diet Matters: Approaches and Indicators to Assess Agriculture's Role in ...FAO
Diet Matters:Approaches and Indicators to Assess Agriculture's Role in Nutrition
By Diego Rose, Brian Luckett, and Adrienne Mundorf
School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine
Tulane University
Researching Purchasing to achieve the promise of Universal Health Coverageresyst
This presentation was given by Professor Kara Hanson at the BMC Health Services Research Conference, in July 2014.
The presentation illustrates the important role that strategic purchasing can play in achieving effective health coverage, and how the topic is being studied by researchers. It highlights RESYST's multi-country study of purchasing arrangements that is currently taking place in Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, India, Thailand and Vietnam.
Similar to 150815_FoodSecurityResilience.pptx (20)
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. Food Security As Resilience:
Reconciling Definition And Measurement
Joanna B. Upton, Jennifer Denno Cissé & Christopher B. Barrett
Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics & Management
Cornell University
International Conference of Agricultural Economists conference
Milan, Italy
August 12, 2015
2. Measurement matters!
– But must be founded on agreed definition of subject
– The internationally agreed (1996) definition of food security:
“Food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social, and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meet their dietary
needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”
– Challenging to measure because intrinsically unobservable
– Nonetheless, definition implies some axioms of measures
Motivation
3. • Decades of grappling with measurement…
– Different metrics have different goals (to meet different needs)
– Metrics each reflect one or more observable dimension of food
security
– Sometimes try to combine dimensions using indices … but that
introduces many well-known problems
– No existing measure well captures “food insecurity” per
internationally agreed definition and derivative axioms
Motivation
4. • The emergent concept of development resilience (Barrett &
Constas PNAS 2014) may offer a way forward (in time, not
immediately) ….
– Barrett and Constas (PNAS 2014) offer a theoretical
foundation for development resilience that we show can
fit the 4 axioms implied by 1996 definition of food
security.
– Econometric implementation of BC is now feasible with
adequate individual/household panel data
– We illustrate empirically how this can prove useful
• This is a suggestive exercise only, meant to prompt
continued pursuit of better measurement.
Punch line
5. The 1996 FAO definition of FS implies 4 core measurement axioms:
“all people” – the scale axiom (address both individuals and groups at
various scales of aggregation)
“at all times” – the time axiom (assess stability, given both predictable
and unpredictable variation)
“physical, social, and economic access” – the access axiom (must control
for poverty, institutions, infrastructure)
“an active and healthy life” – the outcomes axiom (nutrition/ health
outcome indicators are the ultimate targets)
Claim: Measures should adhere, as better as possible, to these axioms.
Axioms of measurement
6. Measures necessarily depend on data. And data quality issues abound.
• Shortcomings in national-level data
– Often must rely on national governments
• Disagreement on what to collect, and/or how
• Resource and capacity constraints make for unreliable
quality
• …also in household-level data
– Analytical challenges (sampling and survey design)
– Reliability (proxy reporting, recall, accounting for income…)
– Nutrient composition tables not universal
– Limited comparability between data sets
– Attrition
– Etc…
Data challenges
7. Data challenges
All levels of data collection face challenges of:
• Consistency over time
– Funding streams usually have short-term time scales
– Methods & priorities change with actors and institutions
• Cost
– Especially large scale, repeated collection
• Challenges typically greatest where need is most acute
• But, some new opportunities are emerging
– New data sources and technologies (e.g., ICT, RS)
8. Existing metrics
1
3
5
4
Larger size indicates better representation of the access axiom
Darker color indicates better reflection of the outcomes axiom
2
6
8
7
We can rate metrics for how they perform in addressing the 4 axioms
that follow from the agreed 1996 FS definition
• For the most part, the choice
of metric involves trade-offs…
1 – One-off, aggreg.availability
2 – Annual, aggreg. availability
3 – One-off, hh-level (e.g.,DD)
4 – High freq, aggreg. avail./access
5 – Annual, aggreg. composite
6 – Annual, hh-level poverty
7 – Annual, hh-level DD
8 – High freq,indiv/hh health outcomes
9. Existing metrics
• Other criteria besides axiom satisfaction are also important:
– Cost; difficulty (analytical and logistical); comparability between
countries and other groups
• And, different metrics address different needs:
– For example, a health metric may capture the end outcome, but
without other metrics we don’t understand mechanisms in order
to design/evaluate appropriate interventions
– Food security is ultimately about individuals, but national- and
multinational-level information is needed for policy
• So tradeoffs abound among current food security metrics
10. As applied to humans, development resilience is both a
capacity and a state (Barrett and Constas PNAS 2014):
• Capacity: The likelihood over time of a person, household or
other aggregate unit enjoying adequate well-being in the face
of various stressors and in the wake of myriad shocks.
• State: If and only if that likelihood is and remains high, then
the unit is resilient.
One can adapt this for food security measurement when using
health/nutrition indicators of well-being
Adapting development resilience
11. A moments-based approach
Describe stochastic well-being dynamics (in reduced form) with
moment functions:
mk(Wt+s | Wt, Xt, εt)
where mk represents the kth moment (e.g., mean (k=1), variance
(k=2), etc.)
