This document discusses the selection and design of foundations for a building frame subjected to gravity and seismic loads. It first analyzes the building frame to determine the loads and moments transferred to the foundation level using matrix displacement and portal frame methods. It then designs isolated footings and pile foundations to support the building frame based on a uniform soil bearing capacity, following ACI 318-05 code. The isolated footings are designed using ultimate strength design, while the pile foundations use ultimate limit state design.
The document describes the modeling and analysis of a suspension bridge, including:
1) The completed state analysis models the bridge under self-weight and additional loads, assuming linear behavior. An initial equilibrium analysis calculates cable coordinates and tensions.
2) The construction stage analysis considers large displacements during erection. It is performed sequentially from the initial equilibrium state.
3) The example bridge is 650m long. Pylon transverse beams are created by dividing pylon elements. Boundary conditions including cable anchors, pylon bases, and hinged span ends are applied.
4) The completed state model is analyzed for initial tensions using a wizard. Loads are then applied and the state analyzed assuming increased geometric stiffness from
The document summarizes the planning, analysis, and design of a multispecialty hospital building. It includes the objectives to prepare architectural drawings, analyze the G+2 building using STAAD Pro, and design the building according to IS 456:2000 using the working stress method. It describes analyzing the building's ability to resist lateral loads. Maximum bending moments in beams and columns will depend on their relative rigidity. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases will be designed according to code specifications using the working stress method.
Influence of Openings and Local Soil Conditions on the Seismic Behavior of Tu...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the seismic behavior of tunnel form buildings using response spectrum analysis. Tunnel form buildings are reinforced concrete structures with relatively thin shear walls and flat slabs instead of beams and columns. The study models a 6-story RC wall building to analyze the effects of openings (0%, 6%, 22%, 50%) and soil conditions (bearing capacities of 50, 100, 200, 250) on seismic performance parameters like time period, displacement, drift, and base shear. Response spectrum analysis is performed using ETABS software according to Indian codes. Results show that RC wall buildings have significantly reduced time periods and displacements compared to equivalent RC frame buildings, indicating improved seismic performance.
Analysis, Design and Estimation of Basement +G+2 Residential BuildingIRJET Journal
This document describes the analysis, design, and estimation of a residential building with a basement plus two stories above ground (G+2). The structural analysis was performed using ETABS software to determine bending moments, shear forces, and maximum displacements. All structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings were designed according to Indian codes and standards. The planning and design of the reinforced concrete structure followed the National Building Code of India. Load calculations, material properties, section sizing, modeling, analysis, and design of the building are discussed in detail. The quantitative cost estimation of the building is also presented.
IRJET- Study of Literature on Seismic Response of RC Irregular StructureIRJET Journal
The document discusses vertical irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and their effects on seismic response. It first defines vertical irregularities as weaknesses caused by discontinuities in mass, stiffness, or geometry between storeys. Soft stories, where the stiffness suddenly decreases, are one type of vertical irregularity. The document then reviews several previous studies on modeling and analyzing vertically irregular buildings using pushover analysis, which incrementally loads a structure to determine its failure mechanisms. The studies found that soft story buildings absorb energy through overturning and shear deformation. Irregular buildings may have similar seismic performance to regular buildings if properly designed. Quantifying the degree of irregularity can help evaluate seismic vulnerability and retrofitting needs.
Analysis and design of shear wall transfer beam structurephamtraoag
The document analyzes the stress behavior of shear walls and transfer beams due to their interaction. It presents a finite element analysis of a 22-story building model consisting of shear walls, transfer beams, and columns. Two analyses are performed: 1) With vertical loads only to verify the stress behavior matches previous research. 2) With both wind loads and vertical loads to observe stress behavior differences and obtain results for transfer beam design. Based on the second analysis, the transfer beam reinforcement is designed according to CIRIA Guide 2:1977 design standards.
"The Design of High Performance Anchored Retaining Walls within the Eurocode ...Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
This document summarizes the key elements for designing high-performance anchored retaining walls within the Eurocode framework. It defines high-performance as optimizing each structural element for safety and economy. Designing these complex structures requires embracing efficient design, analysis, execution, and validation. The various Eurocode standards provide guidance but consulting multiple documents is required. The paper outlines the design process, including determining anchor loads from wall analysis, optimizing anchor prestress and stiffness, and validating the design meets Eurocode requirements. It illustrates these concepts using a practical example anchored retaining wall project.
The document describes the modeling and analysis of a suspension bridge, including:
1) The completed state analysis models the bridge under self-weight and additional loads, assuming linear behavior. An initial equilibrium analysis calculates cable coordinates and tensions.
2) The construction stage analysis considers large displacements during erection. It is performed sequentially from the initial equilibrium state.
3) The example bridge is 650m long. Pylon transverse beams are created by dividing pylon elements. Boundary conditions including cable anchors, pylon bases, and hinged span ends are applied.
4) The completed state model is analyzed for initial tensions using a wizard. Loads are then applied and the state analyzed assuming increased geometric stiffness from
The document summarizes the planning, analysis, and design of a multispecialty hospital building. It includes the objectives to prepare architectural drawings, analyze the G+2 building using STAAD Pro, and design the building according to IS 456:2000 using the working stress method. It describes analyzing the building's ability to resist lateral loads. Maximum bending moments in beams and columns will depend on their relative rigidity. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases will be designed according to code specifications using the working stress method.
Influence of Openings and Local Soil Conditions on the Seismic Behavior of Tu...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the seismic behavior of tunnel form buildings using response spectrum analysis. Tunnel form buildings are reinforced concrete structures with relatively thin shear walls and flat slabs instead of beams and columns. The study models a 6-story RC wall building to analyze the effects of openings (0%, 6%, 22%, 50%) and soil conditions (bearing capacities of 50, 100, 200, 250) on seismic performance parameters like time period, displacement, drift, and base shear. Response spectrum analysis is performed using ETABS software according to Indian codes. Results show that RC wall buildings have significantly reduced time periods and displacements compared to equivalent RC frame buildings, indicating improved seismic performance.
Analysis, Design and Estimation of Basement +G+2 Residential BuildingIRJET Journal
This document describes the analysis, design, and estimation of a residential building with a basement plus two stories above ground (G+2). The structural analysis was performed using ETABS software to determine bending moments, shear forces, and maximum displacements. All structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings were designed according to Indian codes and standards. The planning and design of the reinforced concrete structure followed the National Building Code of India. Load calculations, material properties, section sizing, modeling, analysis, and design of the building are discussed in detail. The quantitative cost estimation of the building is also presented.
IRJET- Study of Literature on Seismic Response of RC Irregular StructureIRJET Journal
The document discusses vertical irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and their effects on seismic response. It first defines vertical irregularities as weaknesses caused by discontinuities in mass, stiffness, or geometry between storeys. Soft stories, where the stiffness suddenly decreases, are one type of vertical irregularity. The document then reviews several previous studies on modeling and analyzing vertically irregular buildings using pushover analysis, which incrementally loads a structure to determine its failure mechanisms. The studies found that soft story buildings absorb energy through overturning and shear deformation. Irregular buildings may have similar seismic performance to regular buildings if properly designed. Quantifying the degree of irregularity can help evaluate seismic vulnerability and retrofitting needs.
