This document provides an overview of matter cycles in ecosystems. It explains that matter is recycled through cycles like the carbon and water cycles. In the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is used by plants and released by animals, with decomposers recycling carbon back into the environment. The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation and precipitation recycling water. While these cycles have traditionally kept ecosystems sustainable, human carbon emissions from fossil fuels are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and contributing to global warming, disrupting the natural carbon cycle balance.
The document summarizes the history of discoveries about photosynthesis from the 1600s to present. It describes Jan Baptista van Helmont's experiment in 1649 showing that a willow tree's mass gain came from water alone. Later experiments by John Woodward and Joseph Priestley helped establish that plants interact with air. Jan Ingenhousz's experiments in the late 1700s showed that plants produce oxygen through a process involving light. The document then provides details about chloroplasts, photosynthetic pigments, and explains the two-stage light-dependent and light-independent processes of photosynthesis.
1) Dr. José Cruz Arzón discovered a strange new plant species while doing field work in Puerto Rico in the year 2120.
2) The plant had unusual red coloring and thick stem and leaves composed of cartilage instead of hard bone. It also had the ability to move itself.
3) Through laboratory analysis and further observation, Dr. Arzón determined the plant had evolved the ability to move to escape pollution and capture more carbon dioxide through specialized tissues.
4) He named the plant "Sperare mundis," meaning "hope of the world," as a message that nature is adapting to the damage humans have caused, and there is still time to fix the environment.
This document provides an overview and summary of Masanobu Fukuoka's book "The Natural Way of Farming". It discusses Fukuoka's principles of natural farming which avoid tillage, fertilizers, pesticides, and weeding. Fukuoka argues that scientific agriculture has disrupted nature and caused environmental problems. He believes the only way to restore nature is to stop human intervention and let nature heal itself through natural farming techniques like scattering seed-coated clay pellets in deserts. The document outlines Fukuoka's vision for a more sustainable agricultural system and a future where humanity lives in harmony with nature.
- According to Oparin's theory of chemical evolution, the early Earth's atmosphere contained simple gases like methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. As the planet cooled, longer carbon-containing molecules like acetylene and ethylene were formed in the oceans through geochemical processes.
- Through further condensation, polymerization, and oxidation-reduction reactions, more complex organic compounds like amino acids, sugars, and fats emerged. Macromolecules of these compounds aggregated into coacervate microspheres and protocells.
- The emergence of self-replicating nucleic acids allowed for the formation of protocells containing genetic material. Early prokaryotic cells evolved that could carry out photos
Our understanding of photosynthesis has evolved over time. Early thinkers like Aristotle believed plants obtained nourishment from the soil and leaves provided shade. Jan van Helmont's willow tree experiment in 1643 showed that plant growth was due more to water than soil. Joseph Priestley's experiments in 1771 demonstrated that plants produce oxygen. Jan Ingenhousz discovered in 1779 that aquatic plants only produce oxygen in sunlight. Later, Melvin Calvin traced the chemical pathway of carbon in photosynthesis in 1948. Today we understand photosynthesis as the process by which plants use light, water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen through a series of chemical reactions.
This document provides an overview of matter cycles in ecosystems. It explains that matter is recycled through cycles like the carbon and water cycles. In the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is used by plants and released by animals, with decomposers recycling carbon back into the environment. The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation and precipitation recycling water. While these cycles have traditionally kept ecosystems sustainable, human carbon emissions from fossil fuels are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and contributing to global warming, disrupting the natural carbon cycle balance.
The document summarizes the history of discoveries about photosynthesis from the 1600s to present. It describes Jan Baptista van Helmont's experiment in 1649 showing that a willow tree's mass gain came from water alone. Later experiments by John Woodward and Joseph Priestley helped establish that plants interact with air. Jan Ingenhousz's experiments in the late 1700s showed that plants produce oxygen through a process involving light. The document then provides details about chloroplasts, photosynthetic pigments, and explains the two-stage light-dependent and light-independent processes of photosynthesis.
1) Dr. José Cruz Arzón discovered a strange new plant species while doing field work in Puerto Rico in the year 2120.
2) The plant had unusual red coloring and thick stem and leaves composed of cartilage instead of hard bone. It also had the ability to move itself.
3) Through laboratory analysis and further observation, Dr. Arzón determined the plant had evolved the ability to move to escape pollution and capture more carbon dioxide through specialized tissues.
4) He named the plant "Sperare mundis," meaning "hope of the world," as a message that nature is adapting to the damage humans have caused, and there is still time to fix the environment.
This document provides an overview and summary of Masanobu Fukuoka's book "The Natural Way of Farming". It discusses Fukuoka's principles of natural farming which avoid tillage, fertilizers, pesticides, and weeding. Fukuoka argues that scientific agriculture has disrupted nature and caused environmental problems. He believes the only way to restore nature is to stop human intervention and let nature heal itself through natural farming techniques like scattering seed-coated clay pellets in deserts. The document outlines Fukuoka's vision for a more sustainable agricultural system and a future where humanity lives in harmony with nature.
- According to Oparin's theory of chemical evolution, the early Earth's atmosphere contained simple gases like methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. As the planet cooled, longer carbon-containing molecules like acetylene and ethylene were formed in the oceans through geochemical processes.
- Through further condensation, polymerization, and oxidation-reduction reactions, more complex organic compounds like amino acids, sugars, and fats emerged. Macromolecules of these compounds aggregated into coacervate microspheres and protocells.
- The emergence of self-replicating nucleic acids allowed for the formation of protocells containing genetic material. Early prokaryotic cells evolved that could carry out photos
Our understanding of photosynthesis has evolved over time. Early thinkers like Aristotle believed plants obtained nourishment from the soil and leaves provided shade. Jan van Helmont's willow tree experiment in 1643 showed that plant growth was due more to water than soil. Joseph Priestley's experiments in 1771 demonstrated that plants produce oxygen. Jan Ingenhousz discovered in 1779 that aquatic plants only produce oxygen in sunlight. Later, Melvin Calvin traced the chemical pathway of carbon in photosynthesis in 1948. Today we understand photosynthesis as the process by which plants use light, water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen through a series of chemical reactions.
Most of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We ma.docxmoirarandell
M
ost of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We make
our homes in cities and towns, surround ourselves with con-
crete and steel, and drown out the songs of birds with noise.
The closest many of us get to nature is a romp with the family dog
on the grass in the backyard. A lucky few come in much closer con-
tact with the great outdoors through hiking, camping, canoeing, and
kayaking. For many of these people, though, nature is still viewed
as something apart from humans—a thing to protect to preserve a few
pristine places for people to enjoy.
Humans and Nature: The Vital Connections
Hard as it may be for many people to accept, human beings are part of the fabric of
life. We are a part of nature. We are dependent on the Earth and natural systems in
thousands of ways and are an integral part of the cycles of nature. Consider our de-
4.1
Principles of Ecology:
How Ecosystems Work
Humans and Nature:
The Vital Connections
Ecology: The Study of
Natural Systems
The Structure of Natural
Systems
Ecosystem Function
Spotlight on Sustainable
Development 4-1:
Sustainable Sewage
Treatment: Mimicking
Nature
Spotlight on Sustainable
Development 4-2:
Colleges and Universities
Go Green
Point/Counterpoint:
Controversy over
Extinction
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER 4
Never does nature say one thing, and wisdom another.
—Juvenal
50
CRITICAL THINKING
Exercise
The information gained from various fields of
science such as ecology is often loosely trans-
lated in the public arena. Terms are some-
times misinterpreted. Facts are taken out of
context. New findings are given more cre-
dence than they deserve, and old, disproved
ideas remain in the popular thinking for a
long time. As you read this chapter, make a
list of terms, ideas, concepts, and facts you
encounter that contradict what you thought
was true.
pendence first by taking a look around the room in which you
are sitting. Everything in that room comes from the Earth or
a natural system. The clothes you wear, your morning tea or
coffee, and even the cornflakes you ate for breakfast are
products of the Earth—the soil, water, air, and plants.
Like all other species, humans depend on the soil, air,
water, sun, and a host of living organisms to survive. Each
year, in fact, human beings (and other animals) consume
enormous quantities of oxygen, which is used in the cells of
our bodies to break down food molecules to generate en-
ergy. Oxygen is produced by plants and algae. Without these
organisms, humans and other animals could not survive.
Trees, grasses, and other plants also provide a host of addi-
tional free services. For example, plants protect the water-
sheds near our homes, preventing flooding and erosion.
Swamps purify the water in streams and lakes—water many
of us drink. Birds help to control insect populations.
Clearly, nature serves us well. Although many of us have
isolated ourselves from nature, we still depend on nature in
many ways. We have not emancipated ...
Please help! Both answers must be in long paragraph form1. Explain.pdfarchanadesignfashion
Please help! Both answers must be in long paragraph form
1. Explain in detail Where did the chloroplast organelle come from, what is it\'s \"origin story\",
what evidence supports this idea originally developed by Lynn Margulis?
2. Explain in detail What is the importance of chloroplasts to living things other than plants?
What are products they make, and how did one of the waste products generated change the
history of the planet earth?
Solution
Ans 1: Chloroplast Origin: The credit for discovery of this organelle goes to Julius Von Sachs. In
Year 1837, German botanist Hugo von Mohl provided the first definitive description of the
chloroplast, which is descrite bodies within the green plant cell. Later, The name was changed to
plastid by A.F. W Schimper in 1883. By the end of 19th century chloroplast name was accepted
in scientfic community worldwide to the cell- organelle which is green color found in plant
tisuue. One major discovery was also found by schimper that chloroplast are capable of division.
