12Plan for Evaluating the Impact of the Inte.docx

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Plan for Evaluating the Impact of the Intervention
Anne Marie WouapetName
Walden
University
NURS 8310 Section 03, Epidemiology and Population
HealthClass
April 29, 2018Date
Plan for Evaluating the Impact of the Intervention
Hospital-acquired infections have been determined throughout
this project to be a significant problem in the United States
health care system. Epidemiologic data show that there is still a
considerable number of patients who die as a result of
infections that they have acquired while receiving care
(Umscheid et al., 2011). The older population was found to be
at a higher risk of acquiring these infections because of their
deteriorating immune systems (Sievert et al., 2013). Therefore,
a proposed intervention to eliminate the dangers of infection
was created. The intervention proposes that nurses go through
hand washing education for an extended period to enhance their
compliance to hand hygiene after the education program. In
studying the potential impacts of this intervention, it was
determined that hand washing education is usually effective in
changing perceptions and behaviors with regards to hand

hygiene, but the compliance to what has been learned is often
not maintained. Therefore, this intervention suggests that the
education is based on the practice environment and that the
nurses are monitored for an extended period. The following is
an evaluation plan aiming at assessing the potential outcomes of
the proposed intervention.
Evaluation Plan
This evaluation plan is designed to assess the expected
outcomes from the implementation of the program (Friis &
Sellers, 2014). This plan will investigate the extent to which the
hand washing intervention plan will help to reduce the rate of
hospital-acquired in infections in the healthcare facilities in
which the intervention will be implemented. The plan includes
an evaluation of the short-term, medium-term, and long-term
changes expected to occur after the implementation of the
intervention.
Stakeholders Involved in the Intervention
For the expected outcome to be achieved, the following
stakeholders will be required to participate in the intervention
program. Evaluating the participation of the stakeholders is
essential in determining their contribution to the outcome of the
program (Centers for Disease Control, 2011). The program will
require the participation of the Director of Nursing, who will be
responsible for guiding the nurses included in the intervention
to ensure that they participate in the program as required. The
intervention will also require the participation of the Directors
of the respective health care facilities where the intervention
will be implemented to ensure that they provide the resources
needed for the program to be implemented and approve the use
of the hospital data to evaluate the outcomes of the program.
The hospitals included will also need to employ supervisors to
monitor the program in its course.
Program Elements to Monitor
The program elements that will be monitored in the outcome
evaluation include the data on the hospital-acquired infections
before the implementation of the program. It is essential to

understand the rate of HAI's before the intervention is
implemented so that it can be easier to track the changes that
have been caused by the program. The program will also
monitor the rates of HAI's immediately after the program has
ended, six months after the program, and two years after the
program. These groups of data will help to analyze the short-
term, medium-term, and long-term impacts of the intervention
(Friis & Sellers, 2014). Lastly, in the course of the program,
data will be collected on the efficiency of the program
implementation and the challenges that will be experienced in
the course of the program so that they can be linked to the
acquired outcome. This data will help to determine the factors
that may have or have not contributed to the obtained result.
Comment by Holly, Cheryl: Will you also monitor people
washing their hands to determine adherence with the procedure?
Data Collection
There are two types of data required for this evaluation.First,
the data on the rates of the hospital-acquired infections will be
needed before and after the intervention is implemented. This
data will be collected from the health care records of the
respective institutions included in the study. The data will be
collected and used in accordance with the Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy and data
protection rules. Additionally, this study requires an evaluation
of factors relating to the implementation of the education
program intervention. This data will be collected through
observation. The program facilitators will observe the behaviors
and practices of the nurses participating in determining the
factors that contribute to the desired outcome.
Data Analysis and Reporting
The data collected from the healthcare records will be analyzed
using simple comparative quantitative analysis. A regression
analysis will be used to determine the relationship between the
program elements recorded in the observation and the results.
After the data has been evaluated, a comprehensive report will
be written detailing the complexities and successes of the