Analysis and design of shear wall transfer beam structurephamtraoag
The document analyzes the stress behavior of shear walls and transfer beams due to their interaction. It presents a finite element analysis of a 22-story building model consisting of shear walls, transfer beams, and columns. Two analyses are performed: 1) With vertical loads only to verify the stress behavior matches previous research. 2) With both wind loads and vertical loads to observe stress behavior differences and obtain results for transfer beam design. Based on the second analysis, the transfer beam reinforcement is designed according to CIRIA Guide 2:1977 design standards.
"The Design of High Performance Anchored Retaining Walls within the Eurocode ...Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
This document summarizes the key elements for designing high-performance anchored retaining walls within the Eurocode framework. It defines high-performance as optimizing each structural element for safety and economy. Designing these complex structures requires embracing efficient design, analysis, execution, and validation. The various Eurocode standards provide guidance but consulting multiple documents is required. The paper outlines the design process, including determining anchor loads from wall analysis, optimizing anchor prestress and stiffness, and validating the design meets Eurocode requirements. It illustrates these concepts using a practical example anchored retaining wall project.
IRJET- Study on Rigid and Semi Rigid Diaphragm in Multistoried Structure usin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic analysis of multistory reinforced concrete structures considering rigid and semi-rigid floor diaphragms. The study was carried out using ETABS software to analyze structures with rigid diaphragms, semi-rigid diaphragms, and no diaphragms. Results were collected in terms of base shear, maximum story displacement, and maximum story drift for different soil types and seismic zones. The results showed that structures with rigid diaphragms performed better with less displacement compared to structures with semi-rigid or no diaphragms. Rigid diaphragms increased the base shear but reduced displacement by up to 45% and provided better stiffness. In conclusion, rigid
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building using pushover analysis and the performance-based seismic design procedures from the first, second, and next generations. The building is modeled in SAP 2000 software and subjected to pushover analysis. Performance levels are evaluated based on deformation and damage criteria from each generation of procedures. The study aims to compare the seismic evaluation and performance level results from the different performance-based seismic design procedures.
IRJET- Comparison of Ductility of M20 and M25 Concrete in Elevated Tank StagingIRJET Journal
This study compares the ductility of M20 and M25 concrete in the staging of an elevated water tank through pushover analysis. The analysis found that M20 concrete has higher ductility than M25 concrete, with a ductility of 3.47 for M20 versus 1.7 for M25. While M25 concrete is stiffer and can take more loads, the use of M20 concrete results in significantly increased ductility of the staging structure with around a 50% reduction in force.
Cantilever bridge lecture by amanat sir ce 316nazifa tabassum
The document discusses the preliminary design of the superstructure of a cantilever bridge. It describes different types of bridge configurations including simply supported spans, continuous spans, and cantilever forms. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each type. It then discusses design considerations for cantilever bridges, giving examples of configurations and components. Loads that act on bridges are also outlined.
Design of midship section based on hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loadsISAAC SAMUEL RAJA T
The ship hull is the major part of the ship which
forms the skeleton of ships bottom structure. There is a need
for the naval architects and engineers to make the hull a super
strong structure by making the hull heavier to withstand
heavy loads (which may not be needed for certain offshore
conditions). If the mass of the ship increases, then the
propulsive power of the hull decreases. So, the work
concentrated on determination of effective thickness of the
hull structure is important. Various mid ship sections of 120m
container ship are modelled in Solidworks software and
analysed with alloy steel, titanium alloy, and aluminium alloy
in Solidworks simulation 2014 tool. Dead weight of the ship,
hydrodynamic loads and hydrostatic loads were consideration
during structural simulation. Best mid ship section with
optimum thickness and suitable material is determined.
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDING FROM ECONOM...IAEME Publication
This paper aims at studying the effect of earthquake loading on the constructional
design of a 20-storey reinforced concrete residential building from economical point
of view. This type of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq
especially after the earthquake of 7.3 magnitude that occurred in November 2017 near
the city of Halabja by about 31 kilometers. The same reinforced concrete multistory
building was designed twice; once with traditional gravity dead and live loading and
the second with adding earthquake loading in order to discuss the difference from
structural and economical points of view. A commercial package ETABS2018 was
used to analyze this 60-meter-high building. The building was analyzed according to
the American code ASCE7-10, while it was designed according to ACI 318-14. A huge
increase in the steel reinforcement amounts in columns, beams, slabs and shear walls
were recorded due to taking the seismic load into considerations. More specifically,
the reinforcing steel amounts increased by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for
columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by
about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls,
respectively. It is worth to mention here that the maximum increase in main
reinforcement of beams was observed on the storey 10. Whereas, in slabs, the
maximum increase that was recorded in main steel reinforcement was happened from
the storey 8 to the building top. In columns, the main reinforcement increase was seen
on the 9th, 10th and 11th storeys. Finally, in shear walls, the main reinforcement
increase was seen in the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
storey due to effect lateral shear forces
The document describes a reliability index approach for assessing the reliability of tall buildings subjected to earthquake loading. The reliability index (β) model measures the level of reliability based on a building's response to earthquake loading according to its design code. The β value depends on factors like building height, drift index, roof displacement, and load factors in the design code. An interaction chart using β is a useful tool for determining building drift during preliminary design. The model was used to analyze simulated, tested and actual buildings, with β values below 3.5 indicating unreliable performance. Increasing building strength through larger columns and shear walls can increase reliability. A case study of a tested building in Japan validated the reliability index approach.
Pushover analysis was performed on a 12-story building model designed for seismic zones 3 and 5 in India. The analysis assessed damage at different performance levels from immediate occupancy to collapse. For the zone 3 design, yielding initially occurred in beams and then columns. The structure remained within collapse prevention limits, indicating ductile behavior. Similarly, the zone 5 design remained ductile with initial yielding in beams and columns. The structures designed using linear analysis for both seismic zones were found to perform well under pushover analysis and experience damage within acceptable limits.
This document summarizes a thesis analyzing the seismic performance of a 13-story building model with and without shear walls. Two models are considered: a bare frame structure and a shear wall frame structure. Both models are analyzed using ETABS software under wind and earthquake loading conditions in Seismic Zone III. The results show that the shear wall structure performs much better in terms of limiting lateral displacement, storey drift, and increasing stiffness and strength. It is concluded that the shear wall frame structure provides more reliable performance against lateral loads.
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame with L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic performance of a 10-storey reinforced concrete frame with different lateral force resistant systems, including a base isolation system using lead rubber bearings. Three models of the frame were analyzed: fixed base, braced with X-bracing, and base isolated. Time history, static, and pushover analyses were conducted. The results show that the base isolated frame performed best in reducing story drift, displacement, shear, and acceleration under seismic loading compared to the fixed base and braced frames. Maximum drift was 0.415mm for the base isolated frame versus 26.62mm for the fixed base frame. The base shear was also significantly reduced from 2294.3kN to 32.935
DESIGN OF RCC ELEMENTS SESSION 5 PROF. YADUNANDANAjit Sabnis
This document provides an overview of the design of reinforced concrete (RCC) elements such as slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircases, and water tanks. It begins with introducing the concept of design in RCC, which has evolved from a deterministic to a probabilistic approach based on limit states. The general design procedure is then outlined, involving modeling the structure, specifying loads and load combinations, analyzing to obtain member forces, and designing individual elements. Guidelines for preliminary sizing of slab thickness, beam depth, and column dimensions are provided. Finally, the document discusses the different types of slabs and provides equations for calculating design moments in one-way and two-way slabs.