He suggest that origin of green pant was possibly by symbiotic relationship between chlorophyll
containing and colorless organism. Another important observation was made by A. meyer in
1883 that chloroplast contain grana. Chloroplast are only found in green plant,algae etc. Green
Color present in plant is only due to chloroplast.
Lynn Margulis was a evolutionist, she suggest that photosynthesis process which occur in plant
due to symbiosis relationship between plant cell and bacteria,which reside permanently there, by
which chloroplast capture sunlight energy undergoes biochemical reaction including
combination of water and carbon di oxide to make organic matter. Margulis symbisis thought of
evolution of eukaryotic cell was published in \" The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells.\"
Ans 2 : Importance of chloroplast is in the process of photosynthesis take place in algae, which is
also eukayotes. Many are unicellular, but sometimes they can live in large colonies that may
even look like plants.
Cynobacteria are prokaryotes contain double outer membrane and thylakoid membrane system
for the process of photosyntheis. Cyanobacteria also use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide in
the same way as plants and algae. Both of the above organism perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
similar way green sulphur, green non sulphur and heliobacteria use choloroplast for the process
of photosynthesis.
Two and a half billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria harnessed
sunlight to split water molecules, producing energy to power their cells and releasing oxygen
into an atmosphere that had previously had none. These early environmental engineers are
responsible for the life we see around us today. Oxygen which is one of the waste product
generated during photosynthesis change the history of the planet earth and all the higher level
living organism are able to live their life easily..
This document contains an article and exercises about ecosystems. It discusses different components of ecosystems like producers, consumers, food chains, and relationships between species. It also includes diagrams of a food web and examples of different ecosystem relationships. The exercises test understanding of key ecosystem concepts and require labeling parts of diagrams and food chains.
All living things share several key characteristics: they are made of cells, use energy, respond to their environments, grow and develop, and reproduce. Francesco Redi conducted controlled experiments in the 1600s which disproved the idea of spontaneous generation and showed that living things only come from other living things, not non-living sources. All living things need certain basic requirements to survive including energy, water, living space, and stable internal conditions.
This document discusses regenerating soil for wicking beds. The most important feature of wicking beds is creating a mini ecology with complex soil biology that releases nutrients to make plants nutrient-rich. Even poor soil can be regenerated by farming the soil biology, such as mycorrhizal fungi and worms, to encourage beneficial organisms while discouraging detrimental ones. Maintaining consistent moisture is key to promoting fungi over bacteria and improving soil structure. The document provides tips for selecting soil regenerating plants, called "soil trees," and developing "bio-packs" containing beneficial biology to inoculate soils.
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical levels and respond to their environment. It examines plant metabolism, growth, transport, water relations, and responses to stresses and environmental factors. Plant physiology relies on biology, chemistry, and physics and serves as the foundation for advances in agriculture, forestry, pharmacology, and other fields. Understanding plant physiology allows for improvements like increasing photosynthetic efficiency, producing disease-resistant crops through tissue culture, and optimizing plant nutrition and growth through techniques like pruning, irrigation, and growth regulators.
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical levels and how they respond to environmental factors. It combines knowledge of plant structure, energy sources, water and nutrient uptake, responses to light, temperature, and stresses. It relies on plant biology, anatomy, ecology, cell biology, chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Understanding plant physiology has led to advances in agriculture, forestry, pharmacology, and more through improving photosynthesis, tissue culture techniques, irrigation, weed control, nutrition, and use of growth regulators.
The document discusses several theories for the origin of life, including the primordial soup hypothesis proposed by Alexander Oparin, the iron-sulfur world hypothesis proposed by Gunter Wachtershäuser, and the hypothesis that life began around hydrothermal vents. It notes that while the primordial soup hypothesis involves chemicals combining in an ocean or pond, the iron-sulfur world and hydrothermal vent hypotheses propose that life began in environments near hydrothermal vents, where chemical reactions could have been driven by thermal energy.
An ecosystem is made up of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Examples of ecosystems include tropical rainforests with food chains like banana trees, insects, frogs, and jaguars, as well as deserts with food chains like mule deer, sagebrush, and mountain lions. Ecosystems have biotic factors like plants, animals, and microbes, as well as abiotic factors from the nonliving environment like sunlight, soil, water, and temperature that influence the living things. Changes to abiotic and biotic factors, such as from weather, natural disasters, or human activities, can significantly impact ecosystems.
C:\fakepath\16.2 #2 taking care of the planetdeniserenfro
The document discusses several environmental issues facing the planet:
1) Resources are limited but nature recycles some resources; humans are depleting resources and polluting the environment.
2) All living things depend on their environment, and pollution harms organisms and ecosystems.
3) Common environmental problems include pollution of water, air, and land as well as resource depletion and global warming caused by human activities like fossil fuel use.
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth:
1) The Primordial Soup Hypothesis proposes that early life arose from organic molecules formed in a "primordial soup" of chemicals in Earth's oceans, energized by lightning or other sources. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane developed this in 1920, and the Miller-Urey experiment provided support.
2) The Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis proposes that life originated at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where chemical reactions could have given rise to early biomolecules.
3) Other hypotheses discussed include the RNA World Hypothesis, Community Clay Hypothesis,
The document discusses the origins and evolution of life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to present day. It describes early scientific theories on how life began, including spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Miller and Urey's experiment provided evidence that simple organic molecules could form from chemical reactions, and these molecules became the building blocks of cells. Fossil and geological evidence show that early life was prokaryotic and anaerobic, and evolved over billions of years from simple to more complex multicellular forms through natural selection and genetic changes within populations. The fossil record and comparative anatomy provide multiple lines of evidence that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor.
Halobacteria are among the most ancient organisms and may have been the starting point for the evolution of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, seaweeds and certain bacteria through structures like chloroplasts and chromatophores. It converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, providing a basic energy source for life.
The student tested how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis. Spinach and an Arizona plant were placed under different light sources, and the time taken for the plants to float was measured, indicating oxygen production through photosynthesis. It was hypothesized that spinach under a photosynthesis light would float faster. The results showed that increased light intensity increased the rate of photosynthesis, as seen by more bubbles produced by pondweed per minute under brighter lamp light.
3 templates are due based on the focus review. Attached are the temp.docxjesusamckone
3 templates are due based on the focus review. Attached are the templates .
the following need to be completed:
1-system disorder -cardiovascular disorder.
2-basic concept-legal responsibilities -obtaining informed consent for an adolescent.
3-system disorder-skin infection tinea pedis.
.
3-4 page essayInequality of income is greater in the United Sta.docxjesusamckone
3-4 page essay:
Inequality of income is greater in the United States than in other capitalistic countries. Taking this fact into consideration, what moral obligation, if any, do we have individually and as a society to narrow the gap? What role should the business community play? Defend your answer with ethical argumentation.
.
3 Vision Visioning is relatively easy. Casting a shared and clea.docxjesusamckone
3 Vision V
isioning is relatively easy. Casting a shared and clear vision, then holding one another accountable for its pursuit is what’s tough.
A vision is an expression of what a person or an organization cares about.
The insight to see new paths, the courage to try them, and judgment to measure results—these are the qualities of a leader. —MARY PARKER FOLLETT
WHY POLICE MANAGERS GET INTO TROUBLE!
The future isn’t what it used to be. —Yogi Berra Obviously police managers can get into trouble for a lot of reasons. The seven reasons I most often see follow. First, they choose to forfeit their integrity for the slick, fast, questionable shortcuts to success. Second, their vision isn’t shared by others. Third, the vision lacks clarity. Four, the vision may be great, but it is sorely void of a strategy for making it happen. Five, worse yet, it may contain a viable strategy, but there’s no built-in accountability. Six, some managers fail to recognize and deal with the existing culture.
We’ll tackle these issues in the following four sections:
• Vision
• Strategy
• Culture
• Prospection
VISION
If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them. —Henry David Thoreau
A vision is stable; it doesn’t change often or much. After all, what we truly value does not flip-flop daily. Values are enduring and therefore visions are, too. A vision is a compass for maintaining a steady point toward a destination that we really care about. Strategy serves as a rudder for altering direction, speed, and tactics to successfully navigate the incoming tempest to change. Visions are constant while strategies vary.
The twentieth century began by changing the old constancies, while the twenty-first century began with change as the only constant.
The remainder of this section covers (1) the ingredients or “recipe” for a vision, (2) building a shared vision or not, and (3) accountability. (The foundational need for a clear vision is a part of strategy.)
Recipe
Here are the key characteristics of vision:
Purpose/Mission. Whether you call it a mission or a purpose, a vision statement must articulate the fundamental reason for the organization’s existence. It explains exactly why you exist and why you’re important.
Future. It paints an inspiring future that is not out of sight, but slightly out of reach. It is not an idle dream, but rather a compelling picture of the way it ought to look.
Values. A vision statement is loaded with values. It tells the reader precisely what the organization stands for and is prepared to be measured on.
Principled Decision Making. A shared vision should be judged on its ability to encourage principled decisions. Here’s the question: “Does my vision statement help me to know the wrong path while pointing to the right one?” When you study your shared vision, are you comfortable that it propels you toward moral high ground?
Change Agent. A shared vi.
3 Power points on nutrition while home schooling1 for elementary.docxjesusamckone
3 Power points on nutrition while home schooling
1 for elementary kids
1 for middle school kids
1 for parents
Must be 10 slide minimum
Must have pictures appropriate for school aged kids
Bullet points
Must include (only) one youtube video
.
3 paragraph minimum, in text references, and scholarly references. .docxjesusamckone
3 paragraph minimum, in text references, and scholarly references.
Post an explanation of the differences between the public and private health insurances as well as the difference in access to care based on one’s insurance.
Explain the differences between Medicare and Medicaid in terms of eligibility, cost, benefits, services provided, and limitations in services.
