It is one of the characteristics of a boss who doesn’t care about employees problems. He just wants his work on time.and bad bosses cast and bad management examples
ThesisScientist.com
As you know Sci Hub is sometimes down due to some technical issue, So you can visits the new Sci Hub New Domain with its Extension. ThesisScientist.com is New domain alternative of Sci Hub.
If Sci Hub website not working properly than you will move toward to others websites like ThesisScientist.com. It is the best website for downloading free papers and thesis and Free Journals
Computer network is a distributed system consisting of loosely coupled computers and other
devices. Any two of these devices, which we will from now on refer to as network elements or
transmitting elements, can communicate with each other through a communication medium. In
order for these connected devices to be considered a communicating network, there must be a set
of communicating rules or protocols each device in the network must follow to communicate wit
another device in the network. The resulting combination consisting of hardware and software is a computer communication network or computer network in short. Figure 1.1 shows a computer
network
Java is a general-purpose; object oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems of USA in 1991. This language was initially called “Oak” by James Gosling, but was renamed “Java” in 1995. Java (with a capital J) is a high-level, third generation programming language, like C, Fortran, Smalltalk, Perl, and many others.Java was initially designed to solve on a small scale could also be applied to the Internet on a large scale. This realization caused the focus of Java to switch from consumer electronic to Internet Programming.Java was designed for the development of software for consumer electronic devices like TVs, VCRs, Toasters, Microwaves ovens and such other electronics devices.Java is a first programming language that is not tied to any particular hardware or operating system. Programs developed in Java can be executed anywhere on any system.
Project Evaluation and Estimation in Software DevelopmentProf Ansari
Cost-benefit analysis
It mainly comprise two steps
Identify and estimating all of the costs and benefits of carrying out the project and operating the delivered application.
Expressing these costs and benefits in common units
We need to evaluate the net benefit, that is, the difference between the total benefit and the total benefit and the total cost of creating and operating the system.
We can categorize cost according to where they originate in the life of the project.
Stepwise Project planning in software developmentProf Ansari
The following activities are:
Identify objectives and practical measures of the effectiveness in meeting those objectives.
Establish a project authority
Stakeholder analysis – identify all stakeholders in the project and their interests
Modify objectives in the light of stakeholder’s analysis
Establish methods of communication with all parties
2.4
Entity Integrity Constraint:
It states that in a relation no attribute of a primary key (K) can have a null value. If a K consists of a single attribute, this constraint obviously applies on this attribute, so it cannot have the Null value. However, if a K consists of multiple attributes, then none of the attributes of this K can have the Null value in any of the instances.
Referential Integrity Constraint :
This constraint is applied to foreign keys. Foreign key is an attribute or attribute combination of a relation that is the primary key of another relation. This constraint states that if a foreign key exists in a relation, either the foreign key value must match the primary key value of some tuple in its home relation or the foreign key value must be completely null.
Normalisation in Database management System (DBMS)Prof Ansari
Normalization is a technique to organize the contents of the table for transactional database and data warehouse.
First Normal Form :
Seeing the data in the example in the book or assuming otherwise that all attributes contain the atomic value, we find out the table is in the 1NF.
Second Normal Form :
Seeing the FDs, we find out that the K for the table is a composite one comprising of empId, projName. We did not include the determinant of fourth FD, that is, the empDept, in the PK because empDept is dependent on empId and empID is included in our proposed PK. However, with this PK (empID, projName) we have got partial dependencies in the table through FDs 1 and 3 where we see that some attributes are being determined by subset of our K which is the violation of the requirement for the 2NF. So we split our table based on the FDs 1 and 3 as follows :
As you know Sci Hub is sometimes down due to some technical issue, So you can visits the new Sci Hub New Domain with its Extension. ThesisScientist.com is New domain alternative of Sci Hub.
