This document summarizes an epidemiological study of dental fluorosis conducted in rural areas of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India from 2005-2008. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 5000 individuals from 5 villages to assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Dental examinations were performed using Dean's Index to classify fluorosis. The results found 17.64% of males and 16.65% of females exhibited dental fluorosis. The highest prevalence was seen in the 8-10 and 11-20 year age groups, indicating dental fluorosis most commonly affects those under 20 years old in this population.
A Study on the Epidemiological Aspects Among the Population Living in the Are...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluorides are cumulative toxins, even after boiling, food processing, filtration or digestion will not remove fluoride. The aim of the present study is to assess epidemiological profile of endemic fluorosis and the magnitude of the problem in terms of prevalence of various types of fluorosis. 102 households covering the 500 population residing in the endemic fluorotic area have been selected by systematic random technique at Anantapuram district. Each of the subject was studied, information regarding various epidemiological characteristics and examined to notice clinical features related to fluorosis. Out of 500 selected individuals, 453 (90.6%) members have fluorosis related clinical features. On assessing dietary habits it was significant (p≤0.04) among vegetarians (24%) and non vegetarians (76%). Prevalence of fluorosis was higher among those who consumed >5 liters of water (69.6%) than those who consumed <5 /><1.0mg/L) and consume a diet rich in calcium, iron, vitamin C &E and other antioxidants.
This study evaluated dental caries and fluorosis among Mexican preschoolers and schoolchildren in a non-endemic fluorosis area. Oral examinations found dental fluorosis in 60% of 11-12 year olds. Preschoolers had high rates of caries. Children with fluorosis had slightly lower caries rates. Variable fluoride levels were found in home water, foods, drinks and toothpaste. Daily fluoride excretion in urine was within optimal ranges but significant caries and fluorosis were still present, suggesting other factors influence oral health outcomes.
Endemic Fluorosis and Occurrence Gastrointestinal Disorders in Prakasam Distr...IJEAB
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders among populations in five villages in Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, an area affected by endemic fluorosis. An epidemiological survey found that nausea was reported in 22% of subjects, loss of appetite in 18%, and indigestion and vomiting in 12-14%. Histological analysis of rats exposed to sodium fluoride found damage to the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. The document discusses how fluoride exposure may cause gastrointestinal issues by disrupting enzyme activity and cellular respiration processes. The results indicate a relationship between high fluoride exposure through drinking water and a higher reported prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms among villagers.
This document discusses a study comparing the efficacy of placentrex and hydrocortisone injections as adjunct treatments for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). 60 patients with stage II or III OSMF were divided into two groups. Group A received placentrex injections while Group B received hydrocortisone injections over 2 months. Mouth opening and burning sensation were measured before and after treatment. Results found a statistically significant greater increase in mean mouth opening for Group B compared to Group A. Burning sensation was reduced more in Group A than Group B. Overall, hydrocortisone seemed to be more effective at improving mouth opening and mucosal health, while placentrex was better at reducing burning
This study evaluated digital palmar dermatoglyphic patterns in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral leukoplakia. The study included 200 patients divided into 4 groups - group I had patients with oral leukoplakia, group II had patients with OSMF, group III had patients with habits but no lesions, and group IV was a control group without habits or lesions. Fingerprints and palm prints were taken digitally and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results found an increase in whorls, palmar patterns in the I2-I3 area, total finger ridge count, total triradius count, and a decrease in atd angle and a-b ridge
Interleukin 1β polymorphisms (+3954, -511 and -31) were analyzed in chronic periodontitis patients from North India. The study found that the T allele of the +3954 variant and the CT genotype were more frequent in patients compared to controls, suggesting they are risk factors for chronic periodontitis. A literature review found supporting evidence for associations of the +3954 and -511 variants with chronic periodontitis in other populations as well. The study concluded that these two IL-1β polymorphic sites may serve as potential markers for chronic periodontitis, though more research is needed in a larger sample size.
A Study on the Epidemiological Aspects Among the Population Living in the Are...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluorides are cumulative toxins, even after boiling, food processing, filtration or digestion will not remove fluoride. The aim of the present study is to assess epidemiological profile of endemic fluorosis and the magnitude of the problem in terms of prevalence of various types of fluorosis. 102 households covering the 500 population residing in the endemic fluorotic area have been selected by systematic random technique at Anantapuram district. Each of the subject was studied, information regarding various epidemiological characteristics and examined to notice clinical features related to fluorosis. Out of 500 selected individuals, 453 (90.6%) members have fluorosis related clinical features. On assessing dietary habits it was significant (p≤0.04) among vegetarians (24%) and non vegetarians (76%). Prevalence of fluorosis was higher among those who consumed >5 liters of water (69.6%) than those who consumed <5 /><1.0mg/L) and consume a diet rich in calcium, iron, vitamin C &E and other antioxidants.