Finally, describe special programs that your state’s Medicaid program offers to increase access to care for vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women, children, single mothers, or immigrants.
.
2HOW THANKSGIVING AND SUPER BOWL TRAFFIC CONTRIBUTE TO FLIGH.docxjesusamckone
2
HOW THANKSGIVING AND SUPER BOWL TRAFFIC CONTRIBUTE TO FLIGHT DELAYS Comment by Jeremy Hodges: You should have a meaningful title that describes what your study is about. Start with a word like “examine” or “explore” to identify the type of study you conducted.
by
XXXXX
A Graduate Capstone Project Submitted to the College of Aeronautics,
Department of Graduate Studies, in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Aeronautics
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Worldwide Campus
May 2018
HOW THANKSGIVING AND SUPER BOWL TRAFFIC CONTRIBUTE TO FLIGHT DELAYS
by
XXXXX
This Graduate Capstone Project was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s Graduate Capstone Project Chair, XXXXX, Comment by Jeremy Hodges: Dr. Jeremy Hodges
Worldwide Campus, and has been approved. It was submitted to the
Department of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Aeronautics
Graduate Capstone Project:
___________________________________________
XXXXXXXX. Comment by Jeremy Hodges: Jeremy Hodges, PhD
Graduate Capstone Project Chair
________________
xxii
Date
xxii
ii
xxii
xxii
ixAcknowledgements Comment by Jeremy Hodges: Add any acknowledgments here. You may use first person in this section, but avoid it everywhere else.
I'd like to thank my legs, for always supporting me; my arms, who are always by my side; and lastly my fingers, I can always count on them.
Abstract
Scholar: XXXXX
Title: How Thanksgiving and Super Bowl Traffic Contribute to Flight Delays
Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Degree: Master of Science in Aeronautics
Year: 2017
This study explores the effects of non-scheduled flights on scheduled flight delays during Thanksgiving and Super Bowl across 5 years. Flight delay data were collected from the Bureau of Transport Statistics and the Federal Aviation Administration. Super Bowl and Thanksgiving were chosen as the special events of interest for this study as they provided complementary datasets. Super Bowl showed an increase in non-scheduled flights whereas Thanksgiving showed greater scheduled flight operations. The results of this study concluded that scheduled flights showed greater delays during Super Bowl when compared to Thanksgiving. A significant interaction was also found to exist between scheduled and non-scheduled flights operating during the two special events. Both scheduled flight delays and non-scheduled flight delays increased during Super Bowl. However, during Thanksgiving this relationship did not exist – scheduled flights had much fewer delays than non-scheduled flights. Due to the increase in the number of non-scheduled flight operations during Super Bowl, delays increased thereby increasing operating costs for flights. The outcomes of this study shed light on another aspect of airspace efficiency that could be researched to reduce costs and improv.
3 page essay In-text scholar references in APA formatI.docxjesusamckone
**3 page essay In-text scholar references in APA format**
Introduction
Briefly explain Corrigan’s model of the stages of stigma and his recommendations and hierarchy about recovery.
Explain whether Delle’s experience follows that model. Use specific examples to argue your perspective. If you agree, identify which stage of recovery Delle is in.
Analyze Delle’s reports about his own experiences with both types of stigma. Provide specific examples, and in your analysis consider the following questions:
Does one type of stigma predominate in his talk?
Which of Delle’s personal values or beliefs were challenged by his internalizations about his own illness and help-seeking?
What strengths does he exhibit?
What was the primary benefit of his diagnosis?
Do you think his experience would be different if his culture was different? Explain why or why not?
Conclusion
.
Most of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We ma.docxmoirarandell
M
ost of us live our lives seemingly apart from nature. We make
our homes in cities and towns, surround ourselves with con-
crete and steel, and drown out the songs of birds with noise.
The closest many of us get to nature is a romp with the family dog
on the grass in the backyard. A lucky few come in much closer con-
tact with the great outdoors through hiking, camping, canoeing, and
kayaking. For many of these people, though, nature is still viewed
as something apart from humans—a thing to protect to preserve a few
pristine places for people to enjoy.
Humans and Nature: The Vital Connections
Hard as it may be for many people to accept, human beings are part of the fabric of
life. We are a part of nature. We are dependent on the Earth and natural systems in
thousands of ways and are an integral part of the cycles of nature. Consider our de-
4.1
Principles of Ecology:
How Ecosystems Work
Humans and Nature:
The Vital Connections
Ecology: The Study of
Natural Systems
The Structure of Natural
Systems
Ecosystem Function
Spotlight on Sustainable
Development 4-1:
Sustainable Sewage
Treatment: Mimicking
Nature
Spotlight on Sustainable
Development 4-2:
Colleges and Universities
Go Green
Point/Counterpoint:
Controversy over
Extinction
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER 4
Never does nature say one thing, and wisdom another.
—Juvenal
50
CRITICAL THINKING
Exercise
The information gained from various fields of
science such as ecology is often loosely trans-
lated in the public arena. Terms are some-
times misinterpreted. Facts are taken out of
context. New findings are given more cre-
dence than they deserve, and old, disproved
ideas remain in the popular thinking for a
long time. As you read this chapter, make a
list of terms, ideas, concepts, and facts you
encounter that contradict what you thought
was true.
pendence first by taking a look around the room in which you
are sitting. Everything in that room comes from the Earth or
a natural system. The clothes you wear, your morning tea or
coffee, and even the cornflakes you ate for breakfast are
products of the Earth—the soil, water, air, and plants.
Like all other species, humans depend on the soil, air,
water, sun, and a host of living organisms to survive. Each
year, in fact, human beings (and other animals) consume
enormous quantities of oxygen, which is used in the cells of
our bodies to break down food molecules to generate en-
ergy. Oxygen is produced by plants and algae. Without these
organisms, humans and other animals could not survive.
Trees, grasses, and other plants also provide a host of addi-
tional free services. For example, plants protect the water-
sheds near our homes, preventing flooding and erosion.
Swamps purify the water in streams and lakes—water many
of us drink. Birds help to control insect populations.
Clearly, nature serves us well. Although many of us have
isolated ourselves from nature, we still depend on nature in
many ways. We have not emancipated ...
Please help! Both answers must be in long paragraph form1. Explain.pdfarchanadesignfashion
Please help! Both answers must be in long paragraph form
1. Explain in detail Where did the chloroplast organelle come from, what is it\'s \"origin story\",
what evidence supports this idea originally developed by Lynn Margulis?
2. Explain in detail What is the importance of chloroplasts to living things other than plants?
What are products they make, and how did one of the waste products generated change the
history of the planet earth?
Solution
Ans 1: Chloroplast Origin: The credit for discovery of this organelle goes to Julius Von Sachs. In
Year 1837, German botanist Hugo von Mohl provided the first definitive description of the
chloroplast, which is descrite bodies within the green plant cell. Later, The name was changed to
plastid by A.F. W Schimper in 1883. By the end of 19th century chloroplast name was accepted
in scientfic community worldwide to the cell- organelle which is green color found in plant
tisuue. One major discovery was also found by schimper that chloroplast are capable of division.
He suggest that origin of green pant was possibly by symbiotic relationship between chlorophyll
containing and colorless organism. Another important observation was made by A. meyer in
1883 that chloroplast contain grana. Chloroplast are only found in green plant,algae etc. Green
Color present in plant is only due to chloroplast.
Lynn Margulis was a evolutionist, she suggest that photosynthesis process which occur in plant
due to symbiosis relationship between plant cell and bacteria,which reside permanently there, by
which chloroplast capture sunlight energy undergoes biochemical reaction including
combination of water and carbon di oxide to make organic matter. Margulis symbisis thought of
evolution of eukaryotic cell was published in \" The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells.\"
Ans 2 : Importance of chloroplast is in the process of photosynthesis take place in algae, which is
also eukayotes. Many are unicellular, but sometimes they can live in large colonies that may
even look like plants.
Cynobacteria are prokaryotes contain double outer membrane and thylakoid membrane system
for the process of photosyntheis. Cyanobacteria also use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide in
the same way as plants and algae. Both of the above organism perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
similar way green sulphur, green non sulphur and heliobacteria use choloroplast for the process
of photosynthesis.
Two and a half billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria harnessed
sunlight to split water molecules, producing energy to power their cells and releasing oxygen
into an atmosphere that had previously had none. These early environmental engineers are
responsible for the life we see around us today. Oxygen which is one of the waste product
generated during photosynthesis change the history of the planet earth and all the higher level
living organism are able to live their life easily..
This document contains an article and exercises about ecosystems. It discusses different components of ecosystems like producers, consumers, food chains, and relationships between species. It also includes diagrams of a food web and examples of different ecosystem relationships. The exercises test understanding of key ecosystem concepts and require labeling parts of diagrams and food chains.
All living things share several key characteristics: they are made of cells, use energy, respond to their environments, grow and develop, and reproduce. Francesco Redi conducted controlled experiments in the 1600s which disproved the idea of spontaneous generation and showed that living things only come from other living things, not non-living sources. All living things need certain basic requirements to survive including energy, water, living space, and stable internal conditions.
This document discusses regenerating soil for wicking beds. The most important feature of wicking beds is creating a mini ecology with complex soil biology that releases nutrients to make plants nutrient-rich. Even poor soil can be regenerated by farming the soil biology, such as mycorrhizal fungi and worms, to encourage beneficial organisms while discouraging detrimental ones. Maintaining consistent moisture is key to promoting fungi over bacteria and improving soil structure. The document provides tips for selecting soil regenerating plants, called "soil trees," and developing "bio-packs" containing beneficial biology to inoculate soils.