If Sci Hub website not working properly than you will move toward to others websites like ThesisScientist.com. It is the best website for downloading free papers and thesis and Free Journals
Computer network is a distributed system consisting of loosely coupled computers and other
devices. Any two of these devices, which we will from now on refer to as network elements or
transmitting elements, can communicate with each other through a communication medium. In
order for these connected devices to be considered a communicating network, there must be a set
of communicating rules or protocols each device in the network must follow to communicate wit
another device in the network. The resulting combination consisting of hardware and software is a computer communication network or computer network in short. Figure 1.1 shows a computer
network
Java is a general-purpose; object oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems of USA in 1991. This language was initially called “Oak” by James Gosling, but was renamed “Java” in 1995. Java (with a capital J) is a high-level, third generation programming language, like C, Fortran, Smalltalk, Perl, and many others.Java was initially designed to solve on a small scale could also be applied to the Internet on a large scale. This realization caused the focus of Java to switch from consumer electronic to Internet Programming.Java was designed for the development of software for consumer electronic devices like TVs, VCRs, Toasters, Microwaves ovens and such other electronics devices.Java is a first programming language that is not tied to any particular hardware or operating system. Programs developed in Java can be executed anywhere on any system.
Project Evaluation and Estimation in Software DevelopmentProf Ansari
Cost-benefit analysis
It mainly comprise two steps
Identify and estimating all of the costs and benefits of carrying out the project and operating the delivered application.
Expressing these costs and benefits in common units
We need to evaluate the net benefit, that is, the difference between the total benefit and the total benefit and the total cost of creating and operating the system.
We can categorize cost according to where they originate in the life of the project.
Stepwise Project planning in software developmentProf Ansari
The following activities are:
Identify objectives and practical measures of the effectiveness in meeting those objectives.
Establish a project authority
Stakeholder analysis – identify all stakeholders in the project and their interests
Modify objectives in the light of stakeholder’s analysis
Establish methods of communication with all parties
2.4
Entity Integrity Constraint:
It states that in a relation no attribute of a primary key (K) can have a null value. If a K consists of a single attribute, this constraint obviously applies on this attribute, so it cannot have the Null value. However, if a K consists of multiple attributes, then none of the attributes of this K can have the Null value in any of the instances.
Referential Integrity Constraint :
This constraint is applied to foreign keys. Foreign key is an attribute or attribute combination of a relation that is the primary key of another relation. This constraint states that if a foreign key exists in a relation, either the foreign key value must match the primary key value of some tuple in its home relation or the foreign key value must be completely null.
Normalisation in Database management System (DBMS)Prof Ansari
Normalization is a technique to organize the contents of the table for transactional database and data warehouse.
First Normal Form :
Seeing the data in the example in the book or assuming otherwise that all attributes contain the atomic value, we find out the table is in the 1NF.
Second Normal Form :
Seeing the FDs, we find out that the K for the table is a composite one comprising of empId, projName. We did not include the determinant of fourth FD, that is, the empDept, in the PK because empDept is dependent on empId and empID is included in our proposed PK. However, with this PK (empID, projName) we have got partial dependencies in the table through FDs 1 and 3 where we see that some attributes are being determined by subset of our K which is the violation of the requirement for the 2NF. So we split our table based on the FDs 1 and 3 as follows :
It is a semantic data model that is used for the graphical representation of the conceptual database design. The semantic data models provide more constructs that is why a database design in a semantic data model can contain/represent more details. With a semantic data model, it becomes easier to design the database, at the first place, and secondly it is easier to understand later. We also know that conceptual database is our first comprehensive design. It is independent of any particular implementation of the database, that is, the conceptual database design expressed in E-R data model can be implemented using any DBMS. For that we will have to transform the conceptual database design from E-R data model to the data model of the particular DBMS. There is no DBMS based on the E-R data model, so we have to transform the conceptual database design anyway.
The schemas as it has been defined already; is the repository used for storing definitions of the structures used in database, it can be anything from any entity to the whole organization. For this purpose the architecture defines different schemas stored at different levels for isolating the details one level from the other.
Different levels existing pat different levels of the database architecture pare expressed below with emphasis on the details of all the levels individually. Core of the database architecture is the internal level of schema which is discussed a bit before getting into the details of each level individually.
INTRODUCTION TO Database Management System (DBMS)Prof Ansari
shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization. The term database is often erroneously referred to as a synonym for a “database management system DBMS)”. They are not equivalent and it will be explained in the next section.