intervention so that the information can be used to improve
hospital-acquired infection rates in other U.S. institutions.
Conclusion
This essay represents an outcome evaluation plan aiming an
analyzing the effectiveness of the hand washing education
program that was proposed as a method of reducing the rate of
hospital-acquired infections. The plan includes an analysis of
the stakeholders to be involved in the program, the data that
will be required to evaluate the outcome, the data collection
techniques, and data analysis strategies to be implemented. If
successful, this evaluation will help to determine the
effectiveness of applying an extended education program set in
the practice environment on reducing hospital-acquired
infections in the elderly patients. The expected outcome is that
the education program will help to reduce rates of infection, but
this will have to be proven after the evaluation program.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). A
framework for program evaluation. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/eval/framework/index.htm
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public
health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Sievert, D. M., Ricks, P., Edwards, J. R., Schneider, A., Patel,
J., Srinivasan, A., ... & Fridkin, S. (2013). Antimicrobial-
resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated
infections summary of data reported to the National Healthcare
Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2009–2010. Infection Control & Hospital
Epidemiology, 34(1), 1-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/668770
Umscheid, C. A., Mitchell, M. D., Doshi, J. A., Agarwal, R.,
Williams, K., & Brennan, P. J. (2011). Estimating the
proportion of healthcare-associated infections that are
reasonably preventable and the related mortality and
costs. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 32(2), 101-
114. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/657912

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Your approach is fine however, nurses know how to wash their
hands and why they should do so. We need to understand better
why they do not
5/5
Healthcare Associated Infections: Developing an Intervention
and Determining its Impact (Paper 3)
Walden University
HealthClass
April 22, 2018Date
Developing an Intervention and Determining its Impact
Infections acquired by patients within the healthcare
setting are a significant problem affecting the United States
health care system. Healthcare-acquired infections mainly occur
when the pathogens are transferred to the patients. Therefore, a
significant intervention to reduce infections is one that limits
the transfer of pathogens. The following is a hand-washing
intervention for nurses that can help to reduce the transmission
of germs to patients; hence, reducing the acquisition of
infections.
Outline of the Intervention
The proposed intervention for healthcare-acquired infections is
a handwashing education program for nurses. Nurses play an
essential role in the continuum of care. There are various

instances when the nurses come into contact with the patients in
the process of administering care. During the process of patient
caring, there is a possibility of the transfer of pathogens from
one patient to another or from the general health care
environment to a patient. Therefore, this intervention includes
an education program that teaches nurses the vital information
on handwashing so that they can have a better chance at
sterilizing when taking care of the patients. There are many
nurses' education programs that have already been carried in a
significant number of healthcare institutions, but there are still
some cases of infection that have been presented. Therefore,
this education program will be specifically altered to include
factors that will enhance its effectiveness in improving nurses'
hygiene.
First, the education program will be carried out for six
months. It is expected that nurses' undergoing an extended
period of training will enable better results by enhancing the
possibility of maintaining the lessons that have been learned in
training. Additionally, this training program will focus mainly
on compliance rather than spreading the knowledge on
handwashing. This component of the intervention training has
been included on the assumption that the nurses already
understand the knowledge of hand hygiene and the techniques
of hand washing. Hand hygiene is a big part of nursing training
and also training for other medical professions. Medical
professionals are often taught the importance of maintaining
sterility when dealing with patients to minimize transfer of
pathogens. In spite of this training, there is a significant
percentage of healthcare professionals who still fail to maintain
the required standards of hand washing. Thus, this handwashing
training program will mainly focus on training the nurses on
compliance to the standards of handwashing. The training will
be offered in the practice setting rather than in a theoretical
model so that it can be easier to identify the mistakes that the
nurses make in the handwashing process and develop strategies
to improve them.