This study evaluated dental caries and fluorosis among Mexican preschoolers and schoolchildren in a non-endemic fluorosis area. Oral examinations found dental fluorosis in 60% of 11-12 year olds. Preschoolers had high rates of caries. Children with fluorosis had slightly lower caries rates. Variable fluoride levels were found in home water, foods, drinks and toothpaste. Daily fluoride excretion in urine was within optimal ranges but significant caries and fluorosis were still present, suggesting other factors influence oral health outcomes.
Endemic Fluorosis and Occurrence Gastrointestinal Disorders in Prakasam Distr...IJEAB
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders among populations in five villages in Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, an area affected by endemic fluorosis. An epidemiological survey found that nausea was reported in 22% of subjects, loss of appetite in 18%, and indigestion and vomiting in 12-14%. Histological analysis of rats exposed to sodium fluoride found damage to the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. The document discusses how fluoride exposure may cause gastrointestinal issues by disrupting enzyme activity and cellular respiration processes. The results indicate a relationship between high fluoride exposure through drinking water and a higher reported prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms among villagers.
This document discusses a study comparing the efficacy of placentrex and hydrocortisone injections as adjunct treatments for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). 60 patients with stage II or III OSMF were divided into two groups. Group A received placentrex injections while Group B received hydrocortisone injections over 2 months. Mouth opening and burning sensation were measured before and after treatment. Results found a statistically significant greater increase in mean mouth opening for Group B compared to Group A. Burning sensation was reduced more in Group A than Group B. Overall, hydrocortisone seemed to be more effective at improving mouth opening and mucosal health, while placentrex was better at reducing burning
This study evaluated digital palmar dermatoglyphic patterns in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral leukoplakia. The study included 200 patients divided into 4 groups - group I had patients with oral leukoplakia, group II had patients with OSMF, group III had patients with habits but no lesions, and group IV was a control group without habits or lesions. Fingerprints and palm prints were taken digitally and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results found an increase in whorls, palmar patterns in the I2-I3 area, total finger ridge count, total triradius count, and a decrease in atd angle and a-b ridge
Interleukin 1β polymorphisms (+3954, -511 and -31) were analyzed in chronic periodontitis patients from North India. The study found that the T allele of the +3954 variant and the CT genotype were more frequent in patients compared to controls, suggesting they are risk factors for chronic periodontitis. A literature review found supporting evidence for associations of the +3954 and -511 variants with chronic periodontitis in other populations as well. The study concluded that these two IL-1β polymorphic sites may serve as potential markers for chronic periodontitis, though more research is needed in a larger sample size.
This case report describes a 34-year-old male patient who presented with pain and pus discharge from a recently extracted tooth. Radiographs revealed two distinct radiolucencies - a large cyst in the left mandible and a smaller cyst in the right mandible. Histological examination found the left cyst to be a radicular cyst and the right cyst to be a dentigerous cyst. This presented a diagnostic dilemma due to the unusual presentation of multiple cysts occurring bilaterally and with atypical features for the cyst types.
The document discusses the historical evidence for bacteria playing a primary role in the etiology of periodontal disease. Early investigations from 1880-1930 suggested a variety of microorganisms could be involved, including amebae, spirochetes, fusiforms, and streptococci. While therapies targeting these organisms showed some success, their precise roles remained unclear due to limitations of detection techniques. Subsequently, stronger evidence accumulated from studies of acute infections, correlations of plaque/disease, antibiotic treatment trials, host immune responses, animal models, and more advanced microbiology approaches. Overall a bacterial etiology of periodontal disease became firmly established, though the field continues refining understanding of specific pathogen identities and disease associations.
This document summarizes risk factors for periodontal disease. It discusses several different types of risk factors including risk, risk factors, risk indicators, risk predictors/markers, and risk determinants. Major risk factors covered include tobacco smoking, diabetes, pathogenic bacteria, microbial tooth deposits, genetic factors, age, gender, socioeconomic status, and stress. For each risk factor, the document summarizes several studies that have examined the relationship between the risk factor and periodontal disease.
This document discusses several controversies in periodontics. It addresses debates around the classification of periodontal diseases, factors involved in periodontal pathogenesis like invasiveness of bacteria and the role of the periodontal epithelium. It also examines controversies in diagnosing periodontal diseases and determining an accurate prognosis. Additionally, it looks at debates around treatments like gingival curettage, tooth mobility and splinting, one stage full-mouth disinfection versus quadrant SRP, and whether results are comparable between non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. The document acknowledges that while knowledge has improved, some controversies remain due to limitations in present diagnostic methods and incomplete understanding of periodontal pathology.
1) The document summarizes a clinical study of oral and maxillofacial manifestations in 50 β-thalassemia patients in Karachi, Pakistan.
2) The most common extraoral findings were parietal bossing (88%), depressed nasal bridge (70%), and frontal bossing (54%). The most common intraoral findings were intraoral pigmentation (88%), gingivitis (82%), and pallor of the oral mucosa (84%).
