13.3.2013
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A PIL, or public interest litigation, allows a private party to file a case against a government authority for a public wrong or violation of legal or constitutional rights of a group. It must be backed by credible evidence and filed bona fide, not for personal gain. Any member of the public can file a PIL if they have sufficient interest in the matter. The court will accept or reject the PIL based on the facts and circumstances presented.
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PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION (PIL)
This document discusses public interest litigation (PIL) in India. PIL allows individuals or organizations to file lawsuits in court to protect public interests. It aims to provide legal representation for underrepresented groups like the poor, minorities, and those advocating for environmental protection. Notable early PIL cases helped release thousands of under-trial prisoners and established the right to speedy justice. Later PIL cases addressed issues like bonded labor, worker exploitation, pollution, and sexual harassment. PIL has helped protect people's fundamental rights and forced the government to better uphold its constitutional obligations.
Public interest litigation
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) allows individuals, groups, or communities to challenge government actions in court to protect public interests. PIL deals with major social and environmental issues involving disadvantaged groups. Where individuals lack resources for litigation, PIL provides access to justice. Successful PIL cases have led to environmental protections, human rights enforcement, and government accountability. However, PIL risks burdening courts and can be constrained by existing laws. An example is a 1996 Indian case where a public organization successfully sued to protect public health from river pollution caused by untreated tannery waste.
Indu mehta pil
The document discusses the history and development of public interest litigation (PIL) in India, including key cases such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar in 1979 that led to the release of over 40,000 under trial prisoners. PIL has been used in issues relating to human rights, the environment, public accountability, and judicial oversight of the executive and legislative branches. The increased use of PIL has also been controversial as it has blurred the lines between the roles of the different branches of government.
Public interest litigation and co participative judicial enforcement of publi...
Public interest litigation and co participative judicial enforcement of publi...Alexandre Gustavo Melo Franco de Moraes Bahia
This article discusses the proposal of a redevelopment of the judicial enforcement step mainly in regards of public interest litigation. That is to say whenever the judiciary has before itself the responsibility to provide an answer for the claims to the accomplishment of public policies, it must focus on ensuring the contradictory as a co-participation one. The constitutional proceedings require from the judiciary a new approach with regards to dealing with old and new litigations. As for public interest litigations it is necessary to rebuild the foundation of mainstream judicial proceeding theory so that it can go beyond the debate between liberal and socializing stances and thus enable a discoursive formation of the decision and of its enforcement. Basing on 5º paragraph of the article 461 from Brazilian Civil Procedures Code, this article argues that it should be created a procedure in the judicial enforcement step whereby the parties (and others) may settle about its form, timing and scheduling, supported by an expert mediator, who would be supposed to technically assist the parties' settlement efforts. In this way, the enforcement of public interest litigation acquires a “soft character” as it becomes more effective since it allows that its form will not come from a monocratic doer, but from the deliberation of the very ones affected by the claimed public police, and thus the enforcement has better chances to succeed. Public litigation system bane or boon
Public interest litigation (PIL) was introduced to protect fundamental rights and ensure government welfare programs are implemented. However, PIL has been criticized for being misused for political and publicity purposes. While PIL provides inexpensive access to justice, regular cases are backlogged and corruption persists in the courts. PIL has moved away from helping the poor and has been used for slum demolitions and other decisions that negatively impact livelihoods. Reforms are needed to ensure PIL is confined to its original purpose and judicial transparency and accountability are improved.
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PIL is one of utmost important area of Legal field. Today i prepared the short note on this. It will be helpful for all law students, and all other aspirant who are preparing for other governmental exams. In most of the government exam there is question relating to the this topic.
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Public interest litigation (PIL) allows citizens to seek inexpensive legal remedies for issues that affect the public interest, such as human rights, consumer welfare and the environment. PIL was introduced to ensure implementation of rescue programs for disadvantaged groups and compel the government to perform its duties. However, PIL also faces issues like misuse seeking publicity and irresponsible activists overshadowing genuine public interest cases. The document discusses the merits and demerits of PIL and examines matters it has addressed such as human rights, the environment, and public accountability through cases like the Taj Mahal and Ganga River pollution cases.