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical levels and respond to their environment. It examines plant metabolism, growth, transport, water relations, and responses to stresses and environmental factors. Plant physiology relies on biology, chemistry, and physics and serves as the foundation for advances in agriculture, forestry, pharmacology, and other fields. Understanding plant physiology allows for improvements like increasing photosynthetic efficiency, producing disease-resistant crops through tissue culture, and optimizing plant nutrition and growth through techniques like pruning, irrigation, and growth regulators.
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical levels and how they respond to environmental factors. It combines knowledge of plant structure, energy sources, water and nutrient uptake, responses to light, temperature, and stresses. It relies on plant biology, anatomy, ecology, cell biology, chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Understanding plant physiology has led to advances in agriculture, forestry, pharmacology, and more through improving photosynthesis, tissue culture techniques, irrigation, weed control, nutrition, and use of growth regulators.
The document discusses several theories for the origin of life, including the primordial soup hypothesis proposed by Alexander Oparin, the iron-sulfur world hypothesis proposed by Gunter Wachtershäuser, and the hypothesis that life began around hydrothermal vents. It notes that while the primordial soup hypothesis involves chemicals combining in an ocean or pond, the iron-sulfur world and hydrothermal vent hypotheses propose that life began in environments near hydrothermal vents, where chemical reactions could have been driven by thermal energy.
An ecosystem is made up of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Examples of ecosystems include tropical rainforests with food chains like banana trees, insects, frogs, and jaguars, as well as deserts with food chains like mule deer, sagebrush, and mountain lions. Ecosystems have biotic factors like plants, animals, and microbes, as well as abiotic factors from the nonliving environment like sunlight, soil, water, and temperature that influence the living things. Changes to abiotic and biotic factors, such as from weather, natural disasters, or human activities, can significantly impact ecosystems.
C:\fakepath\16.2 #2 taking care of the planetdeniserenfro
The document discusses several environmental issues facing the planet:
1) Resources are limited but nature recycles some resources; humans are depleting resources and polluting the environment.
2) All living things depend on their environment, and pollution harms organisms and ecosystems.
3) Common environmental problems include pollution of water, air, and land as well as resource depletion and global warming caused by human activities like fossil fuel use.
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth:
1) The Primordial Soup Hypothesis proposes that early life arose from organic molecules formed in a "primordial soup" of chemicals in Earth's oceans, energized by lightning or other sources. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane developed this in 1920, and the Miller-Urey experiment provided support.
2) The Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis proposes that life originated at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where chemical reactions could have given rise to early biomolecules.
3) Other hypotheses discussed include the RNA World Hypothesis, Community Clay Hypothesis,
The document discusses the origins and evolution of life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to present day. It describes early scientific theories on how life began, including spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Miller and Urey's experiment provided evidence that simple organic molecules could form from chemical reactions, and these molecules became the building blocks of cells. Fossil and geological evidence show that early life was prokaryotic and anaerobic, and evolved over billions of years from simple to more complex multicellular forms through natural selection and genetic changes within populations. The fossil record and comparative anatomy provide multiple lines of evidence that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor.
Halobacteria are among the most ancient organisms and may have been the starting point for the evolution of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, seaweeds and certain bacteria through structures like chloroplasts and chromatophores. It converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, providing a basic energy source for life.
The student tested how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis. Spinach and an Arizona plant were placed under different light sources, and the time taken for the plants to float was measured, indicating oxygen production through photosynthesis. It was hypothesized that spinach under a photosynthesis light would float faster. The results showed that increased light intensity increased the rate of photosynthesis, as seen by more bubbles produced by pondweed per minute under brighter lamp light.
3 templates are due based on the focus review. Attached are the temp.docxjesusamckone
3 templates are due based on the focus review. Attached are the templates .
the following need to be completed:
1-system disorder -cardiovascular disorder.
2-basic concept-legal responsibilities -obtaining informed consent for an adolescent.
3-system disorder-skin infection tinea pedis.
.
3-4 page essayInequality of income is greater in the United Sta.docxjesusamckone
3-4 page essay:
Inequality of income is greater in the United States than in other capitalistic countries. Taking this fact into consideration, what moral obligation, if any, do we have individually and as a society to narrow the gap? What role should the business community play? Defend your answer with ethical argumentation.
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3 Vision Visioning is relatively easy. Casting a shared and clea.docxjesusamckone
3 Vision V
isioning is relatively easy. Casting a shared and clear vision, then holding one another accountable for its pursuit is what’s tough.
A vision is an expression of what a person or an organization cares about.
The insight to see new paths, the courage to try them, and judgment to measure results—these are the qualities of a leader. —MARY PARKER FOLLETT
WHY POLICE MANAGERS GET INTO TROUBLE!
The future isn’t what it used to be. —Yogi Berra Obviously police managers can get into trouble for a lot of reasons. The seven reasons I most often see follow. First, they choose to forfeit their integrity for the slick, fast, questionable shortcuts to success. Second, their vision isn’t shared by others. Third, the vision lacks clarity. Four, the vision may be great, but it is sorely void of a strategy for making it happen. Five, worse yet, it may contain a viable strategy, but there’s no built-in accountability. Six, some managers fail to recognize and deal with the existing culture.
We’ll tackle these issues in the following four sections:
• Vision
• Strategy
• Culture
• Prospection
VISION
If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them. —Henry David Thoreau
A vision is stable; it doesn’t change often or much. After all, what we truly value does not flip-flop daily. Values are enduring and therefore visions are, too. A vision is a compass for maintaining a steady point toward a destination that we really care about. Strategy serves as a rudder for altering direction, speed, and tactics to successfully navigate the incoming tempest to change. Visions are constant while strategies vary.
The twentieth century began by changing the old constancies, while the twenty-first century began with change as the only constant.
The remainder of this section covers (1) the ingredients or “recipe” for a vision, (2) building a shared vision or not, and (3) accountability. (The foundational need for a clear vision is a part of strategy.)
Recipe
Here are the key characteristics of vision:
Purpose/Mission. Whether you call it a mission or a purpose, a vision statement must articulate the fundamental reason for the organization’s existence. It explains exactly why you exist and why you’re important.
Future. It paints an inspiring future that is not out of sight, but slightly out of reach. It is not an idle dream, but rather a compelling picture of the way it ought to look.
Values. A vision statement is loaded with values. It tells the reader precisely what the organization stands for and is prepared to be measured on.
Principled Decision Making. A shared vision should be judged on its ability to encourage principled decisions. Here’s the question: “Does my vision statement help me to know the wrong path while pointing to the right one?” When you study your shared vision, are you comfortable that it propels you toward moral high ground?
Change Agent. A shared vi.
3 Power points on nutrition while home schooling1 for elementary.docxjesusamckone
3 Power points on nutrition while home schooling
1 for elementary kids
1 for middle school kids
1 for parents
Must be 10 slide minimum
Must have pictures appropriate for school aged kids
Bullet points
Must include (only) one youtube video
.
3 paragraph minimum, in text references, and scholarly references. .docxjesusamckone
3 paragraph minimum, in text references, and scholarly references.
Post an explanation of the differences between the public and private health insurances as well as the difference in access to care based on one’s insurance.
Explain the differences between Medicare and Medicaid in terms of eligibility, cost, benefits, services provided, and limitations in services.
Finally, describe special programs that your state’s Medicaid program offers to increase access to care for vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women, children, single mothers, or immigrants.
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2HOW THANKSGIVING AND SUPER BOWL TRAFFIC CONTRIBUTE TO FLIGH.docxjesusamckone
2
HOW THANKSGIVING AND SUPER BOWL TRAFFIC CONTRIBUTE TO FLIGHT DELAYS Comment by Jeremy Hodges: You should have a meaningful title that describes what your study is about. Start with a word like “examine” or “explore” to identify the type of study you conducted.
by
XXXXX
A Graduate Capstone Project Submitted to the College of Aeronautics,
Department of Graduate Studies, in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Aeronautics
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Worldwide Campus
May 2018
HOW THANKSGIVING AND SUPER BOWL TRAFFIC CONTRIBUTE TO FLIGHT DELAYS
by
XXXXX
This Graduate Capstone Project was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s Graduate Capstone Project Chair, XXXXX, Comment by Jeremy Hodges: Dr. Jeremy Hodges
Worldwide Campus, and has been approved. It was submitted to the
Department of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Aeronautics
Graduate Capstone Project:
___________________________________________
XXXXXXXX. Comment by Jeremy Hodges: Jeremy Hodges, PhD
Graduate Capstone Project Chair
________________
xxii
Date
xxii
ii
xxii
xxii
ixAcknowledgements Comment by Jeremy Hodges: Add any acknowledgments here. You may use first person in this section, but avoid it everywhere else.
I'd like to thank my legs, for always supporting me; my arms, who are always by my side; and lastly my fingers, I can always count on them.
Abstract
Scholar: XXXXX
Title: How Thanksgiving and Super Bowl Traffic Contribute to Flight Delays
Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Degree: Master of Science in Aeronautics
Year: 2017
This study explores the effects of non-scheduled flights on scheduled flight delays during Thanksgiving and Super Bowl across 5 years. Flight delay data were collected from the Bureau of Transport Statistics and the Federal Aviation Administration. Super Bowl and Thanksgiving were chosen as the special events of interest for this study as they provided complementary datasets. Super Bowl showed an increase in non-scheduled flights whereas Thanksgiving showed greater scheduled flight operations. The results of this study concluded that scheduled flights showed greater delays during Super Bowl when compared to Thanksgiving. A significant interaction was also found to exist between scheduled and non-scheduled flights operating during the two special events. Both scheduled flight delays and non-scheduled flight delays increased during Super Bowl. However, during Thanksgiving this relationship did not exist – scheduled flights had much fewer delays than non-scheduled flights. Due to the increase in the number of non-scheduled flight operations during Super Bowl, delays increased thereby increasing operating costs for flights. The outcomes of this study shed light on another aspect of airspace efficiency that could be researched to reduce costs and improv.