IRJET- Analysis of G+20 RCC Bare Framed Structures with Different Types o...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes a G+20 reinforced concrete framed structure with different bracing systems (inverted V, diagonal, K, X, and V braces) in different seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) using STAAD Pro v8i software. The X bracing system performed best by reducing displacement by up to 75%, increasing base shear by up to 17.6%, and reducing story drift by up to 74.9% compared to the bare frame structure. While other bracing systems provided improvements, X bracing provided the most economic and effective performance overall.
IRJET- Disproportionate Collapse in Building StructureIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the progressive collapse potential of a 6-story reinforced concrete building using nonlinear static analysis. Different columns are removed one at a time to simulate abnormal loading events. Demand-capacity ratios are calculated for flexure, shear, and axial forces for each case. Results like story displacement, drift, and shear are also obtained. Demand-capacity ratios exceed acceptable limits for flexure and shear in beams when corner or middle columns are removed, indicating failure. Story displacement is highest when the corner column is removed. Story drift increases then decreases with height. This analysis evaluates the building's ability to arrest disproportionate collapse when vertical load-carrying members are compromised.
Performance based analysis of rc building consisting shear wall and varying i...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract:
Metropolitan cities are under severe threat because of inappropriate design and construction of structures. Faulty building designed without considering seismic consideration could be vulnerable to damage even under low levels of ground shaking from distant earthquake. So, structural engineers often are more concerned about the constructing Shear wall without knowing its performance with respect to infill percentage which may lead it to an over design state without knowing the demand. Nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis provides a better view about the behavior of the structures during seismic events. This study investigates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level and two types of Shear wall consisting building structures and suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure. To perform the finite element simulation ETABS 9.7.2 is used to get the output using pushover analysis. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of base shear, deflection, storey drift, storey drift ratio and stages of number of hinges form and represented with discussion.
Design and analasys of a g+3 residential building using staadgopichand's
This document presents a graduation project analyzing and designing a G+3 residential building using STAAD Pro software. The objectives are to carry out analysis and design of structural elements like slabs, columns, and shear walls and get experience with STAAD Pro and AutoCAD. The project building consists of 3 repeated floors in Hyderabad. The document discusses analyzing loads, modeling the building in STAAD Pro, designing columns, beams, slabs, and foundations, and concludes with the advantages and limitations of using structural analysis software.
This document is the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision). It summarizes the changes made in this fifth revision, including revising the seismic zone map to have four zones instead of five, changing the seismic zone factor values, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising the formula for estimating building natural period, adopting response reduction factors, and revising other design provisions. The purpose is to incorporate latest research in earthquake-resistant design and experience from past earthquakes into the standard.
Progressive collapse analysis of reinforced concrete framed structureeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on progressive collapse analysis of a 12-story reinforced concrete framed structure. The structure was modeled and designed in ETABS software. Progressive collapse was analyzed by removing individual columns and performing linear static analysis according to GSA guidelines. Demand capacity ratios were calculated for members. Results showed that columns met acceptance criteria but some beams adjacent to removed columns had demand capacity ratios over 2.0 and were deemed unsafe. Reinforcement of these beams is recommended to develop alternative load paths and prevent progressive collapse from localized failure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction Mechanisms on Integral Abutment BridgeIRJET Journal
This document analyzes soil-structure interaction mechanisms on integral abutment bridges through 3D finite element modeling. The modeling assesses vertical displacement and bending behavior of pile foundations and main girders in different soil types (dense sand, medium sand, stiff clay, soft clay) under static loads. Results show that pile displacement is within permissible limits in dense and medium sand but exceeds limits in soft clay. Girder displacement is within code limits for all soils except soft clay. Bending moment and stress in pile foundations increase from dense to soft soils. The analysis provides insights into how soil properties influence the structural performance of integral bridges.
Non-Linear Static Analysis of Reinforced Concrete BridgeIRJET Journal
This document discusses performing non-linear static (pushover) analysis on reinforced concrete bridges to evaluate their seismic performance. Two series of bridge models are analyzed: one with a fixed span and varying pier heights, and one with fixed pier heights and varying spans. The bridges are modeled in software and pushover analysis is conducted according to methods in FEMA 356, ATC40, and FEMA 440. The results show that the bridges designed according to Indian codes may not meet performance goals in non-linear pushover analysis. Accurately modeling material properties and structural elements is important for the non-linear analysis.
IRJET- Study on Rigid and Semi Rigid Diaphragm in Multistoried Structure usin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic analysis of multistory reinforced concrete structures considering rigid and semi-rigid floor diaphragms. The study was carried out using ETABS software to analyze structures with rigid diaphragms, semi-rigid diaphragms, and no diaphragms. Results were collected in terms of base shear, maximum story displacement, and maximum story drift for different soil types and seismic zones. The results showed that structures with rigid diaphragms performed better with less displacement compared to structures with semi-rigid or no diaphragms. Rigid diaphragms increased the base shear but reduced displacement by up to 45% and provided better stiffness. In conclusion, rigid
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building using pushover analysis and the performance-based seismic design procedures from the first, second, and next generations. The building is modeled in SAP 2000 software and subjected to pushover analysis. Performance levels are evaluated based on deformation and damage criteria from each generation of procedures. The study aims to compare the seismic evaluation and performance level results from the different performance-based seismic design procedures.
IRJET- Comparison of Ductility of M20 and M25 Concrete in Elevated Tank StagingIRJET Journal
This study compares the ductility of M20 and M25 concrete in the staging of an elevated water tank through pushover analysis. The analysis found that M20 concrete has higher ductility than M25 concrete, with a ductility of 3.47 for M20 versus 1.7 for M25. While M25 concrete is stiffer and can take more loads, the use of M20 concrete results in significantly increased ductility of the staging structure with around a 50% reduction in force.
Cantilever bridge lecture by amanat sir ce 316nazifa tabassum
The document discusses the preliminary design of the superstructure of a cantilever bridge. It describes different types of bridge configurations including simply supported spans, continuous spans, and cantilever forms. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each type. It then discusses design considerations for cantilever bridges, giving examples of configurations and components. Loads that act on bridges are also outlined.
Design of midship section based on hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loadsISAAC SAMUEL RAJA T
The ship hull is the major part of the ship which
forms the skeleton of ships bottom structure. There is a need
for the naval architects and engineers to make the hull a super
strong structure by making the hull heavier to withstand
heavy loads (which may not be needed for certain offshore
conditions). If the mass of the ship increases, then the
propulsive power of the hull decreases. So, the work
concentrated on determination of effective thickness of the
hull structure is important. Various mid ship sections of 120m
container ship are modelled in Solidworks software and
analysed with alloy steel, titanium alloy, and aluminium alloy
in Solidworks simulation 2014 tool. Dead weight of the ship,
hydrodynamic loads and hydrostatic loads were consideration
during structural simulation. Best mid ship section with
optimum thickness and suitable material is determined.