Public Interest Litigation
This document provides an overview of public interest litigation (PIL) in India. It defines PIL as litigation filed in court for the protection of public interest on a wide variety of subjects concerning citizens. Specifically, PIL aims to make justice more accessible to disadvantaged groups in matters of environment, pollution, and labor. The document outlines who can file a PIL, against whom it can be filed, the areas where PILs are commonly filed, and the basic procedures and potential relief involved in a PIL case.
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PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION (PIL)
This document discusses public interest litigation (PIL) in India. PIL allows individuals or organizations to file lawsuits in court to protect public interests. It aims to provide legal representation for underrepresented groups like the poor, minorities, and those advocating for environmental protection. Notable early PIL cases helped release thousands of under-trial prisoners and established the right to speedy justice. Later PIL cases addressed issues like bonded labor, worker exploitation, pollution, and sexual harassment. PIL has helped protect people's fundamental rights and forced the government to better uphold its constitutional obligations.
Public interest litigation
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) allows individuals, groups, or communities to challenge government actions in court to protect public interests. PIL deals with major social and environmental issues involving disadvantaged groups. Where individuals lack resources for litigation, PIL provides access to justice. Successful PIL cases have led to environmental protections, human rights enforcement, and government accountability. However, PIL risks burdening courts and can be constrained by existing laws. An example is a 1996 Indian case where a public organization successfully sued to protect public health from river pollution caused by untreated tannery waste.
Indu mehta pil
The document discusses the history and development of public interest litigation (PIL) in India, including key cases such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar in 1979 that led to the release of over 40,000 under trial prisoners. PIL has been used in issues relating to human rights, the environment, public accountability, and judicial oversight of the executive and legislative branches. The increased use of PIL has also been controversial as it has blurred the lines between the roles of the different branches of government.
Public interest litigation and co participative judicial enforcement of publi...
Public interest litigation and co participative judicial enforcement of publi...Alexandre Gustavo Melo Franco de Moraes Bahia
This article discusses the proposal of a redevelopment of the judicial enforcement step mainly in regards of public interest litigation. That is to say whenever the judiciary has before itself the responsibility to provide an answer for the claims to the accomplishment of public policies, it must focus on ensuring the contradictory as a co-participation one. The constitutional proceedings require from the judiciary a new approach with regards to dealing with old and new litigations. As for public interest litigations it is necessary to rebuild the foundation of mainstream judicial proceeding theory so that it can go beyond the debate between liberal and socializing stances and thus enable a discoursive formation of the decision and of its enforcement. Basing on 5º paragraph of the article 461 from Brazilian Civil Procedures Code, this article argues that it should be created a procedure in the judicial enforcement step whereby the parties (and others) may settle about its form, timing and scheduling, supported by an expert mediator, who would be supposed to technically assist the parties' settlement efforts. In this way, the enforcement of public interest litigation acquires a “soft character” as it becomes more effective since it allows that its form will not come from a monocratic doer, but from the deliberation of the very ones affected by the claimed public police, and thus the enforcement has better chances to succeed. Public litigation system bane or boon
Public interest litigation (PIL) was introduced to protect fundamental rights and ensure government welfare programs are implemented. However, PIL has been criticized for being misused for political and publicity purposes. While PIL provides inexpensive access to justice, regular cases are backlogged and corruption persists in the courts. PIL has moved away from helping the poor and has been used for slum demolitions and other decisions that negatively impact livelihoods. Reforms are needed to ensure PIL is confined to its original purpose and judicial transparency and accountability are improved.
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MSD - PIL
Public interest litigation (PIL) allows citizens to seek inexpensive legal remedies for issues that affect the public interest, such as human rights, consumer welfare and the environment. PIL was introduced to ensure implementation of rescue programs for disadvantaged groups and compel the government to perform its duties. However, PIL also faces issues like misuse seeking publicity and irresponsible activists overshadowing genuine public interest cases. The document discusses the merits and demerits of PIL and examines matters it has addressed such as human rights, the environment, and public accountability through cases like the Taj Mahal and Ganga River pollution cases.