3 page essay In-text scholar references in APA formatI.docxjesusamckone
**3 page essay In-text scholar references in APA format**
Introduction
Briefly explain Corrigan’s model of the stages of stigma and his recommendations and hierarchy about recovery.
Explain whether Delle’s experience follows that model. Use specific examples to argue your perspective. If you agree, identify which stage of recovery Delle is in.
Analyze Delle’s reports about his own experiences with both types of stigma. Provide specific examples, and in your analysis consider the following questions:
Does one type of stigma predominate in his talk?
Which of Delle’s personal values or beliefs were challenged by his internalizations about his own illness and help-seeking?
What strengths does he exhibit?
What was the primary benefit of his diagnosis?
Do you think his experience would be different if his culture was different? Explain why or why not?
Conclusion
.
3 Law peer reviewed references needed.Answer the Discussion Board bo.docxjesusamckone
3 Law peer reviewed references needed.Answer the Discussion Board board questions in paragraph form.
1. A premature infant was delivered at Woman’s Hospital by the plaintiff. The child died shortly after birth, and the plaintiff was assured by the floor nurse that the hospital would take care of the infant’s burial. When the mother went to the obstetrician for an examination six weeks later, she was given her folder to hold while waiting for the physician. She found in it a note from the pathologist about disposal of the baby’s body. When the plaintiff asked the physician about the disposal of the body, he instructed his nurse to take her to the hospital across the street to see someone who would tell her what had been done with the baby. When the woman and the nurse found the person, the plaintiff was handed a large jar with the baby’s body inside. As a result, the plaintiff suffered nightmares, could not sleep, was depressed when she was around children, had surgery for a pseudopregnancy, and required psychiatric treatment. Should a patient–physician relationship include the contract to dispose of a dead body?
2. The plaintiff’s 18-year-old son died suddenly at home. His body was taken to the hospital, where the cause of death could not be found without an autopsy. The deputy medical examiner ordered a postmortem examination. The plaintiff was a member of the Jewish Orthodox faith and refused the postmortem examination of his son on the basis that religious conviction prohibited any molestation of the body after death. Is freedom of religion curtailed by a law that has a compelling state interest?
.
2To ADD names From ADD name Date ADD date Subject ADD ti.docxjesusamckone
2
To: ADD names From: ADD name Date: ADD date Subject: ADD title
Introduction
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum et nisl ante. Etiam pulvinar fringilla ipsum facilisis efficitur. Maecenas volutpat risus dignissim dui euismod auctor. Nulla facilisi. Mauris euismod tellus malesuada dolor egestas, ac vulputate odio suscipit.
Sed pellentesque sagittis diam, sit amet faucibus diam lobortis quis. Sed mattis turpis ligula, in accumsan ante pellentesque eu. Quisque ut nisl leo. Nullam ipsum odio, eleifend non orcinon, volutpat sollicitudin lacus (Cuddy, 2002). Identify Changes
Donec tincidunt ligula eget sollicitudin vehicula. Proin pharetra tellus id lectus mollis sollicitudin. Etiam auctor ligula a nulla posuere, consequat feugiat ex lobortis. Duis eu cursus arcu, congue luctus turpis. Sed dapibus turpis ac diam viverra consectetur. Aliquam placerat molestie eros vel posuere.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Figure 1. Title (Source: www.source-of-graphic.edu )Product Offerings
Sed facilisis, lacus vel accumsan convallis, massa est ullamcorper mauris, quis feugiat eros ligula eget est. Vivamus nunc turpis, lobortis et magna a, convallis aliquam diam. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Figure 2. Title (Source of data citation)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum et nisl ante. Etiam pulvinar fringilla ipsum facilisis efficitur. Maecenas volutpat risus dignissim dui euismod auctor. Nulla facilisi. Mauris euismod tellus malesuada dolor egestas, ac vulputate odio suscipit. Capabilities
Donec tincidunt ligula eget sollicitudin vehicula. Proin pharetra tellus id lectus mollis sollicitudin. Etiam auctor ligula a nulla posuere, consequat feugiat ex lobortis. Duis eu cursus arcu, congue luctus turpis. Sed dapibus turpis ac diam viverra consectetur.
References
Basu, K. K. (2015). The Leader's Role in Managing Change: Five Cases of Technology-Enabled Business Transformation. Global Business & Organizational Excellence, 34(3), 28-42. doi:10.1002/joe.21602.
Connelly, B., Dalton, T., Murphy, D., Rosales, D., Sudlow, D., & Havelka, D. (2016). Too Much of a Good Thing: User Leadership at TPAC. Information Systems Education Journal, 14(2), 34-42.
Rouse, M. (2018). Changed Block Tracking. Retrieved from Techtarget Network: https://searchvmware.techtarget.com/definition/Changed-Block-Tracking-CBT
Change the Chart Title to Fit Your Needs
Series 1 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 4.3 2.5 3.5 4.5 Series 2 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 2.4 4.4000000000000004 1.8 2.8 Series 3 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 2 2 3 5
Assessing Similarities and Differences in Self-Control
between Police Officers and Offenders
Ryan C. Meldrum1 & Christopher M. Donner2 & Shawna Cleary3 &
Andy Hochstetler4 & Matt DeLisi4
Received: 2 August 2019 /Accepted: 21 October 2019 /
Published online: 2 December 2019
# Southern Criminal.
3 page essay regarding civil liberties, civil rights, and the presid.docxjesusamckone
3 page essay regarding civil liberties, civil rights, and the presidency.
(intro) Must briefly discuss each topic then make a statement about a contemporary political problem related to one of the topics.
(Body) identify, discuss and describe a contemporary problem related to one of the topics.
(conclusion) construct and communicate a solution to the problem.
.
2TITLE OF PAPERDavid B. JonesColumbia Southe.docxjesusamckone
2
TITLE OF PAPER
David B. Jones
Columbia Southern University
BBA: 3201 Principles of Marketing
Nancy Ely Mount
Month/Date/ 2020
Marketing is
Four Elements of Marketing:
Creating
Communicating
Delivering
Exchanging
Holistic Marketing Concept is a people oriented approach utilizing the four principles of :
Relationship
Integrated
Internal
Performance marketing
.
2Running head THE JONES ACTThe Jones Act 2.docxjesusamckone
2
Running head: THE JONES ACT
The Jones Act 2
The Jones Act of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920
Latissa Butler
American Public University
Dr. Wallace Burns
February 23, 2020
The Jones Act of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920
The century-old Merchant Marine law of 1920, also known as "Jones Act" has been part of a contentious topic in the U.S for a long time. Jones Act has seen an excessive strain in the economy with prices of goods in many states hiking due to the restriction of foreign ships into U.S water territorials. There has also been a tremendous impact on the environment and internal revenue. The limits have impacted heavily on people living in the coasts of Hawaii, Alaska the island of Puerto Rico and Guam as a result of the Section 27 act which only allows "cabotage".
Conversely, the federal law has fostered domestic shipbuilding leading to increased employment and a boost to national security. Jones Act also allows the compensation of sailors who might experience accidents in the line of duty. If this were to happen, I am in support of the repealing part of the law that acts as a burden to the American citizen.
Since its enactment to law, the Jones Act, has hit hardest on the economy of U.S. despite the reforms done on Section 28. The restrictions on vessels made and operated by Americans has led to the variability in the shipping rates. The cost of transporting commodities has risen drastically due to the lack of competition from foreign markets, ultimately leading to an increase in prices of goods (Washington Post, 2010). Shipping industries locally, on the other hand, have increased the costs of the services they offer. The move to raise the prices of the available commodities has seen many citizens seeking for alternative means of importing and transporting their produce from the neighboring countries. The lack of a free market that has move to the states, must settle for higher prices than others due to the difference in the shipping cost. According to The International Trade Commission's 1995 Analysis, the cost incurred during the transportation of goods by these means apart from the sea is also high and impact on the economy of the country. The amount of fuel consumption during transporting goods through road is too expensive when evaluated.
The effect of the Jones Act on the environment has also been felt across the state. The smoke and gases released as a result of traffic have led to the rise in temperatures in a different part of America. Carbon emission has, in the past, contributed to high cost incurred when managing. Additionally, the restriction has led to a loss in the amount of foreign revenue in the U.S. Due to this fact, a lot of bilateral agreements have failed as a result of the Jones Act law which has consequently had an effect on the economy of the U.S (Hoxie, Phillip, Smith & Vincent, 2019). In my opinion, based on the impact the law has on the economy of the co.
2958 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, .docxjesusamckone
2958 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY, VOL. 14, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2019
Interdependent Strategic Security Risk Management
With Bounded Rationality in the Internet of Things
Juntao Chen , Student Member, IEEE, and Quanyan Zhu, Member, IEEE
Abstract— With the increasing connectivity enabled by the
Internet of Things (IoT), security becomes a critical concern,
and users should invest to secure their IoT applications. Due to
the massive devices in the IoT network, users cannot be aware
of the security policies taken by all its connected neighbors.
Instead, a user makes security decisions based on the cyber
risks that he perceives by observing a selected number of
nodes. To this end, we propose a model which incorporates
the limited attention or bounded rationality nature of players
in the IoT. Specifically, each individual builds a sparse cognitive
network of nodes to respond to. Based on this simplified cognitive
network representation, each user then determines his security
management policy by minimizing his own real-world security
cost. The bounded rational decision-makings of players and their
cognitive network formations are interdependent and thus should
be addressed in a holistic manner. We establish a games-in-
games framework and propose a Gestalt Nash equilibrium (GNE)
solution concept to characterize the decisions of agents and
quantify their risk of bounded perception due to the limited
attention. In addition, we design a proximal-based iterative
algorithm to compute the GNE. With case studies of smart
communities, the designed algorithm can successfully identify
the critical users whose decisions need to be taken into account
by the other users during the security management.