Master thesis on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET)Prof Ansari
The increasing demand for wireless devices and wireless communication tends to research on self-organizing, self-healing networks without the interference of any pre-established or centralized infrastructure/authority [2]. The networks with the absence of any pre-established or centralized authority are known as Ad hoc networks [4]. Ad hoc Networks are the kind of wireless networks that uses multi-hop radio relay.There are many comparative studies and surveys that compare various ad hoc routing in VANET environment. The simulations performed in these comparative studies are very basic do not incorporate with a large number of nodes in real Vehicular Ad hoc Network environment. The main aim of our dissertation work is to firstly investigate the reactive and proactive routeing protocols than examine the performance of selected reactive routing protocols i.e. Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)by taking three performance metrics like network load, throughput and end-to-end delay with varying number of mobile nodes or vehicle node densityOPNET: Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) is a commercial network simulator environment used for simulations of both wired and wireless networks [20]. Several different OPNET versions have been released over the last few years; the latest version of OPNET is the OPNET 16.0. At present OPNET is licensed under Riverbed technologies. It allows the user to design and study the network communication devices, protocols, individual applications and also simulate the performance of routing protocol. It supports many wireless technologies and standards such as, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20 and satellite networks. OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition is available for free to the academic research and teaching community.
Master Thesis on Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)Prof Ansari
In present, many people during the public died each year in vehicle accidents, therefore in almost countries some safety data i.e. traffic lights & velocity limits are applied, simply however it is not a better solution. Also government and number of automation industries regarded that vehicular safety is real challenging task [1]. Then equally result, to enhance people traffic safety of a new progressed particular technology is formulated i.e. VANET [4]. It is progress type of MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network). VANET manages a network within which vehicles are act nodes and applied as mobile nodes to construct a robust infrastructure-less ad-hoc network. In Figure 1 illustrates the basic components of VANET architecture. It builds the network among Inter-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Roadside and Inter-Roadside communicating networks [4]. Moreover, apart from accidental-safety and security types, there are also broad varieties of applications in VANET are available and potential that can extend passenger comfort like predictable mobility by GPS, web browsing and information modify and so on. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a novel formulated form of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), where moving nodes are vehicles same automobiles, cars, buses etc [2].
Read/Write control logic:
The Read/Write Control logic interfaces the 8251A with CPU, determines the functions of the 8251A according to the control word written into its control register.
It monitors the data flow.
This section has three registers and they are control register, status register and data buffer.
The active low signals RD, WR, CS and C/D(Low) are used for read/write operations with these three registers.
When C/D(low) is high, the control register is selected for writing control word or reading status word.
HOST AND NETWORK SECURITY by ThesisScientist.comProf Ansari
Network management means different things to different people. In some cases, it involves a solitary network consultant monitoring network activity with an outdated protocol analyzer. In other cases, network management involves a distributed database, auto polling of network devices, and high-end workstations generating real-time graphical views of network topology changes and traffic. In general, network management is a service that employs a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network managers in monitoring and maintaining networks.
SYSTEM NETWORK ADMINISTRATIONS GOALS and TIPSProf Ansari
The goal of network administration is to ensure that the users of networks receive the information and technically serves with the quality of services they expect.
Network administration means the management of network infrastructures devices (such as router and switches)
Network administration compromises of 3 majors groups:
1. Network provisioning
2. Network operations
3. Network maintenance
The VB6 IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a very simple and fully featured IDE. If you start out programming in VB6 you may end up being too spoiled to ever appreciate a more complicated and less functional IDE like most C++ IDEs. One feature which sets VB6 apart from various IDEs is the simplicity of its approach to GUI (Graphical User Interface) design.
As a general rule: Play with it. You're very unlikely to break anything that matters, so just explore and experiment with the IDE, and you'll learn more.
ppt on blogging and In order to make money blogging you’re going to need to have a blog. While this is pretty obvious it is also a stumbling block for many PreBloggers who come to the idea of blogging with little or no technical background.blogging ppt presentation
Software Engineering is the set of processes and tools to develop software. Software Engineering is the combination of all the tools, techniques, and processes that used in software production. Therefore Software Engineering encompasses all those things that are used in software production like :
Programming Language
Programming Language Design
Software Design Techniques
Tools
Testing
Maintenance
Development etc.
These days object-oriented programming is widely being used. If programming languages will not support object-orientation then it will be very difficult to implement object-oriented design using object-oriented principles. All these efforts made the basis of software engineering.
E-Commerce is defined as the paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), electronic mail (e-mail), computer bulletin boards, Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), and other, similar technologies.