Review of Literature Supporting the Intervention
A multitude of literature has been written on the effect of
training healthcare professionals on handwashing hygiene on
the spread of infections within the healthcare setting. According
to Al-Khawaldeh, Al-Hussami & Darawad (2015) nurses beliefs,
attitudes, and knowledge on handwashing compliance directly
affects their hand sanitation practices. This conclusion was
made based on a cross-sectional study done with nursing
students as the subjects. The study found that knowledge,
attitudes, and beliefs on hand sanitation were significant
variables affecting the nurses' compliance with the hand
washing guidelines provided to them. Therefore, this study
recommended that training is used as a technique for promoting
hand washing knowledge and promote positive beliefs and
attitudes on sanitation among the nurses. Sopjani, Jahn, and
Behrens (2017) evaluated the impact on handwashing training
on the knowledge and practices of undergraduate nurses on
Kosovo. This study analyzed the knowledge level for the
participants before and after they underwent an education
program for hand cleanliness in the healthcare setting. The
study results showed that there is a significant difference
between the nurses' knowledge level before and after the
training. After the training, the subjects were more likely to
understand more about the importance and techniques of
maintaining sanitation in the healthcare setting. The study
maintained that training could help to maintain a satisfactory
level of knowledge that will improve nurses' practices with
regards to hygiene.
The effectiveness of training nurses on handwashing has been
established by many studies. However, some researchers have
questioned the sustainability of this intervention, transfer of
germs is still an issue even though many training programs have
been conducted. A study by Doronina et al. (2017) evaluated the
effectiveness of interventions that have been used to improve
handwashing compliance among nurses working in healthcare
institutions. The researchers, in this case, conducted a

systematic review of six studies evaluating different types of
interventions that have been used to promote hand hygiene in
healthcare institutions. Among the studies assessed, three were
randomized control trials, one was a controlled before-after
study, and one was an interrupted time series. In the studies that
evaluated the impact of education as an intervention technique
to promote hygiene, it was found that the teaching was
effective. However, this meta-analysis shows that education was
effective but not sustainable because most healthcare
professionals fail to maintain the compliance for a long time
after the intervention.
A study by Gould et al. (2017) evaluated the impact of
observing hand hygiene in the practice setting. Instead of just
theoretically training nurses on maintaining hand cleanliness,
this study investigated the effect of practically watching the
nurses' hygiene behaviors while they practice. In a literature
review, this study examined the impact of the Hawthorne effect,
which is the alteration of behavior due to the understanding that
they are being observed. This study suggests that most positive
results of the positive interventions in investigations of the
effectiveness of handwashing interventions have been affected
by this effect. Therefore, the research indicates that the
researchers investigate the efficacy of interventions for an
extended period after the intervention has been administered.
This helps to take into account the practices of the subjects
after the Hawthorne effect is no longer in occurrence. Based on
the suggestions of Gould et al. (2017) it is likely that having an
intervention based in the practice setting for an extended period
will have a better chance at determining the actual effect of the
intervention.
Luangasanatip et al. (2015) conducted a meta-analysis
comparing the efficiency of various hand hygiene interventions
for nurses. This study evaluated 41 types of research on hand
hygiene intervention. Among various other factors, time was
found to be one of the variables that affect the effectiveness of
these interventions. The interventions that were applied over an

extended period were more likely to yield positive results.
Therefore, this study demonstrates that conducting an education
program for an extended period is more likely to have a more
significant impact on improved hand sanitation by nurses.
The Impact of the Intervention
The proposed nurses' education program is expected to have a
positive impact on improving nurses' practices when delivering
care. The nurses who will undergo this intervention will be
trained for six months on knowledge and compliance of hand
washing while their methods are observed to identify the
possibility of limitations that reduce the sanitation in the
healthcare environment. It is expected that by the end of the
training, the nurses will have learned the proper application of
hygiene standards as part of their daily practices and not just
for the study. This intervention focuses on compliance more
than the knowledge, even though both components are included.
The focus on compliance will help to enhance the sustainability
of the intervention. The nurses are expected to maintain the
changes caused by the training for an extended period because
the intervention requires them to practice for six months.
The change in the nurses' behaviors is expected to have a
positive impact on the reduction of the risk of healthcare-
acquired infections. With more nurses being hygienic, there
will be reduced transfer of disease-causing pathogens, which
cause the life-threatening infections that are currently a
population health issue. Patients in the process of receiving care
will have a higher chance of having positive outcomes because
of the reduced risk of getting infected by germs available in the
healthcare environment. In general, the effectiveness of this
intervention strategy will help to improve the overall quality of
care.
Conclusion
Healthcare-acquired infections are one of the top ten population
health issues affecting the United States. A majority of the
infections in the healthcare setting are caused by problems that
could have been avoided. The nurses are the health care