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDING FROM ECONOM...IAEME Publication
This paper aims at studying the effect of earthquake loading on the constructional
design of a 20-storey reinforced concrete residential building from economical point
of view. This type of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq
especially after the earthquake of 7.3 magnitude that occurred in November 2017 near
the city of Halabja by about 31 kilometers. The same reinforced concrete multistory
building was designed twice; once with traditional gravity dead and live loading and
the second with adding earthquake loading in order to discuss the difference from
structural and economical points of view. A commercial package ETABS2018 was
used to analyze this 60-meter-high building. The building was analyzed according to
the American code ASCE7-10, while it was designed according to ACI 318-14. A huge
increase in the steel reinforcement amounts in columns, beams, slabs and shear walls
were recorded due to taking the seismic load into considerations. More specifically,
the reinforcing steel amounts increased by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for
columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by
about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls,
respectively. It is worth to mention here that the maximum increase in main
reinforcement of beams was observed on the storey 10. Whereas, in slabs, the
maximum increase that was recorded in main steel reinforcement was happened from
the storey 8 to the building top. In columns, the main reinforcement increase was seen
on the 9th, 10th and 11th storeys. Finally, in shear walls, the main reinforcement
increase was seen in the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
storey due to effect lateral shear forces
The document describes a reliability index approach for assessing the reliability of tall buildings subjected to earthquake loading. The reliability index (β) model measures the level of reliability based on a building's response to earthquake loading according to its design code. The β value depends on factors like building height, drift index, roof displacement, and load factors in the design code. An interaction chart using β is a useful tool for determining building drift during preliminary design. The model was used to analyze simulated, tested and actual buildings, with β values below 3.5 indicating unreliable performance. Increasing building strength through larger columns and shear walls can increase reliability. A case study of a tested building in Japan validated the reliability index approach.
Pushover analysis was performed on a 12-story building model designed for seismic zones 3 and 5 in India. The analysis assessed damage at different performance levels from immediate occupancy to collapse. For the zone 3 design, yielding initially occurred in beams and then columns. The structure remained within collapse prevention limits, indicating ductile behavior. Similarly, the zone 5 design remained ductile with initial yielding in beams and columns. The structures designed using linear analysis for both seismic zones were found to perform well under pushover analysis and experience damage within acceptable limits.
This document summarizes a thesis analyzing the seismic performance of a 13-story building model with and without shear walls. Two models are considered: a bare frame structure and a shear wall frame structure. Both models are analyzed using ETABS software under wind and earthquake loading conditions in Seismic Zone III. The results show that the shear wall structure performs much better in terms of limiting lateral displacement, storey drift, and increasing stiffness and strength. It is concluded that the shear wall frame structure provides more reliable performance against lateral loads.
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame with L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic performance of a 10-storey reinforced concrete frame with different lateral force resistant systems, including a base isolation system using lead rubber bearings. Three models of the frame were analyzed: fixed base, braced with X-bracing, and base isolated. Time history, static, and pushover analyses were conducted. The results show that the base isolated frame performed best in reducing story drift, displacement, shear, and acceleration under seismic loading compared to the fixed base and braced frames. Maximum drift was 0.415mm for the base isolated frame versus 26.62mm for the fixed base frame. The base shear was also significantly reduced from 2294.3kN to 32.935
DESIGN OF RCC ELEMENTS SESSION 5 PROF. YADUNANDANAjit Sabnis
This document provides an overview of the design of reinforced concrete (RCC) elements such as slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircases, and water tanks. It begins with introducing the concept of design in RCC, which has evolved from a deterministic to a probabilistic approach based on limit states. The general design procedure is then outlined, involving modeling the structure, specifying loads and load combinations, analyzing to obtain member forces, and designing individual elements. Guidelines for preliminary sizing of slab thickness, beam depth, and column dimensions are provided. Finally, the document discusses the different types of slabs and provides equations for calculating design moments in one-way and two-way slabs.
IRJET- Analysis of G+20 RCC Bare Framed Structures with Different Types o...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes a G+20 reinforced concrete framed structure with different bracing systems (inverted V, diagonal, K, X, and V braces) in different seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) using STAAD Pro v8i software. The X bracing system performed best by reducing displacement by up to 75%, increasing base shear by up to 17.6%, and reducing story drift by up to 74.9% compared to the bare frame structure. While other bracing systems provided improvements, X bracing provided the most economic and effective performance overall.
IRJET- Disproportionate Collapse in Building StructureIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the progressive collapse potential of a 6-story reinforced concrete building using nonlinear static analysis. Different columns are removed one at a time to simulate abnormal loading events. Demand-capacity ratios are calculated for flexure, shear, and axial forces for each case. Results like story displacement, drift, and shear are also obtained. Demand-capacity ratios exceed acceptable limits for flexure and shear in beams when corner or middle columns are removed, indicating failure. Story displacement is highest when the corner column is removed. Story drift increases then decreases with height. This analysis evaluates the building's ability to arrest disproportionate collapse when vertical load-carrying members are compromised.
Performance based analysis of rc building consisting shear wall and varying i...Yousuf Dinar
Abstract:
Metropolitan cities are under severe threat because of inappropriate design and construction of structures. Faulty building designed without considering seismic consideration could be vulnerable to damage even under low levels of ground shaking from distant earthquake. So, structural engineers often are more concerned about the constructing Shear wall without knowing its performance with respect to infill percentage which may lead it to an over design state without knowing the demand. Nonlinear inelastic pushover analysis provides a better view about the behavior of the structures during seismic events. This study investigates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level and two types of Shear wall consisting building structures and suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure. To perform the finite element simulation ETABS 9.7.2 is used to get the output using pushover analysis. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of base shear, deflection, storey drift, storey drift ratio and stages of number of hinges form and represented with discussion.
Design and analasys of a g+3 residential building using staadgopichand's
This document presents a graduation project analyzing and designing a G+3 residential building using STAAD Pro software. The objectives are to carry out analysis and design of structural elements like slabs, columns, and shear walls and get experience with STAAD Pro and AutoCAD. The project building consists of 3 repeated floors in Hyderabad. The document discusses analyzing loads, modeling the building in STAAD Pro, designing columns, beams, slabs, and foundations, and concludes with the advantages and limitations of using structural analysis software.
This document is the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision). It summarizes the changes made in this fifth revision, including revising the seismic zone map to have four zones instead of five, changing the seismic zone factor values, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising the formula for estimating building natural period, adopting response reduction factors, and revising other design provisions. The purpose is to incorporate latest research in earthquake-resistant design and experience from past earthquakes into the standard.