Searching
Information retrieval in the required format is the common activity in all computer applications. This involves searching, sorting and merging. Searching methods are designed to take advantage of the file organization and optimize the search for a particular record or establish its absence.
Sequential Search
The simplest technique for searching an unordered table for a particular record is to scan each entry in the table in a sequential manner until the desired record is found. This is the most natural way of searching. In this method, we simply go through a list or a file till the required record is found or end of list or file is encountered. Ordering of list is not important
Hash Tables
The memory available to maintain the symbol table is assumed to be sequential. This memory is referred to as the hash table, HT. The term bucket denotes a unit of storage that can store one or more records. A bucket is typically one disk block size but could be chosen to be smaller or larger than a disk block.
If the number of buckets in a Hash table HT is b, then the buckets are designated HT(0), ... HT(b-1). Each bucket is capable of holding one or more records. The number of records a bucket can store is known as its slot-size. Thus, a bucket is said to consist of s slots, if it can hold s number of records in it.
A function that is used to compute the address of a record in the hash table, is known as a hash function. Usually, s = 1 and in this case each bucket can hold exactly 1 record.
File is the basic unit of information storage on a secondary storage device. Therefore, almost every form of data and information reside on these devices in form of file – whether audio data or video, whether text or binary.
Files may be classified on different bases as follows:
1. On the basis of content:
Text files: Files containing data/information in textual form. It is merely a collection of characters. Document files etc.
Binary files: Files containing machine code. The contents are non-recognizable and can be interpreted only in a specified way using the same application that created it. E.g. executable program files, audio files, video files etc.
Character String Operations
A close analysis of the essential string-handling facilities required of any text creation and editing system (formal or otherwise) should lead to the following list of primitive functions:
Create a string of test
Concatenate two strings to form another string
Search and replace (if desired) a given substring within a string
Test for the identity of a string
Compute the length of a string
Pattern Matching
When one is searching for a substring within a given string there must be some method of returning the position of the substring within the string. If the substring is found, this position is indicated by an integer value indicating the character position of the left-most character of the substring being sought. Function FIND (s, PAT, i) returns i as a value the cursor position of the left-most occurrence of the string PAT, in the string s, if PAT does not occur in s, the value 0 is returned.
Given two string S and PAT, the value of PAT as a pattern to be searched for in s. If it occurs, then we want to know the node in s where PAT begins.
A graph G consists of a non empty set V called the set of nodes (points, vertices) of the graph, a set E, which is the set of edges of the graph and a mapping from the set of edges E to a pair of elements of V.
Any two nodes, which are connected by an edge in a graph are called "adjacent nodes".
In a graph G(V,E) an edge which is directed from one node to another is called a "directed edge", while an edge which has no specific direction is called an "undirected edge". A graph in which every edge is directed is called a "directed graph" or a "digraph". A graph in which every edge is undirected is called an "undirected graph".
If some of edges are directed and some are undirected in a graph then the graph is called a "mixed graph".
Any graph which contains some parallel edges is called a "multigraph".
If there is no more than one edge but a pair of nodes then, such a graph is called "simple graph."
A graph in which weights are assigned to every edge is called a "weighted graph".
In a graph, a node which is not adjacent to any other node is called "isolated node".
A graph containing only isolated nodes is called a "null graph". In a directed graph for any node v the number of edges which have v as initial node is called the "outdegree" of the node v. The number of edges to have v as their terminal node is called the "Indegree" of v and Sum of outdegree and indegree of a node v is called its total degree.
This document defines basic terminology related to trees, including definitions of a tree, node, degree, leaf nodes, children, siblings, level, height, and binary trees. It then discusses binary tree traversal methods including preorder, inorder, and postorder traversal. Finally, it covers implementation of binary trees and the different cases and approaches for deleting a node from a binary tree.
Linked List Static and Dynamic Memory AllocationProf Ansari
Static variables are declared and named while writing the program. (Space for them exists as long as the program, in which they are declared, is running.) Static variables cannot be created or destroyed during execution of the program in which they are declared.
Dynamic variables are created (and may be destroyed) during program execution since dynamic variables do not exist while the program is compiled, but only when it is run, they cannot be assigned names while it is being written. The only way to access dynamic variables is by using pointers. Once it is created, however, a dynamic variable does contain data and must have a type like any other variable. If a dynamic variable is created in a function, then it can continue to exist even after the function terminates.