professionals who spend the most time with the patients.
Therefore, they have a high risk of being agents transferring
pathogens to the patients under their care. This is why an
intervention on training for hand-hygiene compliance is
recommended as the best strategy for reducing the occurrence of
infections. Studies have shown that improved education on hand
hygiene has been an excellent strategy for improving nurses'
practices. However, maintaining compliance for an extended
period is still a problem. This intervention attempts to address
this problem to enhance the effectiveness of training programs.
References
Al-Khawaldeh, O. A., Al-Hussami, M., & Darawad, M. (2015).
Influence of nursing students handwashing knowledge, beliefs,
and attitudes on their handwashing compliance. Health, 7(05),
572.
Doronina, O., Jones, D., Martello, M., Biron, A., &
Lavoie‐Tremblay, M. (2017). A systematic review of the
effectiveness of interventions to improve hand hygiene
compliance of nurses in the hospital setting. Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 49(2), 143-152.
Gould, D. J., Creedon, S., Jeanes, A., Drey, N. S., Chudleigh,
J., & Moralejo, D. (2017). Impact of observing hand hygiene in
practice and research: a methodological reconsideration. Journal
of Hospital Infection, 95(2), 169-174.
Luangasanatip, N., Hongsuwan, M., Limmathurotsakul, D.,
Lubell, Y., Lee, A. S., Harbarth, S., ... & Cooper, B. S. (2015).
Comparative efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene
in hospital: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
BMJ, 351, h3728.
Sopjani, I., Jahn, P., & Behrens, J. (2017). Hand Hygiene
Training and Its Impact on the Knowledge of Undergraduate
Nursing Students in Kosovo. Global Journal of Health
Science, 9(4), 142.

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Well done
5/5
Defining the Problem and Research MethodsHealthcare-
Associated Infections: Defining the Problem and Research
Methods Paper 2
Walden University
HealthClass
April 8, 2018Date
Defining the Problem and Research Questions
The Problem
Many strategies have been implemented in the United
States health care system to improve the quality of care that
patients receive. Many of these strategies have been successful
in improving patient outcomes. However, healthcare-acquired
infections (HAIs) are still a significant issue affecting the
health care system. HAIs are infections that are acquired by
patients in the course of receiving surgical and medical care.
There are many invasive treatment options in the current health
care systems that are designed to improve the health of patients,
but in some cases, they put them at the risk of acquiring various
types of infections (Healthy People 2020, 2014). HAIs are a
serious public health issue because they are one of the leading
causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States
healthcare institutions (Sievert et al., 2013). In addition to the

increased rate of mortality and morbidity, HAIs have also
increased the United States' cost of health care. Therefore, there
has been dire need to enhance the quality of healthcare delivery
in medical institutions to minimize the rate of the infections
that occur in the course of receiving treatment. Eradicating
HAIs can help not only to reduce patient deaths but also to
reduce the cost of healthcare. The purpose of this paper is to
examine the problem of HAIs in the United States and develop a
research strategy that can help to devise techniques to be used
in reducing the rate of infections in the course of patient care.
Environment
The environment that is the problem is based on the
healthcare setting. HAI is a population health problem that
affects people who are in healthcare institutions receiving care
for various other issues. HAIs may occur across multiple
healthcare environments such as acute care centers, surgical
centers, outpatient centers, and long-term care facilities.
Healthcare-Acquired Infections
The following is a summary of HAIs as a population
health problem regarding epidemiologic factors of person,
place, and time.
Person
Every person who visits a medical institution is at the risk
of acquiring an infection because this environment is usually
rich in various pathogens. However, some populations have a
higher risk of HAIs than others because of their unique
characteristics. The elderly community is one of the population
groups that have the highest risk of acquiring HAIs because of
their deteriorated immune capabilities (Sievert et al., 2013). The
older adults usually have a lower immune system because of the
reduced capabilities of the body's organs; hence, they stand a
higher chance of them being infected by the disease-causing
pathogens present in the hospital environment.
Place
HAIs do not have a specific location of occurrence, as long
as it is a healthcare facility. Cases of HAI have been reported in