3) The results were generally consistent with previous international studies on oral manifestations of β-thalassemia, though some findings had higher or lower frequencies than other studies. The study aims to evaluate the oral complications experienced by thalassemia
EFFICACY IN REDUCING BACTERIAL CONTENT IN ORAL CAVITY BY CANNABINIODS IN ORAL...DrHeena tiwari
The document discusses a study that compared the efficacy of cannabinoids and popular oral care products (Oral-B and Colgate) in reducing bacterial content in dental plaque. Plaque samples were collected from 30 participants and exposed to cannabinoid toothpaste, Oral-B, and Colgate. Cannabinoids were found to significantly reduce bacterial colony counts compared to the other products. The results suggest cannabinoids may be more effective at controlling oral bacteria and could provide a personalized alternative to traditional oral care products.
“Desquamative Gingivitis Treated By An Antioxidant Therapy- A Case Report”inventionjournals
This case report describes the successful treatment of desquamative gingivitis in a 52-year-old female patient using systemic antioxidant therapy. Desquamative gingivitis causes red, eroded patches on the gums. While topical steroids provided no improvement, taking an herbal antioxidant capsule containing extracts of various plants twice daily for two months resolved the lesions with no recurrence. Antioxidants can reduce oxidative damage and inflammation, providing an alternative to steroids for treating desquamative gingivitis.
Metal Contamination and the Epidemic of Congenital Birth Defects in Iraqi Citiesjhgbb
Al-Sabbak M, Sadik Ali S, Savabi O, Savabi G, Dastgiri S, Savabieasfahani M.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Nov;89(5):937-44. doi: 10.1007/s00128-012-0817-2. Epub 2012 Sep 16.
This document discusses risk factors for periodontal disease. It begins by introducing periodontitis as a ubiquitous disease with mixed microbial etiology. It then discusses the need to identify risk factors to inform public health measures and risk assessment. The document categorizes risk factors as modifiable (such as smoking, diabetes, stress) and non-modifiable (such as age, gender, genetics). Specific microorganisms and biomarkers associated with increased risk, like P. gingivalis and C-reactive protein, are also mentioned. Smoking is discussed in depth as a major established modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease.
External modifying factors of periodontal diseasesMonika
Terminologies
Periodontitis
Risk indicator, risk factor & risk predictor
Socioecological model of periodontal diseases
Introduction
External modifying factors
a. Role of tobacco products
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies involving periodontal attachment loss & periodontal healing
Role of low socioeconomic status
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies
c. Role of lifestyle & dental care habits
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies
Role of Acquired Systemic & Infectious disease
Role of psychosocial stress
Effect of Allergies
Effect of epilepsy & phenytoin therapy
Effect of Human immunodeficiency virus
e. Conclusion
f. References.
The study aimed to assess healthcare professionals' knowledge of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus protection. A survey of 200 professionals found that while 80% believed PPE prevents infection, only 32% of community health workers correctly identified adequate PPE. Further, only 36% of nurses understood PPE change frequency guidelines. The study highlights knowledge gaps around PPE usage among different provider groups managing COVID-19 patients.
This document summarizes a study that compared the effectiveness of serratiopeptidase and dexamethasone in reducing swelling after surgical removal of impacted third molars. The study involved 100 patients randomized into two groups, with one group receiving dexamethasone and the other receiving serratiopeptidase. Facial measurements were taken preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 2, 5, and 7. The results showed that serratiopeptidase was effective in reducing swelling from days 2 to 5, while dexamethasone was effective in reducing swelling from days 1 to 2 and also from days 2 to 5. Dexamethasone was found to be more effective than serratiopeptidase in reducing postoperative swelling
This document provides background information on a proposed rural dental center project for India. It discusses the high prevalence of oral diseases like dental caries and periodontal disease in India, especially in rural areas, due to lack of access to care, education and other socioeconomic factors. The proposed intervention has three parts: 1) an oral health education and fluoride rinse program in schools, 2) screening for dental diseases, and 3) increasing access to dental care through mobile clinics and rural dental centers. The goal is to comprehensively address oral health issues facing rural populations in India.
This document provides an overview of fluoride and its effects on health. Some key points:
- Fluoride is found naturally in drinking water in some parts of India at levels over 1.5 mg/L, which can cause health issues.
- Fluoride intake of less than 1 mg/day is considered safe and provides benefits for dental health. Higher intakes have been linked to conditions like dental and skeletal fluorosis.
- Studies have not found consistent relationships between water fluoridation and increased rates of cancer, birth defects, or other health issues. However, high fluoride exposure has been linked to increased risks of spina bifida in some areas of India.