Linked Linear List
We saw in previous chapters how static representation of linear ordered list through Array leads to wastage of memory and in some cases overflows. Now we don't want to assign memory to any linear list in advance instead we want to allocate memory to elements as they are inserted in list. This requires Dynamic Allocation of memory and it can be achieved by using malloc() or calloc() function.
But memory assigned to elements will not be contiguous, which is a requirement for linear ordered list, and was provided by array representation. How we could achieve this?
Queue is a Linear list which has two ends, one for insertion of elements and other for deletion of elements. The first end is called 'Rear' and the later is called 'Front'. Elements are inserted from Rear End and Deleted from Front End. Queues are called First In First Out (FIFO) List, since the first element in a queue will be the first element out of the queue. In other words, the order in which the elements enter a queue is the order in which they leave.
In Batch Processing the jobs are "Queued up" as they are read in and executed, one after another in the order they were received. This ignores the possible existence of priorities.
It is a semantic data model that is used for the graphical representation of the conceptual database design. The semantic data models provide more constructs that is why a database design in a semantic data model can contain/represent more details. With a semantic data model, it becomes easier to design the database, at the first place, and secondly it is easier to understand later. We also know that conceptual database is our first comprehensive design. It is independent of any particular implementation of the database, that is, the conceptual database design expressed in E-R data model can be implemented using any DBMS. For that we will have to transform the conceptual database design from E-R data model to the data model of the particular DBMS. There is no DBMS based on the E-R data model, so we have to transform the conceptual database design anyway.
The schemas as it has been defined already; is the repository used for storing definitions of the structures used in database, it can be anything from any entity to the whole organization. For this purpose the architecture defines different schemas stored at different levels for isolating the details one level from the other.
Different levels existing pat different levels of the database architecture pare expressed below with emphasis on the details of all the levels individually. Core of the database architecture is the internal level of schema which is discussed a bit before getting into the details of each level individually.
INTRODUCTION TO Database Management System (DBMS)Prof Ansari
shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization. The term database is often erroneously referred to as a synonym for a “database management system DBMS)”. They are not equivalent and it will be explained in the next section.
Master thesis on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET)Prof Ansari
The increasing demand for wireless devices and wireless communication tends to research on self-organizing, self-healing networks without the interference of any pre-established or centralized infrastructure/authority [2]. The networks with the absence of any pre-established or centralized authority are known as Ad hoc networks [4]. Ad hoc Networks are the kind of wireless networks that uses multi-hop radio relay.There are many comparative studies and surveys that compare various ad hoc routing in VANET environment. The simulations performed in these comparative studies are very basic do not incorporate with a large number of nodes in real Vehicular Ad hoc Network environment. The main aim of our dissertation work is to firstly investigate the reactive and proactive routeing protocols than examine the performance of selected reactive routing protocols i.e. Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)by taking three performance metrics like network load, throughput and end-to-end delay with varying number of mobile nodes or vehicle node densityOPNET: Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) is a commercial network simulator environment used for simulations of both wired and wireless networks [20]. Several different OPNET versions have been released over the last few years; the latest version of OPNET is the OPNET 16.0. At present OPNET is licensed under Riverbed technologies. It allows the user to design and study the network communication devices, protocols, individual applications and also simulate the performance of routing protocol. It supports many wireless technologies and standards such as, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20 and satellite networks. OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition is available for free to the academic research and teaching community.
Master Thesis on Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)Prof Ansari
In present, many people during the public died each year in vehicle accidents, therefore in almost countries some safety data i.e. traffic lights & velocity limits are applied, simply however it is not a better solution. Also government and number of automation industries regarded that vehicular safety is real challenging task [1]. Then equally result, to enhance people traffic safety of a new progressed particular technology is formulated i.e. VANET [4]. It is progress type of MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network). VANET manages a network within which vehicles are act nodes and applied as mobile nodes to construct a robust infrastructure-less ad-hoc network. In Figure 1 illustrates the basic components of VANET architecture. It builds the network among Inter-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Roadside and Inter-Roadside communicating networks [4]. Moreover, apart from accidental-safety and security types, there are also broad varieties of applications in VANET are available and potential that can extend passenger comfort like predictable mobility by GPS, web browsing and information modify and so on. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a novel formulated form of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), where moving nodes are vehicles same automobiles, cars, buses etc [2].