all the states in America. The Centers for Disease Control
(CDC) tracks the HAI infection using two surveillance programs
which help to record the trends and monitor the rate at which
people are getting infected while receiving treatment.
According to the CDC reports, at least one in every 25 patients
in the healthcare setting acquire some infection originating from
this environment (Umscheid et al., 2011). The most common
areas where diseases are acquired are in various hospital units
such as the intensive care units, and surgical centers.
Time
Healthcare-acquired infections are not seasonal as they can
be acquired at any time of the year provided that the patient is
exposed to the organisms causing the infection. However, the
patients tend to be a higher risk when they are undergoing
procedures that increase the risk of infection such as surgical
care.
Research Question/Hypothesis
Does hand washing education among healthcare workers
compared to lack of hand washing education help to reduce the
rate of healthcare-associated infections among the elderly
population in healthcare facilities within a year?
P: Elderly population within healthcare facilities
I: hand washing education
C: lack of hand washing education
O: reduce the rate of healthcare-associated infections
T: a year
The Research Methods
Epidemiologic Study Design
The epidemiologic study design selected for this study is a
case-control study. A case-control is a type of observational
study that evaluates two different groups of the population, one
with the intervention and the other without, to determine the
differences in the outcomes based on a given causal attribute
(Kleinbaum, Sullivan & Barker, 2013). These two groups which
include the control group, where the intervention is not
administered, and the case group where the intervention is

included.
This study seeks to investigate the impact of hand washing
education for nurses in a healthcare facility on reduced
healthcare-acquired infections. The nurses who receive the hand
washing education will be considered as the intervention group
while those who do not receive the education will be the control
group. It is expected that there will be a difference in the
outcome of hospital-acquired infections for both groups (Friis &
Sellers, 2014). This design is based on the assumption that the
case group and the control group will yield different results
because of the difference in the administered intervention.
Therefore, this will help to determine whether nurses’ education
really has an impact on reduced rates of infections on patients
in the course of care.
Assessment Strategies
In this case-control study, both the case and the control
groups are nurses. The only difference between the two is that
the case group is expected to receive education on handwashing
while the control group is not expected to receive the education
on hand washing. A criterion for the inclusion of the case and
the control group will be developed to ensure that the results are
valid. First, the case and control groups will both come from the
United States health care facilities with access to almost similar
kinds of medical resources. This will help to ensure that in each
facility there is a similarity with the types of risks of infections
that the patients face. It will also minimize the impact of other
confounding factors that could impact the rates of infections
such as poor management. A group of nurses from one of the
medical facilities will go through a six weeks' education
program teaching them techniques of enhancing handwashing
hygiene to minimize the transfer of pathogens to the patients
under their care. On the other hand, the control group will
continue handling their care without receiving the education
program.
Data will be collected on the rate of HAIs in both the
case and the control group’s areas of work before the education