- Fluoride can accumulate in red
epidemiology of dental caries - public health dentistryIrasolanki3
This document provides an overview of dental caries epidemiology and etiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology and dental caries. It then covers classification of dental caries, global and Indian scenarios, and studies conducted in Rajasthan, India. Theories of caries etiology are discussed, from early theories to current concepts. Epidemiological and etiologic factors are described, including diet, indices used to measure caries, and the histopathology of dental caries. Trace elements associated with caries prevalence are mentioned. The document concludes with a discussion of dietary studies related to caries.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
The document summarizes common dental problems seen in old age, including tooth loss, denture stomatitis, dental caries, periodontal disease, dry mouth, and oral cancer. It provides details on the causes and risk factors for each problem, potential symptoms, and prevention strategies like proper brushing and a healthy diet low in sugars and acids. Maintaining good oral hygiene and regular dental checkups are important for oral health in senior years when dental issues tend to increase.
Oral disease burden amongst adults in indiaVini Mehta
This document discusses the oral disease burden in India. It provides definitions of oral health and major oral diseases like dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancer. It summarizes findings from the National Oral Health Survey in India from 2002-2003 which found high prevalences of dental caries (affecting around 60% of the population) and periodontal diseases. Efforts to address the disease burden through programs like the National Oral Health Care Programme are discussed, as well as ongoing barriers.
Association of Dental Diseases with Oral Hygiene in School Children of Rural Rajasthan, India-Oral diseases are health problem of industrialize well as developing countries because of its high prevalence. In developing countries these diseases are given less impotance because of scarcity of resources but when these dental diseases remain untreated it can cause permanent toothache and disability. It can increase school attendance and intern lead to complication and expensive treatment. A community based study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur district to find out the association of dental diseases with oral hygiene. From schools of Amer tahsil of Jaipur district 1600 students were examined for dental diseases and interrogated for oral hygiene. Association of oral hygiene with dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis was found out with chi-square test. It was revealed that Dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and peridontitis all are associated with oral hygiene. Mouth rinsing frequency and teeth cleaning frequency is inversely proportion in Dental Carries but is directly proportional in Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis
This document provides an overview of fluorides and oral health in developed and developing countries. It discusses the historical evolution of fluoride and how it relates to reducing dental caries. Different methods of fluoride delivery are examined, including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, and fluoridated toothpaste. The global scenarios of water fluoridation and excess fluoride in drinking water are also reviewed. The document evaluates the role of fluoride in dental caries prevention, remineralization, periodontal health, and orthodontic anomalies. Both community-based and professionally applied topical fluoride are discussed in relation to developed and developing countries.
Oral health attitudes and practices of the elderly people in south east local...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the oral health attitudes and practices of elderly people in South East Local Government Area (SELGA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. 690 elderly individuals were interviewed using a questionnaire about their oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The results showed that while most had positive attitudes towards oral health care, this did not always translate to good oral health practices. For example, most reported regularly cleaning their teeth but previous studies found high levels of plaque and calculus in this group. Additionally, many desired dental care but few actually visited the clinic regularly. The study concluded the elderly had some good oral health habits but their dental clinic attendance was poor and oral health promotion should focus on improving cleaning methods rather than
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease caused by an interaction between cariogenic microbes, susceptible tooth surfaces, and fermentable carbohydrates. The document summarizes the epidemiology of dental caries globally and in Nepal. It describes that dental caries prevalence has decreased in western countries but increased in developing nations. In Nepal, 58% of children ages 5-6 have caries and 64% of adults have tooth decay. Environmental factors like climate, fluoride levels, and socioeconomic status also impact caries rates between different geographic locations.
This case report describes a 34-year-old male patient who presented with pain and pus discharge from a recently extracted tooth. Radiographs revealed two distinct radiolucencies - a large cyst in the left mandible and a smaller cyst in the right mandible. Histological examination found the left cyst to be a radicular cyst and the right cyst to be a dentigerous cyst. This presented a diagnostic dilemma due to the unusual presentation of multiple cysts occurring bilaterally and with atypical features for the cyst types.
The document discusses the historical evidence for bacteria playing a primary role in the etiology of periodontal disease. Early investigations from 1880-1930 suggested a variety of microorganisms could be involved, including amebae, spirochetes, fusiforms, and streptococci. While therapies targeting these organisms showed some success, their precise roles remained unclear due to limitations of detection techniques. Subsequently, stronger evidence accumulated from studies of acute infections, correlations of plaque/disease, antibiotic treatment trials, host immune responses, animal models, and more advanced microbiology approaches. Overall a bacterial etiology of periodontal disease became firmly established, though the field continues refining understanding of specific pathogen identities and disease associations.
This document summarizes risk factors for periodontal disease. It discusses several different types of risk factors including risk, risk factors, risk indicators, risk predictors/markers, and risk determinants. Major risk factors covered include tobacco smoking, diabetes, pathogenic bacteria, microbial tooth deposits, genetic factors, age, gender, socioeconomic status, and stress. For each risk factor, the document summarizes several studies that have examined the relationship between the risk factor and periodontal disease.