Index Terms— Risk management, bounded rationality, cogni-
tive networks, Internet of Things, smart community.
I. INTRODUCTION
RECENT years have witnessed a significant growthof urban population. As the growth continues, cities
need to become more efficient to serve the surging pop-
ulation. To achieve this objective, cities need to become
smarter with the integration of information and communication
techniques (ICTs) and urban infrastructures. Driven by the
advances in sensing, computing, storage and cloud technolo-
gies, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays a central role in
supporting the development of smart city. Though IoT enables
a highly connected world, the security of IoT becomes a
critical concern. There are 5.5 million new things connected
Manuscript received May 21, 2018; revised March 4, 2019; accepted
April 9, 2019. Date of publication April 15, 2019; date of current ver-
sion July 2, 2019. This work was supported in part by the National Sci-
ence Foundation under Award SES-1541164 and Award ECCS-1847056,
in part by the Army Research Office (ARO) under Grant W911NF1910041,
and in part by a grant through the Critical Infrastructure Resilience
Institute (CIRI). The associate editor coordinating the review of this
manuscript.
2
BUS 503 JOURNAL
BUS 503 SAMPLE Journal
Student NAME
Professor Name
1
Running head: BUS 503 JOURNAL
Due Date: May 12, 2019
Course Quotes
“What does it mean for our writing productivity and writing quality? Simply put, it means this: if we commit to practice our academic writing, and obtain continual feedback, our writing and productivity levels will improve” (Goodson, 2017, p. 9).
Example of a Comment:
I have found that writing requires practice. Technology such as texting and social media has hindered my academic writing, so I must be deliberate in practicing academic writing.
“Every dimension of their future success as academics (grades, promotions, presentations, to professional groups, funding for research projects) will depend on how well and how much they write” (Goodson, 2017, p. 22).
Example of an Aha Moment:
This quote reminded of an inspirational leader who is able to eloquently present information based on research and facts. Research indicates that academic writing is part of our personal and professional daily life, yet, we do not align with the concept.
“Even if you don’t see yourself as a writer, yet, practicing new habits and strategies will help you develop this new perspective…” (Goodson, 2017, p. 23).
Example of a questions:
What steps do I need take to develop new habits and strategies? Goodson (2017) outlines steps that I will need to learn and embrace to embark on my academic writing development.
References:
In this area add ALL references you are using for your journal – for example you could immediately add our two course texts. The advantage of having this added is when you compose your paper/project – you will already have your reference page completed per APA formatting:
Goodson, P. (2017). Becoming an academic writer: 50 exercises for paced, productive, and powerful writing. Sage Publications.
REFLECTIVE JOURNAL
1
REFLECTIVE JOURNAL
Reflective Journal
Edina Purser
University of Mary Business Research and Writing
Karmen P. Sorenson
01 Jun 2020
Reflective Journal
Exercise 7
"I have, therefore, learned to keep writing diaries as a mechanism and a place for documenting my progress" (Goodson, 2013, p.36). Goodson's advice of constant writing of diaries reminds me of Project Diaries' (2011, p.1) quote that "Keeping project records, including the preparation, assembly, and preservation of such records is considered one of the most important duties and responsibilities that the Engineer delegates to the Inspector." Thus, I am aware that diaries are evaluation tools for recording data over a particular period. Diaries depend on adequate documentation of a continuing process. Therefore, I ensure that I complete with my entries when I am close to a specific event since logs are not suitable for evaluation after the implementation of any event.
However, I still have the option of using journals to reconstruct events. I ensure that I writ.
26.5Albert Beveridge, Defense of Imperialism”Albert Beveridge (.docxjesusamckone
26.5Albert Beveridge, “Defense of Imperialism”
Albert Beveridge (1862-1927) was a Republican Senator from Indiana, historian, and imperialist. A supporter of President Theodore Roosevelt (in office from 1901-1909), Beveridge supported American expansion in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico after the American victory in the Spanish-American War (1898). In “Defense of Imperialism,” Beveridge portrays Americans as a people favored by God who are destined to rule over additional lands and achieve commercial supremacy. He did not believe that the people of the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico were mature or capable of self-government, which justified American rule. In addition, Beveridge acknowledges the importance of imperial adventures to justifying national greatness in the early twentieth-century. Beveridge’s ideas represent, in sum, two primary justifications for the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth-centuries. On the one hand, imperialists argued that foreign control was necessary for peoples not yet ready to govern themselves. On the other hand, they recognized that imperialism served the interests of the metropole insofar as it justified “Great Power” status among the community of nations.
It is a noble land that God has given us; a land that can feed and clothe the world; a land whose coastlines would enclose half the countries of Europe; a land set like a sentinel between the two imperial oceans of the globe, a greater England with a nobler destiny.
It is a mighty people that He has planted on this soil; a people sprung from the most masterful blood of history, a people perpetually revitalized by the virile, man-producing working-folk of all the earth; a people imperial by virtue of their power, by right of their institutions, by authority of their Heaven-directed purposes— the propagandists and not the misers of liberty.
It is a glorious history our God has bestowed upon His chosen people; a history heroic with faith in our mission and our future; a history of statesmen who flung the boundaries of the Republic out into unexplored lands and savage wilderness; a history of soldiers who carried the flag across blazing deserts and through the ranks of hostile mountains, even to the gates of sunset; a history of a multiplying people who overran a continent in half a century; a history of prophets who saw the consequences of evils inherited from the past and of martyrs who died to save us from them; a history divinely logical, in the process of whose tremendous reasoning we find ourselves today.
Therefore, in this campaign, the question is larger than a party question. It is an American question. It is a world question. Shall the American people continue their march toward the commercial supremacy of the world? Shall free institutions broaden their blessed reign as the children of liberty wax in strength, until the empire of our principles is established over the hearts of all mankind?
Have we no mission to per.
2Evaluating StocksEvaluating StocksLearning Team BFIN402.docxjesusamckone
2
Evaluating Stocks
Evaluating Stocks
Learning Team B
FIN/402
03/16/2020
Troy Mahone
The stocks in this portfolio are the following: PepsiCo, Apple, Microsoft, Aritzia, and Amazon. An assessment was conducted to establish if the stocks should remain in the portfolio.
Stock Reviews and Discussion
If I review the investment in PepsiCo., the business has reflected a slight decrease in the stock price, as being traded daily on the floor, the reason which we can assume is the over all market turbulence, being caused by the Oil market, and it is directly impacting US economy, and hence reflecting the same on the stocks trade in the market.
Apple Inc., stock has also reflected a bit decline as directly related to activities being performed in the market, more over the share is constantly moving the range of $30 up/down, being range bound, hence reflects that the business is performing well, and keeping at the place in the market. Citing Chinese government data, Reuters recently reported that Apple sold just 494,000 iPhones in the country in February. That was a steep decline from the 1.27 million units the company had shipped in the prior-year period and the two million units sold in January. The situation was bad across the board, as overall smartphone shipments fell 54.7% annually during the month, according to the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology.
Microsoft has reflected a steady decline, although it is not much material, and market expectancy is to correct it, I believe the more effect on Microsoft stock price down fall is related to news spread in the market, that Bill Gates is resigning himself, from the position of the President and leaving the board, market sentiments are attached to this news, but I believe in coming few months, business is going to show tremendous growth in the shares value. I feel that Microsoft offers many types of shares like mutual funds holders, individuals, stakeholders and other institutional shares. With these shares they are often bought and sold. The rates of shares range 42.14% to 6.18%.
Aritizia has shown some of the great moment during the last tenure, touching up the higher side and then again the lower side, is a mixed up reaction, as it moved between range of $200-250 in few days, the reason of such movement is overall market performance, the oil war, and the Corona virus worldwide economic impact. The current state of our society has resulted in a very volatile market. In times like these investors may be cautious towards putting their savings into stocks. However, this is also a good time to buy at low prices. ATZAF has seen a decline in market price over the past month, however a significant amount of that decline can be attributed to nation-wide panic. Most of the clothing inventory held by Aritzia comes from Vietnam. Countries in Asia are being hit especially hard by the virus and as a result North American companies are seeing experiencing breaks in their sup.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
6. Soil
Control
a a a a
EssEntiaLs
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7. the Case of a White Pine Memory
“It was a time to remember,” thought Ms. Green about the days
when she and her father
worked on their land. She could remember when it was just a
corn field that her father
had plowed. But that was almost 80 years ago and how time
flies, she thought. The birds
in the sky floated with the wind. She spotted them and thought
“. . . time flies away like
the birds.”
There it was – so wide and so impressive – she had never
forgotten the day her father
planted the tree. It was a white pine tree she and her daddy
planted so many years ago.
The image of the pine traveled with Ms. Green through her life.
She was just eight years
old on the day her father brought the tree home from the store.
He said that he wanted
shade when he worked in the field. Daddy planted the white
pine, Pinus strobus he
called it, right in the center so it would tower over the other
trees. And at 80 feet tall, it
really did tower over all the other trees in the area.
But he would not live to see its shade; her daddy died only a
few days after planting
the pine. He was the love of her life. He believed in her and he
believed in life. “He
planted the pine for more than just shade,” Ms. Green thought.
She knew her daddy loved
to nurture nature and other people; and she had loved how he
cared for his family and
his field.