Progressive collapse analysis of reinforced concrete framed structureeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on progressive collapse analysis of a 12-story reinforced concrete framed structure. The structure was modeled and designed in ETABS software. Progressive collapse was analyzed by removing individual columns and performing linear static analysis according to GSA guidelines. Demand capacity ratios were calculated for members. Results showed that columns met acceptance criteria but some beams adjacent to removed columns had demand capacity ratios over 2.0 and were deemed unsafe. Reinforcement of these beams is recommended to develop alternative load paths and prevent progressive collapse from localized failure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction Mechanisms on Integral Abutment BridgeIRJET Journal
This document analyzes soil-structure interaction mechanisms on integral abutment bridges through 3D finite element modeling. The modeling assesses vertical displacement and bending behavior of pile foundations and main girders in different soil types (dense sand, medium sand, stiff clay, soft clay) under static loads. Results show that pile displacement is within permissible limits in dense and medium sand but exceeds limits in soft clay. Girder displacement is within code limits for all soils except soft clay. Bending moment and stress in pile foundations increase from dense to soft soils. The analysis provides insights into how soil properties influence the structural performance of integral bridges.
Non-Linear Static Analysis of Reinforced Concrete BridgeIRJET Journal
This document discusses performing non-linear static (pushover) analysis on reinforced concrete bridges to evaluate their seismic performance. Two series of bridge models are analyzed: one with a fixed span and varying pier heights, and one with fixed pier heights and varying spans. The bridges are modeled in software and pushover analysis is conducted according to methods in FEMA 356, ATC40, and FEMA 440. The results show that the bridges designed according to Indian codes may not meet performance goals in non-linear pushover analysis. Accurately modeling material properties and structural elements is important for the non-linear analysis.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
The document summarizes the design of an earthquake resistant 8-story building in Lucknow, India. It describes the structural scheme as a 3D space frame modeled in STAAD and analyzed using response spectrum analysis. Load cases considered include dead load, live load, wind load, and earthquake load calculated according to Indian standards. Reinforced concrete design of beams and columns is carried out per IS codes, with M35 concrete grade and Fe415 reinforcement. Load combinations are analyzed to determine the worst case for structural member design.
Comparative Study of RC Structures with Different Types of Infill Walls with ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of RC structures with different types of infill walls, including conventional bricks, cement concrete blocks, hollow blocks, and lightweight bricks. Linear static analysis, nonlinear static pushover analysis, and soil-structure interaction analysis were performed to understand the effect of earthquake loading. The results, such as base shear, natural period, displacement, and pushover curves are compared to determine the most suitable infill material for seismic-prone zones. The analysis found that structures with lightweight brick infill walls performed better than those with other infill materials, experiencing lower base shear and displacements.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
As catastrophic bridge collapse accidents not only cause significant loss of property, but also have a severe social impact. Therefore, the structural health monitoring of bridges for damage detection by vibration analysis gets more attention. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common and extended structures present in the worldwide. These structures are often characterized by Piers, Abutments, deck slabs. This paper looks on the work of modelling and analysis of bridge in STAAD.Pro software, and the specific bridge model is taken of a particular span. It is subjected to vary Young’s modulus (E) in the mid span of bridge deck slab to induce damage in order to obtain maximum bending moment, as the structural strength reduces. From the analysis Mu/bd2 values from SP 16 code is used to identify the damage on the bridge deck slab, then natural frequency of the bridge, mode shapes, variation of the deflection and node displacements of bridge deck slab under the action of static and dynamic load at different aspect ratios with original design parameters and at failure is carried out in this project.
This document summarizes the analysis and capacity based earthquake resistant design of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building. It begins with an introduction describing the need for earthquake resistant design of multi-storey buildings. It then describes the experimental program and methodology for capacity based design. This includes designing beams to act as ductile weak links and columns to remain elastic. The document then provides details of analyzing a G+6 building model in STAAD Pro, including load calculations and modeling the 3D reinforced concrete frame. It concludes with sections on capacity based design basics and analyzing the frame for gravity and seismic loads.
This document discusses a study on the effect of soil type on rectangular tunnels. A finite element analysis was conducted to analyze the structural behavior of a typical underground metro station subject to various soil types. The analysis considered different soil subgrade reactions to model soil-structure interaction. Both 3D shell element modeling and 2D plane frame modeling were used and results were compared. The study found that soil type significantly impacts bending moments in the bottom slab, with variations of 50-70% between soil types under some load cases. Loose sand produced the lowest bending moments while clay soils produced the highest.
IRJET- Design of Earthquake Resistant Structure of Multi-Story RCC BuildingIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an earthquake resistant 21-story reinforced concrete building in Lucknow, India, which is in seismic zone III. The building was designed using ETABS software according to Indian codes for seismic design. Key aspects of the design included analyzing lateral loads from earthquakes and wind, checking for drift forces, displacements, stiffness, and redundancy. The building structure incorporates shear walls, moment frames, and braced frames to resist lateral loads.
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
Fragility Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Building by Various Modeling Approa...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a study that uses nonlinear static pushover analysis in SAP2000 to evaluate the seismic risk of reinforced concrete buildings by considering uncertainty in material strengths.
2) 70 building models were analyzed with varying concrete compressive strengths between 20-30 MPa and steel yield strengths between 520-600 MPa. Pushover curves were compared to experimental data.
3) Fragility curves and damage state thresholds were established based on the pushover analysis results. Probability of damage was compared between models that used the Mander and Kent and Park concrete models. Higher concrete strength led to lower probability of collapse.
IRJET- Non Linear Static Analysis of Frame with and without InfillsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the effect of masonry infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames through nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. A 4-story building located in seismic zone 2 of India was modeled in SAP2000 both with and without infill walls. Infill walls were modeled using equivalent compression struts. Results showed that the presence of infill walls increased the building's stiffness, base shear capacity, and changed the failure mechanism from a soft-story collapse to a truss action. Comparison of load-displacement curves and hinge formations indicated infill walls significantly improve the building's lateral resistance and shift plastic hinging to joints at the infill-frame interface.
COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC STRUCTURE ON SLOPING GROUND AGAINST SEISMIC LOADI...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures on sloping ground using fluid viscous dampers, shear walls, and bracings. It models a 10-story building in the software ETABS and analyzes it under response spectrum analysis. The models are compared based on maximum story displacement, drift, and shear. Results show that in the x-direction, the structure with x-bracing performed best in reducing seismic effects compared to the other models that included fluid viscous dampers and shear walls.
Structural Design and Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete StructureIJERA Editor
Effective rehabilitation scheme for failed structure demands methodical analysis of various
causes of failure and intended service loads and other functional details, The actual study under deliberation is
the best example of rehabilitation Structural element – Basement RCC raft, failed to sustain uplift due to ground
water table. This paper dealt with the rehabilitation of basement RCC raft foundation considering various design
aspects like uplift due to ground water table, sub-soil properties and restriction on depth of raft to suffice
available headroom for intended use.
Analytical study on behaviour of RCC Solid Wall panel and RCC Central opening...IRJET Journal
This study analyzes the behavior of reinforced concrete solid wall panels and wall panels with central openings when subjected to uniformly distributed loading using finite element analysis in ETABS software. Both wall panel types, measuring 905x100x980mm with the opening panel's opening being 410x456mm, were loaded and their load-deflection curves, stress contours, and failure modes were compared. The solid panel sustained more load at 825kN before flexural failure while the opening panel failed in diagonal shear at 720kN due to stress concentrations around the opening. Stress contours helped visualize stress distribution and identify critical regions. The study provides insights on wall panel behavior under loading that can inform structural design and assessment.