This document discusses several controversies in periodontics. It addresses debates around the classification of periodontal diseases, factors involved in periodontal pathogenesis like invasiveness of bacteria and the role of the periodontal epithelium. It also examines controversies in diagnosing periodontal diseases and determining an accurate prognosis. Additionally, it looks at debates around treatments like gingival curettage, tooth mobility and splinting, one stage full-mouth disinfection versus quadrant SRP, and whether results are comparable between non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. The document acknowledges that while knowledge has improved, some controversies remain due to limitations in present diagnostic methods and incomplete understanding of periodontal pathology.
1) The document summarizes a clinical study of oral and maxillofacial manifestations in 50 β-thalassemia patients in Karachi, Pakistan.
2) The most common extraoral findings were parietal bossing (88%), depressed nasal bridge (70%), and frontal bossing (54%). The most common intraoral findings were intraoral pigmentation (88%), gingivitis (82%), and pallor of the oral mucosa (84%).
3) The results were generally consistent with previous international studies on oral manifestations of β-thalassemia, though some findings had higher or lower frequencies than other studies. The study aims to evaluate the oral complications experienced by thalassemia
EFFICACY IN REDUCING BACTERIAL CONTENT IN ORAL CAVITY BY CANNABINIODS IN ORAL...DrHeena tiwari
The document discusses a study that compared the efficacy of cannabinoids and popular oral care products (Oral-B and Colgate) in reducing bacterial content in dental plaque. Plaque samples were collected from 30 participants and exposed to cannabinoid toothpaste, Oral-B, and Colgate. Cannabinoids were found to significantly reduce bacterial colony counts compared to the other products. The results suggest cannabinoids may be more effective at controlling oral bacteria and could provide a personalized alternative to traditional oral care products.
“Desquamative Gingivitis Treated By An Antioxidant Therapy- A Case Report”inventionjournals
This case report describes the successful treatment of desquamative gingivitis in a 52-year-old female patient using systemic antioxidant therapy. Desquamative gingivitis causes red, eroded patches on the gums. While topical steroids provided no improvement, taking an herbal antioxidant capsule containing extracts of various plants twice daily for two months resolved the lesions with no recurrence. Antioxidants can reduce oxidative damage and inflammation, providing an alternative to steroids for treating desquamative gingivitis.
Metal Contamination and the Epidemic of Congenital Birth Defects in Iraqi Citiesjhgbb
Al-Sabbak M, Sadik Ali S, Savabi O, Savabi G, Dastgiri S, Savabieasfahani M.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Nov;89(5):937-44. doi: 10.1007/s00128-012-0817-2. Epub 2012 Sep 16.
This document discusses risk factors for periodontal disease. It begins by introducing periodontitis as a ubiquitous disease with mixed microbial etiology. It then discusses the need to identify risk factors to inform public health measures and risk assessment. The document categorizes risk factors as modifiable (such as smoking, diabetes, stress) and non-modifiable (such as age, gender, genetics). Specific microorganisms and biomarkers associated with increased risk, like P. gingivalis and C-reactive protein, are also mentioned. Smoking is discussed in depth as a major established modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease.
External modifying factors of periodontal diseasesMonika
Terminologies
Periodontitis
Risk indicator, risk factor & risk predictor
Socioecological model of periodontal diseases
Introduction
External modifying factors
a. Role of tobacco products
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies involving periodontal attachment loss & periodontal healing
Role of low socioeconomic status
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies
c. Role of lifestyle & dental care habits
Evidence from cross sectional studies
Evidence from longitudinal studies
Role of Acquired Systemic & Infectious disease
Role of psychosocial stress
Effect of Allergies
Effect of epilepsy & phenytoin therapy
Effect of Human immunodeficiency virus
e. Conclusion
f. References.
The study aimed to assess healthcare professionals' knowledge of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus protection. A survey of 200 professionals found that while 80% believed PPE prevents infection, only 32% of community health workers correctly identified adequate PPE. Further, only 36% of nurses understood PPE change frequency guidelines. The study highlights knowledge gaps around PPE usage among different provider groups managing COVID-19 patients.
This document summarizes a study that compared the effectiveness of serratiopeptidase and dexamethasone in reducing swelling after surgical removal of impacted third molars. The study involved 100 patients randomized into two groups, with one group receiving dexamethasone and the other receiving serratiopeptidase. Facial measurements were taken preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 2, 5, and 7. The results showed that serratiopeptidase was effective in reducing swelling from days 2 to 5, while dexamethasone was effective in reducing swelling from days 1 to 2 and also from days 2 to 5. Dexamethasone was found to be more effective than serratiopeptidase in reducing postoperative swelling
This document provides background information on a proposed rural dental center project for India. It discusses the high prevalence of oral diseases like dental caries and periodontal disease in India, especially in rural areas, due to lack of access to care, education and other socioeconomic factors. The proposed intervention has three parts: 1) an oral health education and fluoride rinse program in schools, 2) screening for dental diseases, and 3) increasing access to dental care through mobile clinics and rural dental centers. The goal is to comprehensively address oral health issues facing rural populations in India.