Ms. Green was known in the town for her garden and its central
8. white pine. The pine
had grown rapidly and continued to increase in height and
width, adding over a meter
and thousands of kilograms per year. The city had also grown
over the decades, changing
from a farm town to a thriving municipality. But Ms. Green’s
field remained the same;
except that the other crop fields around her land had become
buildings and tarred streets.
Ms. Green, everyone knew, would never sell her land, but
builders kept building around
her just the same.
Each day, Ms. Green worked in her garden, always looking up
at the pine with
fondness. Everyone she knew through her life had to join her in
her garden. Her friends
quickly realized, if they wanted to stay her friend, they needed
to work alongside Ms.
Green in the field. She built a nice stone wall around her
garden, with stones from the
land. She had any vegetable one could imagine and cooked from
the food she grew. Ms.
Green loved nature and loved her field.
ChECk in
From reading this chapter, students will be able to:
• Use the storyas an example to develop a
rationale to explain the flow of energy
between plants and
animals.
• Trace the history of the discovery of plant
and animal cell energy exchange.
9. • Connect the laws of thermodynamics to the
processes of energy exchange.
• List and describe the stepsof photosynthesis and
compare the different forms of photosynthesis:
C3, C4, and CAM.
• List and describe the stages of cellular
respiration and calculate the net production of
ATP energy
for each of the stages of cellular respiration.
• Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism of
macromolecules in bioprocessing, and list the
different forms of anaerobic respiration, linking its
products to humans.
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Chapter 4: Energy Drives Life 119
It was only two acres, but tending the garden became harder and
harder as the years
passed. She was, after all, over 80 years old now. Then one day,
as she worked in the
garden pulling out weeds, she knew she could go on no more.
“It was her time,” she
accepted, “to end.” She was very sad because the life she knew
was slipping away. She
looked up at the pine and knew they would soon part.
The white pine would live for many more years, but her good-
bye she knew would
come sooner. “It wasn’t fair . . . time was cruel,” protested Ms.
Green to the inflexible
passage of time. Separation from all she loved was too hard to
take. But as she cried, she
spied the birds flying overhead. Was it true, or had her eyes
deceived her? A nest high in
its branches sat atop the majestic white pine. The eagles soared
toward the treetop nest.
Suddenly, she felt a sense of peace, and a smile grew across her
face. She was letting go,
but it would be all right: A family had taken over for her.
ChECk UP sECtion
11. The processes occurring in the white pine described in
our storynot only help plants to growbut
are vital for human existence. Research the following
questions: 1) How are plantprocesses neces-
sary for human society? 2) Are thereany
environmental threats to plantenergy processes?
Choose a
particular example in which a plant’s processes
are threatened in nature. Discuss how such a
threat
may impact human health.
Discovering Energy Exchange
In this chapter, we will explore the ways organisms harness
energy from the sun and
liberate that energy from foods. Organisms use resources from
their environment to
survive. Some organisms, such as the white pine in our story,
use sunlight to manufac-
ture food. Other organisms, such as Ms. Green, cannot make
their own food, and obtain
energy by eating plants and other animals. In both plants and
animals, energy is trans-
ferred in a series of chemical reactions. The different stages
that take place to make food
from sunlight and into available energy for cells will be our
focus.
What processes make some trees, like the white pine in the
story grow so large and
live so long? Do plants absorb food from the soil, just as
animals eat food from their
surroundings? Until about 350 years ago, scientists believed
that plants obtained all of
their energy from the ground. Jan Baptista van Helmont (1577–
1644) contradicted this
12. widely held view through an experiment. In it, van Helmont
grew a baby willow tree in
a pot for 5years, noting the initial weight of the tree and the
soil. He added only water
and at the end of this period was surprised to find that the soil
increased in weight by 57
grams, but the willow increased in weight by 74,000 grams!
Where did all of this mat-
ter come from? Van Helmont concluded that the mass must have
come from the added
water. However, water could not be an agent of organic matter
(recall from Chapter 2);
water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Where is the
carbon that is needed
for sugar production? While van Helmont’s experiment didn’t
answer this question, it
is important because it was one of the first carefully designed
experiments in biology.
Adding to the mystery of plant growth, Joseph Priestly (1733–
1827), an English
clergyman and early chemist, conducted an experiment to
determine the effects of plants
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on air quality. He placed a sprig of mint in a glass jar with a
candle. The candle burned
out, as was expected but after the 27th day, Priestly discovered
that another candle could
once again burn in the same air in the jar – somehow the
presence of the plant caused
the air to regenerate. Priestly concluded that vegetables “. . . do
not grow in vain.” He
proposed that plants cleanse and purify the air. In actuality, we
now know that plants
give off oxygen and remove carbon dioxide gases. While
Priestly’s experiment could
not be replicated at the time by others scientists (or by his own
laboratory), it laid the
foundation for the discovery of the other secret ingredients to
photosynthesis. Priestly’s
experiment is shown in Figure 4.1.
It was not until a Dutch physician, Jan Ingenhousz (1730–1799),
later replicated
14. Priestly’s work that the importance of sunlight for plants was
recognized. Ingenhousz
added that restoration of air by plants only took place in
sunlight. He concluded that “the
sun by itself has no power to mend air without the concurrence
of plants.” At the same
time that Ingenhousz performed his work, Antoine Lavoisier
(1743–1794), an extraor-
dinary chemist of his time, studied how gases are exchanged in
animals. He confined a
guinea pig in a jar containing oxygen for 10 hours and measured
the amount of carbon
dioxide it released. Lavoisier also tested gases exchanged in
humans as they exercised.
He concluded that oxygen is used to produce energy for animals
and that “respiration
is merely a slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen.”
Unfortunately, Lavoisier’s life
ended early; his intellect threatened the government during the
French revolution, and
he died by guillotine on May 8, 1794. But he was able to show
the overall equation for
cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➔ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Cellular respiration is the process through which most
organisms break down food
sources into usable energy. As shown in the equation, simple
sugar (glucose) is broken
down or oxidized to give energy,with carbon dioxide and water
as byproducts.
Ingenhousz quickly used Lavoisier’s deductions, realizing that
plants absorb the
carbon dioxide that is later burned for energy, “throwing out at
15. that time the oxygen
alone, keeping the carbon to itself as nourishment.” Building
upon this, Nicholas Theo-
dore de Saussure (1767–1845) revealed the final secrets of
photosynthesis – that equal
volumes of carbon dioxide and oxygen were exchanged during
photosynthesis. Thus, a
plant gains weight by absorbing both carbon dioxide and water
and releasing oxygen. All
of the elements of the equation for photosynthesis were now
identified – carbon dioxide,
water, sugar, oxygen, and light to give:
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ➔ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular respiration
The process through
which most organisms
break down food
sources into useable
energy.
Photosynthesis
The process by
which green plants
(plussomealgae and
bacteria) use sunlight
to synthesize nutrients
from water and
carbon dioxide.
Candle floating
on cork burns
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Photosynthesis is the process by which some organisms trap the
sun’s energy, using
carbon dioxide and water, to make simple sugars (glucose). As
shown in the equation on
the previous page, oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
Both plants and animals carry out cellular respiration to obtain
energy from food
sources. But only those organisms carrying out photosynthesis
produce their own food
sources. These processes comprise the key reactions in cell
energetics, which is the
study of the energy exchanges within a cell. In order for the
white pine to grow so large
in the opening story, exchanges of energy between chemical
players in cell energetic
processes took place over many years. Its growth is a
characteristic of life that shows
how tiny chemical reactions may lead to large changes in
organisms.
The two processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, in
their overall equa-
tions, are indeed the reverse of one another: photosynthesis is
the taking in of energy to
yield food, and cellular respiration is the taking in of food to
yield energy. The specifics
19. of the processes, however, differ in this comparison. Also,
while plants, most algae, and
some bacteria produce their own food, all other life must obtain
energy by consuming
products of photosynthesis. We will examine these processes in
greater detail after look-
ing at the physical laws that describe the flow of energy.
Rules for Energy Exchange: Energy Laws
The opening story demonstrated the flow of energy from
sunlight to plants and finally
to Ms. Green as she ate her vegetables (see Figure 4.2). While
large amounts of energy
enter Earth through sunlight, about one-third of sunlight is
reflected back into space. The
remaining two-thirds is absorbed by Earth and converted into
heat. Only 1% of this energy
is used by plants, an impressive fact because that fraction drives
most life functions. With
just a few exceptions, everything that is alive in some way uses
the sun’s energy, and
humans owe their existence to plants’ use of this small sliver of
harnessed energy.
The flow of energy through our environment and in our cells is
explained by thermo-
dynamics, the science of energy transformations. As the sun’s
energy moves from object
to object and organism to organism, it follows the same rules.
The first rule, called the
first law of thermodynamics, states that energy can be changed
from one form to another
First law of
thermodynamics
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but cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy of a system
remains constant. While
99% of sunlight entering the Earth is lost to organisms, it is
actually reflected toward
space or changed to heat; it is still conserved. The first law of
thermodynamics is also
called the law of conservation of energy. While newly formed
sugar molecules from pho-
23. tosynthesis contain potential energy, which is energy of stored
position, it is not newly
created. Organisms, to drive life functions use potential energy,
stored in the bonds of
sugar molecules. In accordance with the first law of
thermodynamics, sugar’s energy
was transferred from the sun to the plant.
The second law of thermodynamics states that all reactions
within a closed system
lose potential energy and tend toward entropy, which is
randomness or any increase in
disorder. A good example of entropy is your room or house: if
you do not regularly tidy it
(expend energy), it gets messier and messier. Natural processes
tend toward randomness
and energy release. In living systems, cellular respiration
(C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➔ 6CO2 +
6H2O + energy) releases 3.75 kcal of energy per gram of
glucose. Cells, to drive cellular
processes, use this energy.