Public Interest Litigation
This document provides an overview of public interest litigation (PIL) in India. It defines PIL as litigation filed in court for the protection of public interest on a wide variety of subjects concerning citizens. Specifically, PIL aims to make justice more accessible to disadvantaged groups in matters of environment, pollution, and labor. The document outlines who can file a PIL, against whom it can be filed, the areas where PILs are commonly filed, and the basic procedures and potential relief involved in a PIL case.
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In this research paper the researcher has focused on the introduction of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of law has been introduced for betterment of the socially and economically deprived. Paper includes the positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on the Indian society and explores the ways someone can use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses about the writs that can be used to take the legal remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and judgments that show up the necessity public interest litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at critically analyzing the public interest litigation instrument introduced by the judicial system. The researcher also comments on the present scenario of the public interest litigation and aims to show its importance by discussing relevant case laws that made an impact on the judicial system. The conclusion part lays an overview of the research work done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be taken or the loophole that exists, which needs to be mended. Arihant Agrawal"Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17001.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/17001/public-interest-litigation-a-critical-review/arihant-agrawal
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This is my research work related to public interest litigation. The information in this work are collected from various sources both from internet and books.
Bill of Rights and Notion of Duty
The document discusses the Bill of Rights in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It provides summaries of the key civil and political rights protected in the Bill of Rights, including rights to life, liberty, equal protection, privacy, speech, religion, travel, information, unionization, property, and due process. It notes that civil rights protect individuals in private activities while political rights relate to participation in government. Both are considered human rights, with human rights now also encompassing economic, social, and cultural rights. The document also provides a brief definition of duty as a moral obligation to do or avoid certain actions.
Billof rights
The document lists several rights protected by the US Constitution, including freedom of religion, speech, press and assembly; the right to bear arms; protection from unlawful searches and seizures; due process rights for those accused of crimes including the right to an attorney; the prohibition on double jeopardy and excessive bail; and the fact that Congress cannot establish an official religion. It then asks true/false questions about some of these rights, which are answered correctly.
Understanding the Bill of Rights
The document discusses the Bill of Rights and provides information about each of the 10 amendments. It explains the key protections provided by each amendment in plain language, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, right to bear arms, right to privacy, right to fair trials, bans on cruel punishment, and reserved rights. It also discusses debates around interpreting some amendments and examples of Supreme Court cases related to the amendments.
Philippines bill of rights
This document outlines 22 sections of the Bill of Rights in the Philippines Constitution. It guarantees various civil liberties and rights to citizens, including the right to life, liberty, property, privacy of communication, freedom of speech, religion, assembly, travel, information, and association. It also protects against unlawful searches and seizures, excessive bail, double jeopardy, ex post facto laws, and cruel punishment. The rights of the accused in criminal proceedings are also outlined.
Phil constitution
The document summarizes key aspects of the Philippine constitution and government. It outlines that the Philippines has a democratic and republican government where sovereignty resides with the people. It discusses the bill of rights and individual freedoms guaranteed in the constitution like freedom of speech, religion, and due process. It also explains the purpose of the constitution is to define the government structure and protect citizens' rights.
Philconsti
The document summarizes key aspects of the Philippine constitution and government. It outlines that the Philippines has a democratic and republican government where sovereignty resides with the people. It discusses the bill of rights and individual protections like due process. It also summarizes some important Supreme Court cases related to due process rights.
Litigating for Protection of Rights under Article 32, Article 226 (1).pdf
Protection of fundamental rights of an individual is of greater concern for safeguarding the interest of public.
Article III part 2
The document discusses key provisions of the Philippine Constitution relating to civil liberties and individual rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to information, right to form associations, and eminent domain. It provides explanations of terms and the scope and limitations of these rights. The document examines concepts such as police power, eminent domain, and limitations on civil liberties that can be imposed in the interests of national security, public safety, and public health.
Bill of rights
The document summarizes the events leading up to the creation of the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution. It explains that the original Articles of Confederation government was not effective, so the Founding Fathers drafted the Constitution in 1787. However, not everyone supported the Constitution because it did not specify individual rights. To help gain approval from the states, a Bill of Rights was promised that would outline specific protections from government overreach. The Bill of Rights was finally ratified in 1791 as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Phil consti
The document summarizes key aspects of the Philippine constitution and government based on the 1987 constitution. It outlines that the Philippines has a democratic and republican form of government where sovereignty resides with the people. It describes the bill of rights and individual freedoms guaranteed in the constitution. It also discusses the purpose and structure of the Philippine constitution.