This document provides an overview of fluoride and its effects on health. Some key points:
- Fluoride is found naturally in drinking water in some parts of India at levels over 1.5 mg/L, which can cause health issues.
- Fluoride intake of less than 1 mg/day is considered safe and provides benefits for dental health. Higher intakes have been linked to conditions like dental and skeletal fluorosis.
- Studies have not found consistent relationships between water fluoridation and increased rates of cancer, birth defects, or other health issues. However, high fluoride exposure has been linked to increased risks of spina bifida in some areas of India.
- Fluoride can accumulate in red
epidemiology of dental caries - public health dentistryIrasolanki3
This document provides an overview of dental caries epidemiology and etiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology and dental caries. It then covers classification of dental caries, global and Indian scenarios, and studies conducted in Rajasthan, India. Theories of caries etiology are discussed, from early theories to current concepts. Epidemiological and etiologic factors are described, including diet, indices used to measure caries, and the histopathology of dental caries. Trace elements associated with caries prevalence are mentioned. The document concludes with a discussion of dietary studies related to caries.
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapa...DrHeena tiwari
An Epidemiological Data of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs in Pamulapadu Village of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An Original Research
The document summarizes common dental problems seen in old age, including tooth loss, denture stomatitis, dental caries, periodontal disease, dry mouth, and oral cancer. It provides details on the causes and risk factors for each problem, potential symptoms, and prevention strategies like proper brushing and a healthy diet low in sugars and acids. Maintaining good oral hygiene and regular dental checkups are important for oral health in senior years when dental issues tend to increase.
Oral disease burden amongst adults in indiaVini Mehta
This document discusses the oral disease burden in India. It provides definitions of oral health and major oral diseases like dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancer. It summarizes findings from the National Oral Health Survey in India from 2002-2003 which found high prevalences of dental caries (affecting around 60% of the population) and periodontal diseases. Efforts to address the disease burden through programs like the National Oral Health Care Programme are discussed, as well as ongoing barriers.
Association of Dental Diseases with Oral Hygiene in School Children of Rural Rajasthan, India-Oral diseases are health problem of industrialize well as developing countries because of its high prevalence. In developing countries these diseases are given less impotance because of scarcity of resources but when these dental diseases remain untreated it can cause permanent toothache and disability. It can increase school attendance and intern lead to complication and expensive treatment. A community based study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur district to find out the association of dental diseases with oral hygiene. From schools of Amer tahsil of Jaipur district 1600 students were examined for dental diseases and interrogated for oral hygiene. Association of oral hygiene with dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis was found out with chi-square test. It was revealed that Dental diseases like Dental Carries, Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and peridontitis all are associated with oral hygiene. Mouth rinsing frequency and teeth cleaning frequency is inversely proportion in Dental Carries but is directly proportional in Dental Fluorosis, Malocclusion and Periodontitis
This document provides an overview of fluorides and oral health in developed and developing countries. It discusses the historical evolution of fluoride and how it relates to reducing dental caries. Different methods of fluoride delivery are examined, including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, and fluoridated toothpaste. The global scenarios of water fluoridation and excess fluoride in drinking water are also reviewed. The document evaluates the role of fluoride in dental caries prevention, remineralization, periodontal health, and orthodontic anomalies. Both community-based and professionally applied topical fluoride are discussed in relation to developed and developing countries.
Oral health attitudes and practices of the elderly people in south east local...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the oral health attitudes and practices of elderly people in South East Local Government Area (SELGA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. 690 elderly individuals were interviewed using a questionnaire about their oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The results showed that while most had positive attitudes towards oral health care, this did not always translate to good oral health practices. For example, most reported regularly cleaning their teeth but previous studies found high levels of plaque and calculus in this group. Additionally, many desired dental care but few actually visited the clinic regularly. The study concluded the elderly had some good oral health habits but their dental clinic attendance was poor and oral health promotion should focus on improving cleaning methods rather than
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease caused by an interaction between cariogenic microbes, susceptible tooth surfaces, and fermentable carbohydrates. The document summarizes the epidemiology of dental caries globally and in Nepal. It describes that dental caries prevalence has decreased in western countries but increased in developing nations. In Nepal, 58% of children ages 5-6 have caries and 64% of adults have tooth decay. Environmental factors like climate, fluoride levels, and socioeconomic status also impact caries rates between different geographic locations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This study examined the prevalence of tooth agenesis (hypodontia) in orthodontic patients from the Arab population in Israel. The researchers reviewed panoramic radiographs of 500 patients aged 12-39 years old. They found that 57 patients (2.6% prevalence) had hypodontia, missing a total of 167 permanent teeth. The most commonly missing tooth was the mandibular second premolar. This prevalence of hypodontia in the Arab population of Israel falls within the typical global range of 1.6-9.6%, and indicates hypodontia is present but not unusually high compared to other populations.