Energy is exchanged in cells through the action of the ATP or
adenosine triphos-
phate molecule, which contains two high energy bonds.
• As discussed in Chapter 2, ATP transfers its high-energy
phosphates by breaking
or making bonds between its three phosphates.
When ATP loses a high-energy phosphate, two phosphates
remain, and the molecule
is called ADP, or adenosine diphosphate. If an ADP molecule
gains a high-energy phos-
phate, it again contains three phosphates, forming ATP. When a
high-energy phosphate
24. is transferred to another molecule, it brings with it the potential
energy of its bond.
Higher energy states change the molecule onto which an ATP’s
phosphates attach. These
changes drive many cell reactions, such as cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is very efficient at obtaining energy from
food sources. Over
40% of the energy in glucose bonds is converted into useful
ATP for a cell, with between
30 and 32 ATP per glucose molecule. In comparison, over 75%
of energy from bonds in
gasoline is lost as heat through the combustible energy of an
automobile, and only 25%
is converted into useful forms for a car’s driving.
Photosynthesis started the flow of energy through the system in
our opening story.
Plants in Ms. Green’s garden manufactured food, using sunlight.
Plants were able to
efficiently use these nutrients through cellular respiration.
Then, Ms. Green was able to
obtain energy from plants by consuming them and breaking
their stored energy through
cellular respiration. The flow of energy begun by
photosynthesis and traced in a simple
system resembles the flow in our environment.
Photosynthesis uses 3.75 kcal of energy to produce 1 gram of
glucose. In this special
case, its product (glucose) has a higher potential energy than
reactants (carbon dioxide and
water). Glucose is more organized and has less entropy than its
gaseous reactants, with a
ring of chemicals. Does photosynthesis violate the second law
of thermodynamics? It does
25. not, because the system in photosynthesis includes both the
Earth and the sun. The sun is
slowly losing its power; its reactions cause it to have less
potential energy and more entropy
as time passes. Thus, the glucose gains the energy that is lost by
the sun. Eventually, the sun
will lose enough energy that it will die out, ending life as we
know it. There is no cause for
immediate alarm, however; the sun is not expected to die for
about 20 billion years.
Thus, life processes are driven by a sun that is running down.
Its loss of energy is
our gain, and photosynthesis is the gateway reaction to tap this
resource for the benefit
of living things. As plants capture solar energy and transform it
into glucose, the sugar
is used by mitochondria to produce usable energy. Some energy
is transferred to heat in
the process but reactants are reused readily.
Second law of
thermodynamics
A law that states that
all reactions within
a closed system lose
potential energy and
tend toward entropy.
Entropy
Randomness or any
increase in disorder.
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Photosynthesis: Building Up Molecules of Life
The process of making sugar from sunlight via photosynthesis
uses carbon dioxide and
water and liberates oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in two
stages: Light reactions, which
trap energy from sunlight within special pigments, and the
Calvin cycle (once called
dark reactions), which uses carbon dioxide to make the glucose
structure (see Figures
4.10 and 4.11). The two parts of the word photosynthesis
describe these two stages:
“photo” refers to light energy that is converted to chemical
energy during light reac-
tions; “synthesis” refers to the making of glucose during dark
reactions.
Chloroplasts: Where the action takes Place
The processes of photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts, which
are specialized organ-
elles found only in organisms that carry out photosynthesis.
Each chloroplast contains a
series of special membranes called thylakoid membranes, within
which are molecules
of the pigment chlorophyll (see Figures 4.5 and 4.6).
Chlorophyll contains electrons
32. that become excited by light energy from the sun and transfer
that electron energy into
a series of photosynthesis processes. Sunlight has special wave
properties that stimulate
photosynthesis in chloroplasts. These characteristics of light
waves enable plant and
algae cells to transform light wave energy into usable sugars
and other products.
What Is Light?
Photosynthesis transforms light energy into complex
macromolecules. Sunlight is a
form of energy known as electromagnetic energy or radiant
energy. Electromagnetic
energy travels in waves, carrying with it bundles of energy in
the form of photons. The
Light reactions
A reaction that traps
energy from sunlight
using special pigments.
Electromagnetic
energy
A type of energy
released by into space
by stars (sun).
Radiant energy
A type of energy
travelling by waves or
particles.
36. e
p
rin
te
d
b
y
p
e
rm
is
si
o
n
Calvin cycle
A set of chemical
reaction absorbing
carbon dioxide and
making glucose, taking
place in chloroplasts
during photosynthesis.
Pigment
A naturally occurring
special chemicals that
absorb and reflect
37. light.
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wavelength of light, which is the distance between the wave
crests, is related to the
amount of energy a wave carries (see Figure 4.7).
Each wavelength range appears as a certain color on the
rainbow, corresponding to
38. the amount of energy it carries. Visible light (see Figure 4.7)
has a wavelength range of
380–750 nm. Note that the frequency of each wave in Figure 4.7
is the number of wave
crests per second. The more frequent the wave crests, the higher
the amount of energy
in a light ray. When light hits an object, it is either absorbed or
reflected. When it is
absorbed it disappears from our sight, and when it is reflected,
we see it. Thus, in a green
leaf, very little green light is absorbed or used by a plant
because it is reflected.
750 nm650 nm600 nm560 nm500 nm430 nm380 nm
Visible light
Gamma rays X-rays UV
light
Infrared Radio waves
10
–12
m 10
–10
m 10
–8
m 10
–6
m 10
–4
40. P
u
b
lis
h
in
g
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
ThE AuTumn LEAvES oF CoLoR
Light that is reflected gives color to an
object. Chlorophyll appears green
because it uses very little green light for
photosynthesis.When autumn begins
and temperatures cool in many areas, the leaves
of someplants change colors.
This colorchange occurs because the plantis
shutting down for the winter,
ceasing chlorophyll production in its leaves.
Only the yellow-orange colors of
carotenoid pigments and the red colorof anthocyanin
pigments remain, giving
41. trees their beautiful foliage. It is, however, a
concession that plants make to
living in colder climates, as will be discussed in
a later chapter. Leaf drop is a big
waste of energy but is necessary. In our
story, Ms. Green’s white pine did not
shed needles during the winter because pines
are adapted to withstand harsh
conditions.
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42. 126 Unit 1: That’s Life
Pigments
Plants and algae both contain pigments, special chemicals in
chloroplasts that absorb
and reflect certain visible wavelengths of light. Pigments
include green-colored chlo-
rophyll a and b as well as other pigments. The structure of the
pigment chlorophyll is
shown in Figure 4.8. Violet-blue and red wavelengths are most
effectively absorbed by
chlorophyll pigments. The absorption spectra for chlorophylls a
and b, two types of
chlorophyll, are given in Figure 4.8. From Figure 4.8, which
colors besides green are
least used by chlorophyll?
the Light Reactions
When photons, or discrete units of light energy hit the pigment
in chlorophyll, photon
energy is transferred to electrons in the pigment, and those
electrons begin moving more
rapidly; in technical terms, they become excited to a higher
energy state. In other words
their electrons move from a ground state to a higher excited
state.
The excited state of electrons in chlorophyll makes them
unstable and loosely held
within the pigment. An excited electron can either return to its
ground state or be tossed
to a nearby molecule. Some electrons fall back to their ground
state, producing energy
as they move to the lower energy state, as shown in Figure 4.9a.
Some electrons shoot
out like pinballs to get accepted by another molecule, which
43. then has more energy than
it had before. Both of these paths of electron excitement are the
“photo” part of photo-
synthesis, also called the light reactions, in which energy is
captured and passed along
(Figure 4.9b). The capturing of light energy is step one in the
process.
(a)
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
R
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a
b
so
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400 500 600 700
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Wavelength (nm)
47. h
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Excited state
A state of a physical
system that is higher
in energy than in its
normal state.
Ground state
The lowest state of
energy of a particle.
Photon
Discrete unit of light
energy that when
hits a pigment in
chlorophyll transfers
its energy to electrons
in the pigment.
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Chapter 4: Energy Drives Life 127
Figure 4.9 a. Electrons fall to lower energy levels
after they become excited by light
energy. b. Light reactions take place along
the innermembraneof chloroplasts.
Leaf cross section
52. a
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128 Unit 1: That’s Life
If you inspected needles from Ms. Green’s pine tree with an
electron micro-
scope, you would see within the chloroplasts many thylakoid
53. membranes, which look
somewhat like stacks of coins (see Figure 4.9). Each thylakoid
membrane contains
bundles of chlorophyll and other pigments. These light-
capturing bundles are called
photosystems. There are two photosystems, Photosystem II,
which we will call the
water-splitting photosystem, and Photosystem I, the
nicotinamide adenine dinucleo-
tide phosphate (NADPH)-producing system. Photosystem II
works first in the process
of photosynthesis, and then photosystem I takes over. (Although
photosystem I occurs
after photosystem II, it bears its “I” name because it was
discovered first.)
The water-splitting photosystem
The process starts when light is captured in the water-splitting
photosystem (II). Water
molecules from fluid within chloroplasts donate electrons to the
photosystem, releasing
oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+). Light energy causes the
released electrons to move to
the excited state. Excited electrons return their ground state, but
give off energy they
gained to neighboring pigment molecules.
As energy spreads through the collection of pigment molecules,
it reaches the center
of a photosystem. There, energy is captured by chlorophyll a, a
special molecule in a
photosystem that does not move its electrons back to the ground
state. Instead, excited
electrons in chlorophyll a are transferred to a neighboring
primary electron acceptor.
54. Now begins a game of a pinball, in which excited electrons are
moved from chloro-
phyll a to the primary electron acceptor, losing energy just a bit
…