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF MULTISTORIED BUILDING WITH FLOATING COLUMNS USING ETABSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the seismic performance of a multi-story building with floating columns located on a sloped terrain, both with and without fluid viscous dampers. The objectives were to compare displacement, base shear, story drift, and other seismic parameters between the models with and without dampers. The methodology described the building description, load combinations considered, and seismic analysis conducted using ETABS software in accordance with Indian seismic design codes. Key findings compared the story displacement, drift, and base shear between the models to evaluate the effectiveness of the fluid viscous dampers in reducing seismic response of the sloped building.
Performance Based Evaluation of Conventional RC Framed Structure Compared wit...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of an 11-story conventional reinforced concrete (RC) framed structure compared to a flat slab structure. Both linear and nonlinear analysis methods are used to evaluate the structures' performance under seismic loads. The natural period, base shear, story stiffness, and story displacement are calculated and compared for RC and flat slab models with and without shear walls. The results show that the flat slab structure generally has a higher natural period, base shear, and story displacement but lower story stiffness compared to the RC structure. Shear walls are found to significantly increase the stiffness and seismic performance of both structural types.
Performance Based Evaluation of Conventional RC Framed Structure Compared wit...
13 dec UPDATED FYP 3 34 p.m
1. 1
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION FOR A BUILDING
FRAME
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
KARACHI, PAKISTAN
2. 2
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION FOR A BUILDING
FRAME
BATCH 2011-2012
By
NAME SEAT NO
1. ABBAS KHAN CE-11036
2. HASSNAIN CE-11047
3. OSAID MAJEED CE-11054
4. MUHAMMAD YOUSUF IQBAL CE-11057
5. ZEHRA SHAWOO CE-11199
6. JAVERIA ALI CE-11308
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
KARACHI, PAKISTAN
3. 3
CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the following students of batch 2011-2012 have successfully completed the
final year project in partial fulfilment of the requirements for four years degree of Bachelor of
Civil Engineering from NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
ABBAS KHAN CE-11036
HASSNAIN CE-11047
OSAID MAJEED CE-11054
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF IQBAL CE-11057
ZEHRA SHAWOO CE-11199
JAVERIA ALI CE-11308
PROJECT ADVISOR
_______________________
Aftab Ahmad Farooqi
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NED University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi.
__________________________
Prof. Dr. Asad-ur-Rehman Khan
Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
NED University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi.
4. 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. 1____________________________________________________________ 10
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION__________________________________________________ 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________________________ 10
1.2 OBJECTIVES _______________________________________________________________________ 11
1.3 LIMITATIONS ______________________________________________________________________ 11
1.4 APPROACH _________________________________________________________________________ 11
1.5 STRUCTURAL LOADS ______________________________________________________________ 11
1.5.1 DEAD LOAD_______________________________________________________________________ 12
1.5.3 LIVE LOADS ______________________________________________________________________ 12
1.5.4 LATERAL LOADS__________________________________________________________________ 13
1.5.5 EARTHQUAKE LOADS_____________________________________________________________ 13
1.6 STOREY FORCES ___________________________________________________________________ 13
1.7 CENTRE OF MASS __________________________________________________________________ 14
1.8 CENTRE OF RIGIDITY ______________________________________________________________ 14
1.9 WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING FRAME _________________________________________________ 14
1.9.1 BUILDING DESCRIPTION __________________________________________________________ 14
1.9.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES __________________________________________________________ 15
1.9.3 UNIT LOAD _______________________________________________________________________ 15
1.9.3.1 DEAD LOAD FOR UNIT SLAB AREA_______________________________________________ 15
1.9.3.2 BEAM LOAD PER FOOT LENGTH _________________________________________________ 16
1.9.3.3 COLUMN LOAD PER UNIT HEIGHT_______________________________________________ 17
1.10 TRIBUTARY AREA METHOD _______________________________________________________ 18
1.10.2 EARTHQUAKE FORCE____________________________________________________________ 19
1.10.6 CALCULATIONS FOR CENTER OF MASS AND CENTER OF RIGIDITY _______________ 22
1.10.7 SUPERPOSITIONS ________________________________________________________________ 23
1.11 LATERAL EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS________________________________________________ 23
1.12 GRAVITY ANALYSIS _______________________________________________________________ 23
1.13 COLUMN DESIGN __________________________________________________________________ 24
1.14 STRUT BEAM DESIGN FOR RESISTING TORSION ___________________________________ 25
CHAPTER NO. 2____________________________________________________________ 27
2.1 DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS __________________________________________________ 27
2.1.1 ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN ______________________________________________________ 28
2.1.2 PILE FOUNDATION DESIGN _______________________________________________________ 35
5. 5
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. 1 Typical uniformly distributed design loads 12
Table 1. 2 Dimensions of Structural Elements 15
Table 1. 3 Slab and Finishes Self Weight 16
Table 1. 4 Summary of loads 18
Table 1. 5 Loads on Column 18
Table 1. 6 Earthquake Factors 19
Table 1. 7 Distribution of Base Shear into Storey forces 21
Table 1. 8 Distribution of storey shear into frame forces 22
6. 6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Typical section of slab 15
Figure 1. 2 Typical Beam Section 16
Figure 1. 3 Typical Section of Column 17
Figure 1. 4 Typical Slab Beam Masonry and column 17
Figure 1. 5 Superposition of earthquake and gravity moments 23
Figure 1. 6 Typical Section of a Column Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1. 7 Cross section of Strut Beam 26
Figure 2. 1 Preliminary Footing Plan 27
Figure 2. 2 Isolated Footing 28
Figure 2. 2 Isolated Footing 28
Figure 2. 3 One way shear 30
Figure 2. 3 One way shear 30
Figure 2. 4 Two Way Shear Check 31
Figure 2. 4 Two Way Shear Check 31
Figure 2. 5 Dimensions for flexure Design 32
Figure 2. 5 Dimensions for flexure Design 32
Figure 2. 6 Reinforcement for Isolated Footing Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2. 7 Plan with Final dimensions of Footing 34
Figure 2. 8 Cross section with Water Table 37
Figure 2. 8 Cross section with Water Table 37
Figure 2. 9 Pile Cap 40
7. 7
NOTATIONS
ACI American Concrete Institute
As Area of Steel
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
d Effective depth
Ca Seismic Coefficient
Cv Seismic Coefficient
D Dead Loads
E Earthquake Loads
EC Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
f’c Standard Cylinder Strength of Concrete
fy Yield Strength of Steel reinforcement
I Importance Factor
IMRF Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame
Kips Kilo pounds
L Live load
ld Development length
Psf Pounds per square foot
Psi Pounds per square inch
Pu Factored load
q Soil bearing capacity
qu Ultimate bearing capacity of soil using factored load
Tu Torque provided by factored load
V Base shear
8. 8
ABSTRACT
Foundation play a vital role in the stability of a building frame subjected to gravity as well as
seismic loads. For a particular building frame, choices/ selection of foundation and its design is a
very important task of the structure engineer.