- The document describes three cases of patients with multiple impacted supernumerary teeth. Case 1 involved a patient with bilaterally impacted premolars and one horizontally impacted tooth. Case 2 had numerous impacted supernumerary teeth in both jaws. Case 3 had 6 impacted supernumerary teeth, four in the maxilla and two in the mandible.
- Supernumerary teeth can cause complications like impaction, delayed or ectopic eruption, and cyst formation. Treatment depends on the type, position and complications of each supernumerary tooth.
- The cause of supernumerary teeth is unclear but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. They are more common in men and the maxilla.
This document summarizes information about fluorosis, a disease caused by excess fluoride deposition in tissues. It is most prevalent in India, China, and other parts of Asia and Africa. The document covers the magnitude of fluorosis globally and in India, the epidemiological triad of agent-host-environment factors, clinical signs including dental and skeletal fluorosis, and prevention through defluoridation methods like the Nalgonda technique.
Chronic periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the tissues that support the teeth. It is caused by bacterial plaque accumulation at the gumline. Key features include progressive loss of attachment of the gums to the teeth and bone loss. It is generally classified as either localized or generalized based on how many sites are affected. The prevalence and severity increases with age. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, and genetic factors. Treatment involves non-surgical approaches like deep cleaning below the gumline or surgical procedures in more severe cases.
International Journal Of Biomedical and Advance Researchyehezkeil
1. The study assessed the clinical and antimicrobial effects of a sodium chlorite-based toothpaste and mouthwash compared to a conventional alcohol-based oral care product in 50 patients with chronic periodontitis over 12 months.
2. At 12 months, the sodium chlorite group showed significantly greater reductions in gingival index, plaque index, and levels of four pathogenic bacteria compared to the conventional product group.
3. The results suggest that the sodium chlorite-based oral care products may be more effective than conventional alcohol-based products in improving oral health outcomes for patients with periodontitis.
Fluoride is a mineral that is naturally present in varying amounts in water sources. Studies from the early 20th century found correlations between fluoride levels in water and rates of dental caries as well as dental fluorosis. This led to further research demonstrating that optimal levels of fluoride in community water supplies could reduce rates of dental caries. Several large-scale studies in the 1940s-1960s provided strong evidence that water fluoridation at levels around 1 part per million can reduce dental caries by around 25% on average. Fluoride works both systemically during tooth development before eruption and topically on tooth surfaces after eruption to strengthen enamel and make it more resistant to decay.
This study assessed the oral hygiene status of 2,363 people living in 26 rural villages from 2017-2019. The results showed that 40.5% of participants were male and 55.7% were female. Approximately 58% of the population had poor oral hygiene, with 27.5% having gingivitis, 17% having dental caries, and 13% having dental fluorosis. The study concluded that oral health programs should be organized in rural areas to evaluate oral health status, determine the need for dental education, and motivate residents to adopt better oral hygiene practices.
a review study on fluoride toxicity in water and fishes current statusIJEAB
This document summarizes research on fluoride toxicity in water and its effects on fish. It discusses how fluoride becomes a contaminant in drinking water from natural and industrial sources. While fluoride is essential in small amounts, levels over 1.5 mg/L can cause health issues in humans and animals. The document reviews fluoride's toxic effects like inhibiting enzyme activity, disrupting protein synthesis, and causing oxidative stress. It also discusses how fluoride contamination is a global problem, with many nations and regions having high levels in water sources. The mechanisms of fluoride toxicity and its observed effects on fish behavior, growth, and development are described based on previous studies.
Epidemiological Trends of Oral Diseases in IndiaHaritha RK
A brief look at the recent epidemiological trends of dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer and malocclusion in India as of available research in March 2021
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11.[1 10]epidemiology study of dental fluorosis in rural population of kanyakumari district - copy
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Epidemiology Study of Dental Fluorosis in Rural Population of
Kanyakumari District
A. Subramanian* (Corresponding Author)
Assistant Professor
Department Of Zoology, S.T. Hindu College,
Nagercoil – 629 002
Tamil Nadu, India.
*E-mail: Sathish_042010@yahoo.com
Abstract
The Epidemiology of Dental Fluorsis in Kanyakumari District is studied using cross-sectional oral health
survey from 2005-2008. 5000 individuals from rural areas (Viz) Azhagappapuram, Lakshmipuram,
Punnarkulam, Bagavathypuram (South) and Nilapparai Villages. The Survey is restricted to a special study
area with 7212 population. 45.24 indicates the percentage of Male, while is 2262 out of 5000 and 54.76
indicates the percentage of Female, which is 2738 out of 5000 people. Of the 2262 Males, the number of
diseased cases are 399 (17.64%) and the rest 1863 (82.36%) are normal subjects, where as in Females out
of 2738(54.76%), 456(16.65%) have been screened as dt +ve cases, and the remaining 2282 (83.35%) are
normal subjects. The over all disease prevalence % in Male is 17.64 and in Female it is 16.65%.
Key Words: Epidemiology Study, Fluorosis, Dental Fluorosis, Dean’s Index.