program. After the education program, the data will be collected
on the new rate of HAIs in the respective areas of case and
control to measure the differences in the rates before and after
the education program in each of the groups. The results will
later be compared to show the difference between the rates
before and after the education for the case group in comparison
with those of the control group.
The assessment strategies that have been selected above
are convenient for this study because they minimize the impact
of external factors on the case and control group. The data will
also be easy to collect because each of the medical facilities is
expected to keep a record of the hospital-acquired infections.
Summary of Data Collection Activities
The data for this study will be collected from the databases
of the respective hospital where the research will be done. Each
medical facility in the United States keeps a record of the
hospital-acquired infections. With the consent of the facilities
included in the study, a history of the HAIs from the beginning
of the study to its maturity will be collected for analysis to
determine the impact of the intervention on the case group and
the lack of intervention on the control group. The patient
identities from the data collected will be kept private according
to the HIPAA guidelines.
The data will be collected three times in the course of the
research. First, the data will be collected at the beginning of the
study before the education program is administered. The data
will also be collected six months after the education program to
assess the immediate impact that the program had on the rates
of HAI infections. Lastly, the data will be collected a year after
the education program to follow up on the impact of the
education program after an extended period.
Conclusion
HAIs are significant public health problems that affect
the United States health care system. Even though many
strategies have been implemented to eradicate hospital
infections, there is still a significantly large percentage of

patients who acquire infections in the course of care. Therefore,
there is a need for more research to determine new strategies
that can reduce HAIs further or possibly eradicate them. This
research seeks to investigate whether nurses’ education on hand
washing can help to reduce infections among the elderly
population in a period of one year. Case-Control study design
has been recommended for this study because it will help to
investigate the difference between the infection rates in the case
population and the control population. If this study is
successful, it can help to reduce the rates of HAIs among the
elderly community in healthcare facilities, which has a higher
risk than other population communities.
References
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public
health practice (5thed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Healthy People 2020 (2014). Healthcare-associated Infections.
Retrieved from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-
objectives/topic/healthcare-associated-infections
Kleinbaum, D. G., Sullivan, K. M., & Barker, N. D. (2013).
Epidemiologic Study Designs. In ActivEpi Companion
Textbook (pp. 37-66). Springer, New York, NY.
114. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/657912

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Population Health: Healthcare-Associated Infections Paper 1
Walden University
HealthClass
March 18, 2018Date
Well done
5/5
Healthcare-Associated Infections
Healthcare-Associated infections (HAI) are infections
acquired by patients in the course of receiving medical or
surgical care. In modern healthcare, there are many procedures
and invasive techniques that are meant to improve the health of

patients. However, some of these healthcare procedures may put
the patients at the risk of infection, such as………... HAIs are a
leading cause of morbidity and mortality in healthcare
institutions in the United States (Sievert et al., 2013).
Additionally, these infections have led to an increased cost of
healthcare. HAIs occur in various healthcare settings such as
surgical centers, acute care centers, long-term care facilities,
and even outpatient centers. There is need to improve the
quality of care to reduce and possibly completely eradicate
HAIs to enhance the quality of healthcare. The purpose of this
paper is to discuss HAIs as a population health problem and
develop a research topic on this health issue.
About Healthcare-Associated Infections
Person
All people who visit healthcare facilities for medical or
surgical treatment can acquire HAIs. However, there are some
groups of people that are at a greater risk than others. The
elderly population is at the highest risk of acquiring HAIs
because of their increasing immune deficiencies (Sievert et al.,
2013). The elderly people’s deteriorating immune system makes
them more susceptible to infections by pathogens that are
commonly found in the healthcare environment.
Place
HAIs have been reported in every state in the United
States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has two HAI
surveillance programs that track the rate of infections in all
U.S. states and records the trends. According to CDC reports
from 2015, at least 1 in every 25 patients acquire infections in
the healthcare setting (Umscheid et al., 2011). These infections
are most prevalent in specific areas of healthcare such as
surgical sites and intensive care units.
Time
The occurrence of HAIs is not seasonal. Patients are at the
risk of acquiring infections at any time of the year provided
they are exposed to an environment containing the pathogens
that could cause the infections to occur. However, patients are