A Model reinforced concrete building frame subjected to gravity and earthquake loads was
selected for design of its footing. In the first phase, reinforced concrete isolated footings were
chosen and designed as per ACI Code of practice. As a second choice, reinforced concrete pile
foundations were designed for the same building frame. The building frame selected was under
the action of torsion with respect to vertical axis. This torsional effect is resisted within the frame
through mechanism of beams and columns. Building frame was first analysed subjected to gravity
plus seismic loads to find loads and moment to be transferred on the foundations. Uniform bearing
capacity of the soil beneath the building foundation is assumed.
Reader of this report can acquire knowledge about procedure of analysis of building frame and
design of isolated footings as well as Pile foundation.
10. 10
CHAPTER NO. 1
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Foundation is the part of the engineered system that interfaces the load-carrying components to
the ground. It is the part that transmits to, and into the underlying soil or rock, the loads supported
by foundation and it’s self-weight.
Foundation elements must be proportioned both to interface with the soil at a safe stress level
and to limit settlements to an acceptable amount.
We have designed two types of footings for the given building frame as described below:-
Isolated footing/Spread footing
Pile footing
The super structure of the given building frame was analysed to find the moments and loads
transferred to the foundation level. For that purpose, we used Portal Frame Method for
calculating seismic loads and Matrix Displacement Method for gravity loads; UBC-1997 is used
for earthquake analysis whereas ACI 318-05 is used for design of Reinforced Concrete Footings
and piled foundation.
.
Methods used for the design of above mentioned footings are given below:-
Isolated footings are designed by Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method.
Pile foundations are designed by Ultimate Limit State Design Method.
All calculations of analysis and design are performed manually. Microsoft Excel has been used for
solution of Matrices.
11. 11
1.2 OBJECTIVES
To Analyse and design the in situ isolated footings receiving gravity and earthquake
loads from superstructure of a given model building frame.
To Analyse and design the in situ piled foundation receiving gravity and earthquake
loads from superstructure of the given model building frame.
1.3 LIMITATIONS
Isolated and pile foundations are made of Reinforced concrete.
1.4 APPROACH
Work of this project proceeded in the steps given under:
Gravity analysis of the frame by using Matrix Displacement Method.
Earthquake lateral analysis by using Portal Frame Method.
Design of Isolated footings
Design of Pile Foundation
1.5 STRUCTURAL LOADS
Structural loads could be of two type like i) Live Loads and ii) Dead Loads; specifications and
intensity of design live load defined by UBC are reproduced under.
12. 12
1.5.1 DEAD LOAD
Dead load is primarily due to self-weight of structural members, permanent partition walls, fixed
permanent equipment and weight of materials, floor surfacing materials and other finishes. It can
be worked out precisely from the known weights of the materials and the dimensions on the
working drawings.
1.5.3 LIVE LOADS
All the movable objects in a building such as people, desks, cupboards and filing cabinets produce
an imposed load on the structure. This loading may come and go with the result that its intensity
will vary considerably.
Table 1. 1 Typical uniformly distributed design live loads
13. 13
1.5.4 LATERAL LOADS
The Lateral loads on the super structure of a building frame generally considered are due to
blowing wind, action of earthquake, lateral earth pressure etc.
Frame considered in this report is subjected to earth quake forces.
1.5.5 EARTHQUAKE LOADS
The wave effect of an earthquake on the base of a building frame is converted into a static lateral
force called base shear. UBC 1997 is used for determination of base shear as well as further
onwards distribution of lateral Force. As per UBC 1997, the base shear can be calculated as,
𝑽 =
𝑪𝒗 ∗ 𝑰
𝑹𝑻
∗ 𝑾
1.6 STOREY FORCES
Base shear acting at the lowest level of frame is further distributed at each storey level as defined
by UBC- 1997.
It can be calculated as:
𝑭 𝒙 =
(𝑽 − 𝑭𝒕)(𝑾 𝒙 ∗ 𝒉 𝒙)
∑( 𝑾 𝒙 ∗ 𝒉 𝒙)
x= storey level
V = Base Shear
Ft = Extra Force at the top
Wx = Portion of total weight acting on each floor
hx = Height of each floor
14. 14
1.7 CENTRE OF MASS
In a continua, the total mass of the body can be lumped on the centre of mass which can be
calculated as under,
COM = ∑ Area * Moment
∑Area
1.8 CENTRE OF RIGIDITY
Point of total resistance against lateral forces is termed as Centre of Rigidity and is calculated as
given under,
COR = ∑ (Moment of the I with respect to give reference)
∑I
1.9 WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING FRAME
1.9.1 BUILDING DESCRIPTION
The main features of building are stated below:
a) Covered area = 4056ft2
b) Number of stories = Ground+4
c) No. of levels below ground = Zero
d) Storey height for ground and 1st
floor is 16ft and for 2nd
, 3rd
and 4th
floor is 14ft.
15. 15
1.9.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Material = Reinforced Concrete
fc’ = 4,000 psi Ec= (57000) √𝑓𝑐′
2
γRC = 150pcf
fy = 60,000 psi Es= 29 x 103
ksi γCC = 144psf
1.9.3 UNIT LOAD
1.9.3.1 DEAD LOAD FOR UNIT SLAB AREA
i. Self-weight =
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
12
× 150 𝑝𝑠𝑓
=
6"
12
× 150 𝑝𝑠𝑓
= 75 𝑝𝑠𝑓
Finishes =
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
12
× 144 𝑝𝑠𝑓
=
3"
12
× 144 𝑝𝑠𝑓
= 36 𝑝𝑠𝑓
Where
t = thickness of slab = 6”
Load of Partition Wall = 30 𝑝𝑠𝑓
Slab Beam Column Masonry
6” thick 8” x 24” 18” x 18”
24” x 24”
30” x 30”
13’-6" height
11’-6” height
Table 1. 2 Dimensions of Structural Elements
Figure 1. 1 Typical section of slab
16. 16
Figure 1. 2 Typical Beam
Section
1.9.3.2 BEAM LOAD PER FOOT LENGTH
Beam Dimension = 8” x 24”
Self –weight =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
144
× 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 150 𝑝𝑠𝑓
=
8" × 24"
144
× 1′ × 150 𝑝𝑠𝑓
= 200
𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡
Beam height is taken as 24” rather than 30” because the slab thickness
which is 6” is excluded from the total height of beam.
Table 1. 3 Slab and Finishes Self Weight
18. 18
1.10 TRIBUTARY AREA METHOD
Loads form floors supported by beams are transformed to the lower column through Tributary
Area Technique. The summary of loads is shown under:
1.10.1 LOADS ON COLUMN
Table 1. 4 Summary of loads
Table 1. 5 Loads on Column
19. 19
1.10.2 EARTHQUAKE FORCE
Zone, Z 2B
Soil profile type
Sc
0.32 Very Dense Soil and
Soft Rock
Seismic zone factor Z 0.2 Ref: Appendix C
Seismic importance
factor
I
1.0 Ref: Appendix C
Structural system
(moment resisting
concrete frame)
R
5.5 Ref: Appendix C
Seismic coefficient Cv
Ct
0.32
0.030
Ref: Appendix C
Time period 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 ( ℎ𝑠𝑡)3/4 0.757 Sec
Dead Weight W 9310 Kips
Base Shear V 792.4 kips
Weight of Building
The weight of the building is 9310 Kips. (Detailed calculations are attached in Appendix D).