ARTICLE III –BILL OF RIGHTS.pptx
The document outlines the key provisions of the Bill of Rights in the Philippines constitution. It discusses the different classes of rights like natural rights, constitutional rights, and statutory rights. It also describes the different types of constitutional rights such as political rights, civil rights, social and economic rights, and rights of the accused. Finally, it provides details on the 22 specific sections of the Bill of Rights, giving an overview of the protections granted for rights like due process, privacy, speech, religion, bail, and prohibition of ex post facto laws.
Article III Bill of Rights
The document discusses the concept and classification of constitutional rights as outlined in a bill of rights. It defines natural rights, constitutional rights, and statutory rights. Constitutional rights are further classified as political rights, civil rights, social and economic rights, and rights of the accused. The document then discusses concepts of due process and equal protection under the law as outlined in Section 1. It also discusses unreasonable searches and seizures as prohibited in Section 2, including the requisites for valid search warrants and instances where search and seizure may be conducted without a warrant.
Requisites of a judicial review
The document outlines 4 requirements for justiciability in determining the constitutionality of a law:
1) There must be an actual case or controversy, not a hypothetical question.
2) The constitutional question must be raised by a party with proper legal standing.
3) The constitutional issue must be raised at the earliest opportunity.
4) Resolving the constitutional question must be necessary to determine the case itself.
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Litigating for Protection of Rights under Article 32, Article 226 (1).pdf
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Private Limited Company vs Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) vs One Person ...
Private Limited Company vs Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) vs One Person ...vakilsearch_tutorial
It should take no longer than 5 minutes to choose between the available legal structures for your business. Your options are the Private Limited Company, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), One-Person Company (OPC), General Partnership and Sole Proprietorship. But the general approach to this decision is so academic, entrepreneurs end up wasting their time. There’s no need to educate yourself on the minute differences between say, a Private Limited Company and an LLP. This is because, with only a few exceptions, every business will be suited to just one legal structure. So let's find out which one is right for you.Articles of Association and its Contents
The articles of association are the internal rules and regulations of a company that are subordinate to and controlled by the memorandum of association. They deal with member rights and carrying out the aims of the memorandum. The articles must contain certain provisions depending on the type of company, such as restricting share transfers for a private company. They typically contain rules regarding share capital, meetings, directors, accounts, and winding up. The articles are signed by subscribers in the presence of a witness.
MOU's and MOA's
The document outlines the key differences between a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and a Memorandum of Association (MOA). An MOU defines a general understanding between parties and does not involve funds, while an MOA is a legal document required for company registration that defines the relationship with shareholders and includes details like the company name and shareholder names. Both documents can be modified more easily than treaties but serve different purposes, with an MOU outlining cooperation and an MOA serving as a company's constitution.
What is the difference between a Trademark and a Service Mark?
A service mark is a word, name, symbol or device that identifies and distinguishes the source of a service. It can be registered to exclusively identify the services of one business and differentiate those services from competitors. A service mark is used in the advertising or sale of services, whereas a trademark identifies goods. The procedures for registering and rights granted are otherwise the same for trademarks and service marks, except service marks are used to identify services rather than products. Specimens demonstrate how a mark is presented publicly and can include advertisements, flyers or photographs for service marks.
What is patent licensing?
Patent licensing involves granting exploitation rights over a patent to a licensee rather than exploiting the patent directly. This forms a legal contract that spells out the rights and obligations of both parties. Licenses can be revoked if obligations like sales targets are not met, while assigning a patent transfers ownership permanently. Licensors seek to profit from royalties paid by licensees over the patent term. Performance obligations in licenses help ensure steady progress in developing and marketing the patented invention.
What is the procedure to apply for a copyright?
The document outlines the procedure to apply for a copyright in India. It begins by defining copyright and noting that it is governed by the Copyright Act of 1957. It then lists the rights conferred by registration, noting that while registration is not required to acquire copyright, it provides evidentiary support in legal disputes. Finally, it provides the requisites for a copyright application and outlines the application and examination procedure, concluding that a certificate will be issued if the application satisfies the Copyright Registry.