at a greater risk at a time when they are undergoing surgical
procedures or during antibiotic use.
The significance of this Health Problem
HAI is one of the major population health issues that affect
the United States healthcare system. The United States
Department of Health and Human Services has reflected its
objective to reduce and eventually eliminate hospital-acquired
infections through the Healthy People 2020 initiative. Health
People 2020 identifies some of the risk factors that increase the
chances of acquiring infections while receiving medical care.
These include antibiotic use and medical procedures,
organizational factors, lack of handwashing among healthcare
workers and individual patient characteristics (Healthy People
2020, 2014). Various preventive strategies have been developed
in a bid to eliminate HAIs, but research shows that these
strategies have only been effective in reducing 70% of the
infections (Sievert et al., 2013). Therefore, there is still the
need to make more changes to reduce the infections and the
morbidity and mortality that they cause. Research shows that
proper education and training of healthcare workers in one of
the most important strategies that can help to reduce infections
in healthcare (Umscheid et al., 2011). This strategy helps to
improve the best practices for healthcare workers to enhance the
quality of care that they provide to patients.
Research Question
Does handwashing education among healthcare workers
compared to lack of handwashing education help to reduce the
rate of healthcare-associated infections among the elderly
population in healthcare facilities within a year?
P: Elderly population within healthcare facilities
I: handwashing education
C: lack of handwashing education
O: reduce the rate of healthcare-associated infections
T: a year
Conclusion
In spite of the many strategies in place to improve the

quality of healthcare, HAIs are still a great population issue
affecting medical institutions in the United States. Many
strategies have been put in place to eliminate these infections,
but there are still patients who are affected while in the course
of treatment for other medical issues. There is need to create
and improve more strategies that will enable the complete
eradication of HAIs.
References
Healthy People 2020 (2014). Healthcare-associated Infections.
Retrieved from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-
objectives/topic/healthcare-associated-infections
114. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/657912
Assignment: Final Paper: Major Assessment 7: Using an
Epidemiological Approach to Critically Analyze a Population
Health Problem
Throughout this course, you have been applying an
epidemiological approach to analyze a population health
problem. In previous weeks, you have developed distinct
sections of your paper; it is now time to finalize and submit a

cohesive, polished version of work. This paper serves as your
Major Assessment for this course and must be uploaded by Day
3of this week.
To prepare:
· Finish incorporating any feedback from the submitted sections
of your paper.
To complete:
Write a 12- to 15-page paper that includes an introduction and
a conclusion as well as the following:
Section 1: The Problem (See attached paper)
1) A brief outline of the environment you selected (i.e., home,
workplace, school)
2) A summary of your selected population health problem in
terms of person, place, and time, and the magnitude of the
problem based on data from appropriate data resources
(Reference the data resources you used.)
3) Research question/hypothesis
Section 2: Research Methods (See attached Paper)
1) The epidemiologic study design you would use to assess and
address your population health problem
2) Assessment strategies (i.e., if you were conducting a case-
control study, how would you select your cases and controls?
Regarding the methods and tools, you would use to make these
selections, how is it convenient for you as the researcher or as
the investigator to use this tool?)
3) Summary of the data collection activities (i.e., how you
would collect data—online survey, paper/pen, mailing, etc.)
Section 3: The Intervention (See attached Paper for section 3 &
4 together)
1) An outline of an intervention you would implement to
address the population health problem with your selected
population based on the results of the study in Section 2
(Note: If you selected a descriptive study design, you are still
required to outline an intervention that might be developed
based on future research.)
2) A review of the literature that supports this intervention

Section 4: The Impact (See attached Paper for section 3 & 4
together)
1) An explanation of the health outcome you would be seeking
and the social impact of solving this issue
Section 5: Evaluation (See attached Paper)
1) An evaluation plan based upon the health outcome that you
have chosen and your anticipated results
Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure
to support your work with specific citations from appropriate
Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as
appropriate. Refer to the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association to ensure that your in- text citations
and reference list are correct.
See all previous 4 papers attached in the file area and use them
to form one cohesive paper of 12 to 15-page. Incorporate the
comment made by the teacher in each paper.

12Plan for Evaluating the Impact of the Inte.docx

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