Table 1. 6 Earthquake Factors
20. 20
1.10.3 Base Shear
Base shear is calculated using Eq. 2.3
𝑉 =
Cv x I
RT
x W
Where
T = Fundamental period of structure
T = Ct * h3/4
(Using Eq. 2.4)
Cv = Seismic Co-efficient
Cv = 0.32 (Table 6, Appendix C)
Ct = 0.030 (for concrete moment frame)
I = Seismic Importance Factor
I = 1.0 (Table 6, Appendix C)
R = Ductility and Over strength factor for Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame
R = 5.5 (Table 5 , Appendix C)
W = Cumulative service D.L
W = 9310 Kips
h = 74’ (Height of building)
Z = Seismic zone co-efficient
Z = 0.2 (Table 6, Appendix C)
T = Time Period T = 0.757 Sec
V = Base shear V = 792.5 Kips
21. 21
1.10.4 Storey Forces
Storey forces are calculated by using Eq. 2.5
Fx =
(V−Ft)(Wx ∗ hx)
∑(Wx ∗ hx)
Where,
V = Base Shear =792.5 Kips
Ft = 0.07 TV ≤ 0.25 V (if T>0.7 sec)
T = Time period of Vibration = 0.757 sec
Since T > 0.7 sec, so Ft = 0.07 TV ≤ 0.25 V
Ft = 0.07 TV = 0.07(0.757*794.5) ≤ 0.25V = 0.25*794.5
Ft = 42.1 < 198.6 (ok).
Table 1. 7 Variation of Storey forces
22. 22
1.10.5 Transformation of Story forces into 2 D FRAMES
The distribution of storey forces into frame forces is determined by using the Portal frame method.
As a sample, calculations of Shear Forces and Bending Moments of Frame 1 are reproduced under. The
other all values are attached in the Appendix.
Frame 1 Shear forces Bending moments
Forces X 2x x 2x
Storey 5 31.7 7.925 15.85 55.475 110.95
Storey 4 30.9 15.65 31.3 109.55 219.1
Storey 3 23.1 21.425 42.85 149.975 299.95
Storey 2 16.3 25.5 51 204 408
Storey 1 8.3 27.575 55.15 220.6 441.2
1.10.6 CALCULATIONS FOR CENTER OF MASS AND CENTER OF RIGIDITY
To check whether building frame is under the action of any torsion due to lateral forces,
determination of centre of mass and centre of rigidity is required. Calculate under
a) Centre of Mass
The coordinates for Centre of Mass are:
Cmx = 42.8’
Cmy = 39.3’
b) Centre of Rigidity
Coordinate for centre of rigidity are calculated by using Eq. 2.2
𝑪𝑶𝑹 =
∑(𝐈 𝐗 𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐦)
∑𝐈
Table 1. 8 Distribution of storey shear into frame forces
23. 23
The Coordinate for center of rigidity are:
Crx = 39.3’
Cry = 42.8’
Tabulated determination of Centre of Rigidity is attached in (Table 10, Appendix C)
1.10.7 SUPERPOSITIONS
Earthquake moments and Gravity moments are superimposed on each other.
(Refer Appendix D for detailed calculation)
1.11 LATERAL EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS
Each foundation is subjected to the vertical load coming through column and the moment
due to effect of lateral forces on the frame.
Once lateral seismic force on each storey are calculated, they are further distributed in
each 2D frame with respect to the relativity of the frame to that of the storey.
For analysis of frame Portal Frame method is used.
1.12 GRAVITY ANALYSIS
Matrix displacement method is adopted for gravity analysis of building frame.
Figure 1. 5 Superposition of earthquake and gravity moments
24. 24
1.13 Check for adequacy of columns for Torsion
Applied Torque
Applied Torque, Ta = 792.4 x 3.4 = 2695 K-ft
Resisting Torque
The effect of applied torque is transferred to each column. The calculation of equilibrium is
given under:
Ta = 2695 K-ft < Tr = 86402.78 K-ft
Therefore, building frame is safe in torsion.
Note: Resisting torque created in each individual column is being transferred to Plinth level, i.e.
bottom of column.
25. 25
1.14 STRUT BEAM DESIGN FOR RESISTING TORSION (At Plinth Level)
Shear Stress = 480 psi
Pu = 432 Kip
Using the theory of strut design,
Pu = φ Pn
Pu = φ K Ag (0.85fc’+ρ (fy – 0.85 fc’))
432 = 0.65*0.8*Ag {0.85*4+0.05*(60-0.85*4)}
Ag= in2
Let b =
Ag= b*h
= in2
h=
Dimension is ” x ”
For Ast,
Pu = φ*K* [Ag*0.85*fc’+Ast*(fy – 0.85 fc’)]
432 = 0.65*0.8{*0.85*4+Ast*(60-0.85*4)}
Ast = in2
Asmin = 0.01Ag
Asmin = 0.01* = 0.72 in2
No. of bars = Ast/Ab (using # 4 bar, Ab = 0.196 in2
)
35. 35
2.1.2 PILE FOUNDATION DESIGN
Procedure used for pile design is described in Appendix D.
2.1.2.1 Basic Data for Plie Design
Values given under are taken for the book “Principles of Foundation Engineering “written by
Braja.M.Das, Appendix D.
Soil Type: Clayey Sand (φ=30⁰)
1. Cohesion, c 200
𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡2
2. Angle of
Friction
300
3. Nc 30.14 4. Nq 18.40
5. 𝑁𝑟 22.40 6. ɣ 110
𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡3
7. tan φ 0.58 8. 𝑓
′
𝑐 4 ksi
9. 𝑓𝑦 60 ksi 10. Dia of Pile 18 in
11. Earth pressure
coefficient(K=1- sin φ)
0.5 12. ɣw 62.4
𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡3
Pile Design
Dia of Pile=18 in
𝑓
′
𝑐= 4 ksi, 𝑓𝑦=60 ksi
𝑸 𝒖= 𝑸 𝒑 + 𝑸 𝒔
𝑄 𝑝=𝑞 𝑝 𝐴 𝑝
𝑞 𝑝=C𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑐 + 0.5ɣ𝐷𝑁𝑐
𝑞 𝑝= (200) (30.14) + (110) (20) (18.40) + (0.5) (110) (18 12)⁄ (22.4)
𝑞 𝑝=50384 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡2⁄
41. 41
REFERENCES
Hassoun, Nadim M., Al Manaseer,. Akhtem., “Structural Concrete: Theory and Design”,
4th
Edition.
Das, Braja M., “Principles of Foundation Engineering”, 3rd
Edition.
ACI 318-05
Uniform Building code (UBC-1997)