What is the difference between a Contract and an Agreement?
A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more competent parties that creates obligations. The key elements of a valid contract are offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent of the parties, a lawful object, and certainty. Contracts can be express, implied, oral, or written. An agreement is a broader term that refers to a mutual understanding between parties, but it may lack elements like consideration that are necessary for a contract to be legally enforceable. While contracts create legal obligations, agreements are not always legally binding and can be changed by either party.
Sales Tax Registration
The document outlines the documents needed to register for sales tax in 3 sentences or less depending on the type of business entity. For a sole proprietorship, documents include identity proof, passport photos, and proof of business premises ownership or rental. For a partnership firm, the same documents are required for each partner. For a private limited company, identity proof and photos are needed for each director along with documents proving ownership or rental of business premises.
Trademark Licensing
Trademark licensing allows a registered trademark owner to grant permission to another party to use the trademark. It provides benefits to both parties, allowing the owner to expand their business and the licensee to generate revenue with less investment. However, there is a risk that the licensee could exploit the trademark more successfully than the owner or that unauthorized usage could occur. Key principles for trademark licensing include source identification, where the trademark must be connected to the owner, quality control to preserve the brand's reputation, and connection in the course of trade to ensure quality control is maintained.
Rules to follow to set up a Joint Venture with an Indian company
There are three common types of joint venture companies in India: 1) where one party transfers their business to a new company and receives shares, while the other party subscribes for shares in cash, 2) where both parties subscribe to shares in the new company in agreed proportions in cash to start a new business, 3) where an existing company collaborates with a third party who takes shares in the company through cash payment. Joint ventures are incorporated like private or public companies under Indian law. Key issues to address include foreign investment caps, agreement terms, director nominees, office location, and necessary approvals. The joint venture agreement should specify shareholding proportions, decision-making, management structure, funding, and dispute resolution
FIR- First Information Report
An FIR is a written document prepared by the police upon receiving information about a cognizable crime. It is called a "First Information Report" because it contains the first information received by the police about a crime. An FIR can be filed by the victim of the crime or anyone else who has knowledge of the crime. It should include details like the names and descriptions of those involved, the date, time, and location of the incident. Recording an FIR immediately is important as it helps the police arrest offenders and collect evidence, and the earliest version is considered most reliable by courts.
“Shops and establishments” Registration
This document summarizes the key points of the Shops and Establishments Act, including that it requires all business establishments in India to register, it covers various types of commercial establishments, and sets rules around working hours, leave, and maintaining employment records. Employers must register their business within 30 days of opening, providing details to the Inspector, and get a registration certificate to display. Any changes or closure must also be communicated. The specific rules can vary by state.
Loan agreement
A loan agreement outlines the terms and conditions agreed upon between a lender and borrower for a loan. It defines responsibilities of both parties for the loan's duration. Key points addressed include applicable interest rates and fees, repayment terms, penalties for early payoff, and whether the loan is secured or unsecured by collateral. To enter a loan agreement, borrowers optimize their credit, establish income sources, research loan types and lenders, and provide documentation before signing.
23.3.2013
This document discusses legal notice and provides guidance on drafting a legal notice. It explains that there are three types of legal notices: legal notice, constructive notice, and actual notice. Legal notice is a notice given to inform the public about certain legal proceedings. The document then outlines the key parts of a legal notice template, including the footer with contact details, main body with reasons and required actions, and a signature section. It provides examples of language to use for each part. Finally, it discusses specifics around drafting a legal notice for tenant eviction, such as including names, dates, facts, and the objective in a polite but firm tone.
22.3.2013
A consumer complaint cannot be filed for goods or services that are used for commercial purposes, or intended to generate a profit. However, if a product is used for self-employment, even if it is involved in profit maximization, it is not considered commercial use. For example, Rahul who owns a transport company cannot file a complaint about a defective truck he purchased for his business use.
22.3.2013
A consumer complaint cannot be filed for goods or services that are used for commercial purposes, or intended to generate a profit. However, if a product is used for self-employment, even if it is involved in profit maximization, it is not considered commercial use. For example, Rahul who owns a transport company cannot file a complaint about a defective truck he purchased for his business use.