Read/Write control logic:
The Read/Write Control logic interfaces the 8251A with CPU, determines the functions of the 8251A according to the control word written into its control register.
It monitors the data flow.
This section has three registers and they are control register, status register and data buffer.
The active low signals RD, WR, CS and C/D(Low) are used for read/write operations with these three registers.
When C/D(low) is high, the control register is selected for writing control word or reading status word.
HOST AND NETWORK SECURITY by ThesisScientist.comProf Ansari
Network management means different things to different people. In some cases, it involves a solitary network consultant monitoring network activity with an outdated protocol analyzer. In other cases, network management involves a distributed database, auto polling of network devices, and high-end workstations generating real-time graphical views of network topology changes and traffic. In general, network management is a service that employs a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network managers in monitoring and maintaining networks.
SYSTEM NETWORK ADMINISTRATIONS GOALS and TIPSProf Ansari
The goal of network administration is to ensure that the users of networks receive the information and technically serves with the quality of services they expect.
Network administration means the management of network infrastructures devices (such as router and switches)
Network administration compromises of 3 majors groups:
1. Network provisioning
2. Network operations
3. Network maintenance
The VB6 IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a very simple and fully featured IDE. If you start out programming in VB6 you may end up being too spoiled to ever appreciate a more complicated and less functional IDE like most C++ IDEs. One feature which sets VB6 apart from various IDEs is the simplicity of its approach to GUI (Graphical User Interface) design.
As a general rule: Play with it. You're very unlikely to break anything that matters, so just explore and experiment with the IDE, and you'll learn more.
ppt on blogging and In order to make money blogging you’re going to need to have a blog. While this is pretty obvious it is also a stumbling block for many PreBloggers who come to the idea of blogging with little or no technical background.blogging ppt presentation
Software Engineering is the set of processes and tools to develop software. Software Engineering is the combination of all the tools, techniques, and processes that used in software production. Therefore Software Engineering encompasses all those things that are used in software production like :
Programming Language
Programming Language Design
Software Design Techniques
Tools
Testing
Maintenance
Development etc.
These days object-oriented programming is widely being used. If programming languages will not support object-orientation then it will be very difficult to implement object-oriented design using object-oriented principles. All these efforts made the basis of software engineering.
E-Commerce is defined as the paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), electronic mail (e-mail), computer bulletin boards, Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), and other, similar technologies.
Searching
Information retrieval in the required format is the common activity in all computer applications. This involves searching, sorting and merging. Searching methods are designed to take advantage of the file organization and optimize the search for a particular record or establish its absence.
Sequential Search
The simplest technique for searching an unordered table for a particular record is to scan each entry in the table in a sequential manner until the desired record is found. This is the most natural way of searching. In this method, we simply go through a list or a file till the required record is found or end of list or file is encountered. Ordering of list is not important
Hash Tables
The memory available to maintain the symbol table is assumed to be sequential. This memory is referred to as the hash table, HT. The term bucket denotes a unit of storage that can store one or more records. A bucket is typically one disk block size but could be chosen to be smaller or larger than a disk block.
If the number of buckets in a Hash table HT is b, then the buckets are designated HT(0), ... HT(b-1). Each bucket is capable of holding one or more records. The number of records a bucket can store is known as its slot-size. Thus, a bucket is said to consist of s slots, if it can hold s number of records in it.
A function that is used to compute the address of a record in the hash table, is known as a hash function. Usually, s = 1 and in this case each bucket can hold exactly 1 record.
File is the basic unit of information storage on a secondary storage device. Therefore, almost every form of data and information reside on these devices in form of file – whether audio data or video, whether text or binary.
Files may be classified on different bases as follows:
1. On the basis of content:
Text files: Files containing data/information in textual form. It is merely a collection of characters. Document files etc.
Binary files: Files containing machine code. The contents are non-recognizable and can be interpreted only in a specified way using the same application that created it. E.g. executable program files, audio files, video files etc.