Wt is well-being at time t
Xt is vector of conditioning variables at time t
εt is an exogenous disturbance (scalar or vector) at time t
12. Adapting resilience for food security
We can adapt the concept of development resilience for food security
by using an indicator for an ‘active and healthy life’.
This measure can address all 4 food security axioms:
• Satisfies the time and scale axioms (short and long term dynamics;
estimate for individuals/ households but aggregable to larger
groups)
• The access outcome can be addressed by conditioning the
moments on any host of economic, physical, or social
characteristics
• We take as outcomes either proxy or direct indicators of
health/nutrition status
13. Adapting resilience for food security
• Key limitation remains data
– Some possibilities, and proposals for easing this constraint
(see Headey & Barrett PNAS in press on sentinel sites)
• Data on shocks not previously systematically
considered…but increasingly possible (satellite imagery,
etc.)
• We have illustrative applications of the metric to evaluate
food insecurity among rural households in northern Kenya
14. An empirical example
Northern Kenya (Marsabit County)
• 924 households, tracked annually for 5 years (2009-2013)
• Data collected by ILRI and partners to assess the impacts of
Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI)
• Period encompasses a massive drought (2011)
• Data include several well-being outcomes: hh livestock holdings,
expenditures, food consumption, individual child
anthropometry, etc. and can control for exogenous
environmental conditions (esp. NDVI of rangelands)
15. • Outcome variables: Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) based
on 7-day recall and child mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) …
these satisfy the outcomes axiom.
• Conditioning variables: a host of access-related variables at
community, agro-ecological and household level … satisfy the
access axiom
• Household and individual panel data satisfy the time and scale
axioms
An empirical example
16. • Follow procedure developed by Cissé and Barrett (2015)
• Implementation demands (at least) two normative judgements:
– Level – Minimum acceptable standard of ‘adequate well-being’,
for an individual or household. For this example we use:
• Individual child MUAC ≥ -1 SD by WHO SDs
• HDDS ≥ mean of upper 1/3 of sample (per FANTA III)
– Probability – Minimum acceptable likelihood of meeting level:
• We set 𝑃 ≥ 0.25 but then test alternative levels
• Note: Like poverty lines, these are intrinsically arbitrary cut-offs
Resilience categorization
17. • Step 1: Estimate the conditional mean MUAC and HDDS
equations, conditioned on:
– Lagged well-being (MUAC/HDDS) in cubic polynomial to
allow for nonlinear path dynamics
– A range of access indicators – wealth(TLUs), location,
demographics, etc. OLS w/robust standard errors.
• Step 2: Capture residuals and estimate conditional variance
similarly.
• Assume normality for simplicity in illustration, so 1 and 2 suffice.
• Step 3: Use predicted conditional mean and conditional variance to
estimate conditional cdf for each child (MUAC) or HH (HDDS),
categorize as resilient if 𝑃(𝑌 ≥ W) ≥ 0.25.
Resilience categorization
18. Resilience aggregation
• We can, by construction, aggregate the resilience measure for
different groups, just like FGT for poverty:
• Different measures yield strikingly different aggregate results: just
before 2011 drought struck, widespread resilience with moderate
MUAC threshold, limited resilience with strict HDDS threshold.
𝑅𝐻𝐷𝐷𝑆,0,2 𝝆; 𝑊 = 7.9, 𝑃 = .25 ≡ 1 −
1
𝑛
𝑔𝑖
𝑃
0
𝑞
𝑖=1
= 0.371
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐴𝐶,0,2 𝝆; 𝑊 = −1 𝑠. 𝑑. , 𝑃 = .25 ≡ 1 −
1
𝑛
𝑔𝑖
𝑃
0
𝑞
𝑖=1
= 0.824,
19. Resilience aggregation
Captures time-varying, group-specific estimates of food security:
Key implication: Can identify targeting characteristics and project out
of sample to generate predictions for targeting purposes.
20. Policy advantages
By varying 𝑃 can choose to minimize errors of exclusion, inclusion,
or their sum, depending on operational priorities.
Relative to current practice of using most recent observation
(implicitly, random walk assumption), can outperform in forecasting.
Estimates of Targeting Accuracy - HDDS
P
Correctly
Not Targeted
Correctly
Targeted
TI Error TII Error
Sum of
Errors
0.15 0.266 0.503 0.088 0.143 0.231
0.20 0.198 0.566 0.156 0.080 0.236
0.25 0.122 0.609 0.231 0.037 0.268
0.30 0.056 0.644 0.298 0.002 0.300
Standard 0.209 0.536 0.145 0.110 0.255
21. Summary and next steps
• Food security measurement is important.
• The world is making slow but steady progress in improving
these measures.
• But need to maintain fidelity to agreed definitions and the
axioms they imply.
• An adaptation of emergent development resilience measures
shows promise as a next-generation food security measure.
• Its implementability is sharply limited by data availability.
• Opportunity to develop robust, axiomatic measures of food
security is considerable
• So is the opportunity to improve food security programming
through the use of improved measures for diagnosis,
inference, prediction and targeting.