Letter of intent
A letter of intent (LOI) outlines the intended terms of an agreement between two parties, but is not legally binding. It acknowledges both parties' willingness to enter a business relationship or transaction. While not completely binding, some LOIs contain provisions like non-disclosure agreements or an agreement to negotiate in good faith. LOIs are similar to memorandums of understanding but differ in that LOIs involve two parties and require signature from just the expressing party, whereas MOUs involve multiple parties and require all signatures. LOIs are commonly used during mergers and acquisitions, construction projects, real estate purchases, and for applying for government grants.
Terms to include in a terms of service
The document outlines key terms that should be included in a terms of service agreement between a service provider and client. It recommends specifying charging fees including rates, payment deadlines and late fees, limits on outstanding debt, working hours, procedures for terminating a project early, the client accepting all work, rights over ownership of completed work, and restrictions on copying or marketing completed work. The terms of service help ensure both parties understand expectations to avoid future complications.
Closing down a proprietorship
A proprietorship can be closed for two main reasons - the wish of the proprietor or the death of the proprietor. If closing due to the proprietor's wish, there is generally no legal process required but any licenses held must be surrendered according to state laws. It is also advisable to clear all debts before closing to avoid future litigation. When closing a bank account associated with the proprietorship, any credit taken from the bank such as overdrafts must also be paid off.
Liaison office in India
The document discusses the role and permissions of a liaison office in India. A liaison office acts as a communication channel between a foreign parent company and its current or prospective customers in India, allowing it to represent the parent company, promote exports/imports and technical/financial collaborations. However, a liaison office cannot conduct any commercial activities or earn income in India. It must comply with tax withholding obligations and can only repatriate balances in its special bank account upon closure. Setting one up involves applying to the Reserve Bank of India with various documents like the parent company's charter and audited financial statements.
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What is the difference between a Trademark and a Service Mark?
What is the difference between a Trademark and a Service Mark?
What is the difference between a Contract and an Agreement?
What is the difference between a Contract and an Agreement?
Rules to follow to set up a Joint Venture with an Indian company
Rules to follow to set up a Joint Venture with an Indian company
13.3.2013
- 2. A PIL can be filed against the “State”, Government or Municipal Authorities. It can’t be filed against a private party. But a private party can be one of the Respondents along with the concerned State authority.
- 3. The very basic condition to be fulfilled to file a petition is there must be a public wrong caused by a wrongful act or omission by the state or a public authority. PIL is concerned with the protection of the interests of a class or group of persons who are either victims of governmental lawlessness, or social oppression, or have been denied their constitutional or legal rights and who are not in a position to approach the Court for redressal of their grievances due to lack of resources, ignorance or their disadvantaged social and economic position.
- 4. Any public spirited person can file a PIL. The court before accepting the PIL ensures that the person who filed it is acting bona fide and not for personal gain or private profit or political motivation or other oblique consideration. The person filing a PIL must have sufficient interest in it.
- 5. A PIL can be filed as a writ petition. However, letters addressed to the Court can be treated as PIL if it is backed by reliable facts and evidence. It is the Court’s discretion to accept or reject the PIL depending on facts and circumstances. There have been instances, where judges have treated a post card containing facts, as a Public Interest Litigation. For example a letter alleging the illegal limestone quarrying which devastated the fragile environment in the Himalayan foothills around Mussoorie, was treated as a PIL.
- 6. A PIL can be filed by any member of the public having sufficient interest in the matter for judicial redress of public duty or for violation of some Constitutional provision. There are no statute that lays down rules in relation to locus standi for a PIL. A PIL at the behest of an organization or a group of individuals, who have no personal interest except to see that public injury doesn’t take place or to prevent executive acts or omissions which are violative of the Constitution, would be maintainable.
- 7. The allegations presented in a PIL have to be backed by credible evidence. Making an NGO working on the issue, a party to the PIL as a petitioner is a good idea. In the past, privilege of PILs has been misused so now the Courts need a detailed narration of the facts and complaints to take up the PIL.
- 8. A person must not file a PIL for frivolous pecuniary gains. The Court can impose fines for filing frivolous PILs.