Character String Operations
A close analysis of the essential string-handling facilities required of any text creation and editing system (formal or otherwise) should lead to the following list of primitive functions:
Create a string of test
Concatenate two strings to form another string
Search and replace (if desired) a given substring within a string
Test for the identity of a string
Compute the length of a string
Pattern Matching
When one is searching for a substring within a given string there must be some method of returning the position of the substring within the string. If the substring is found, this position is indicated by an integer value indicating the character position of the left-most character of the substring being sought. Function FIND (s, PAT, i) returns i as a value the cursor position of the left-most occurrence of the string PAT, in the string s, if PAT does not occur in s, the value 0 is returned.
Given two string S and PAT, the value of PAT as a pattern to be searched for in s. If it occurs, then we want to know the node in s where PAT begins.
A graph G consists of a non empty set V called the set of nodes (points, vertices) of the graph, a set E, which is the set of edges of the graph and a mapping from the set of edges E to a pair of elements of V.
Any two nodes, which are connected by an edge in a graph are called "adjacent nodes".
In a graph G(V,E) an edge which is directed from one node to another is called a "directed edge", while an edge which has no specific direction is called an "undirected edge". A graph in which every edge is directed is called a "directed graph" or a "digraph". A graph in which every edge is undirected is called an "undirected graph".
If some of edges are directed and some are undirected in a graph then the graph is called a "mixed graph".
Any graph which contains some parallel edges is called a "multigraph".
If there is no more than one edge but a pair of nodes then, such a graph is called "simple graph."
A graph in which weights are assigned to every edge is called a "weighted graph".
In a graph, a node which is not adjacent to any other node is called "isolated node".
A graph containing only isolated nodes is called a "null graph". In a directed graph for any node v the number of edges which have v as initial node is called the "outdegree" of the node v. The number of edges to have v as their terminal node is called the "Indegree" of v and Sum of outdegree and indegree of a node v is called its total degree.
This document defines basic terminology related to trees, including definitions of a tree, node, degree, leaf nodes, children, siblings, level, height, and binary trees. It then discusses binary tree traversal methods including preorder, inorder, and postorder traversal. Finally, it covers implementation of binary trees and the different cases and approaches for deleting a node from a binary tree.
Linked List Static and Dynamic Memory AllocationProf Ansari
Static variables are declared and named while writing the program. (Space for them exists as long as the program, in which they are declared, is running.) Static variables cannot be created or destroyed during execution of the program in which they are declared.
Dynamic variables are created (and may be destroyed) during program execution since dynamic variables do not exist while the program is compiled, but only when it is run, they cannot be assigned names while it is being written. The only way to access dynamic variables is by using pointers. Once it is created, however, a dynamic variable does contain data and must have a type like any other variable. If a dynamic variable is created in a function, then it can continue to exist even after the function terminates.
Linked Linear List
We saw in previous chapters how static representation of linear ordered list through Array leads to wastage of memory and in some cases overflows. Now we don't want to assign memory to any linear list in advance instead we want to allocate memory to elements as they are inserted in list. This requires Dynamic Allocation of memory and it can be achieved by using malloc() or calloc() function.
But memory assigned to elements will not be contiguous, which is a requirement for linear ordered list, and was provided by array representation. How we could achieve this?
Queue is a Linear list which has two ends, one for insertion of elements and other for deletion of elements. The first end is called 'Rear' and the later is called 'Front'. Elements are inserted from Rear End and Deleted from Front End. Queues are called First In First Out (FIFO) List, since the first element in a queue will be the first element out of the queue. In other words, the order in which the elements enter a queue is the order in which they leave.
In Batch Processing the jobs are "Queued up" as they are read in and executed, one after another in the order they were received. This ignores the possible existence of priorities.
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Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
[To download this presentation, visit:
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This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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2. ARROGANCE
It is a dark
personality trait
where no one wants
to hear you swank.
1.
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3. UNCARING
It is one of the
characteristics of a
boss who doesn’t care
about employees
problems. He just
want his work on time.
2.
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m
6. HEADSTRONG
When they think
that they are right,
then no matter
what, they stick to
their decision
whether its good
or bad.
5.
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10. BLAME
Bad leaders take
all the credits.
But never take
blame for the
mistake.
9.
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11. FRIGHT
They lead with fright
and always think that
it is an effective way to
handle.
10.
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12. 11
VISIONLESS
Being visionless will take you
nowhere. The best leaders have a
clearvisionandthinklongterm.
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