1. Introduction
Fluorosis, a crippling disease is a mundane problem. It is a highly advanced stage of fluoride poisoning
and it is an irreversible, practically helpless body disorder. Fluorosis is caused by the intake of high
amount of fluoride through water, food, and drugs, inhalation of air-contaminated with fluorine and
dentrifices. Victims through out the globe are the witnesses of this slow killer. It ramifies it’s horizon
in the six continents.
To a certain extent (as per WHO: 0.6 ppm) fluoride ingestion is useful for bone and teeth development,
but excessive ingestion causes a disease known as fluorosis. While the WHO standards (1984) and
BIS: 10500-1991(BIS 1983) permit only 1.5 mg/L as a safe limit of fluoride in drinking water for
human consumption, in many parts of the world where drinking water contains excessive amounts of
fluoride (3-5 mg/L or ppm), endemic fluorosis has been observed (Valderhaugh, J. 1993, Clark, DC.
1994, Jackson, RD., Kelly, S.A., Katz, B.P., 1995).
Fluorosis continues to be an endemic problem. More and more areas are being discovered regularly
that are affected by fluorosis in different parts of the world. Children in the age group of 0-12 years are
most prone to fluorosis as their body tissues are in formative / growth stage during this period.
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Expectant mothers are also to be protected, as there is growing concern about effects of fluoride on
foetus.
Fluorosis, which was considered to be a problem related to teeth only, has now turned up to be a
serious health hazard. It seriously affects bones and problems like joint pain, muscular pain etc. are its
well-known manifestations. It not only affects the body of a person but also renders him socially and
culturally crippled. In spite of the progressive spread of disease so far no established data exists to
determine the extent of disease, no spealised water testing facilities area available and even the health
centers do not have specific orientation to correlate the disease with specific symptoms. In these areas
the response of the people is reactive rather than pro-active.
Fluoride is the agent factor for the onset of fluorosis in man and cattle. Fluorosis is an endemic disease
resulting from ingestion of excess fluoride either through drinking water, food or dentifrices, which
affect teeth and bones. Moderate amounts (i.e) concentration of 2 ppm (or mg/L) or above, fluorosis of
teeth has been reported affecting the dental enamel. But, long term ingestion of large amounts (i.e)
chronic fluorine intoxication through drinking water containing above 10 ppm of fluorine results in
pathological changes of bone leading to skeletal fluorosis (Pareek, A. 1994).
1.1. National Scene
Fluorosis problem has reached alarming proportions in India. Many of the states of India have
alarmingly high concentrations of fluoride in their water resources.
Excessive intake of fluoride leads to serious effects on the teeth during tooth formation and
abnormal hardening of bones, leading to a condition known as “fluorosis” that is exacerbated by
poor diets deficient in calcium and vitamins. The problem has been noticed as very serious in at
least 17 states of India affected with dental, skeletal and / or non-skeletal fluorosis with 62 million
victims. The extent of fluoride contamination of water varies from 1.0 – 4.8 mg/L or ppm. The
extent of the seriousness of fluorosis has been summarized as follows: (Susheela, A.K. 2007).
1) 50-100 percent districts are affected – Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat
and Rajasthan.
2) 30-50 percent districts are affected – Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Punjab, Orissa and west Bengal.
3) < 30 percent districts are affected – Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi and Kerala.
The main objectives of the present epidemiological study will try to explore the various pertinent
reasons for the existence of dental fluorosis in the endemic and non-endemic areas in the following
ways.
A cross sectional door to door survey will be conducted to find out the natural history of fluorosis in
the study area.
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3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
It will try to explore the possibilities for the age and sex specific existence of the disease in the study
population. To find out the endemicity rate of the disease in the study areas.
The present cross- sectional study investigates the dental fluorosis prevalence in Kanyakumari District.
2. Materials And Methods
The present work includes the study on the epidemiological conditions on dental fluorosis in rural
population of Azhagappapuram, Lakshmipuram, Punnarkulam, Bagavathypuram (South) and
Nilapparai Villages in the south eastern part of Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu, the Southern land
mark of the Indian sub – continent.
Most of the inhabitations are using bore well water and the rest is using well water and panchayat tap
water for their domestic purpose, and the fluoride content of the water is within the permissible limit
(i.e.) 1.5 ppm or mg/L.
2.1.1. Fluorosis diagnosis
To assess the magnitude of the dental fluorosis, house to house survey is performed with a well
designed questionnaire. The present study is carried out during the period 2005-2008 and is
restricted to rural areas (viz) Azhagappuram, Lakshmipuram, Punnarkulam, Bagavathypuram
(south) and Nilapparai village. The survey is restricted to a ‘special study area’ with 7212
population. The target is to cover 69.33 percentage (i.e.) 5000 out of 7212 total population, 45.24
indicates the percentage of male, which is 2262 out of 5000 and 54.76 indicates the percentage of
female, which is 2738 out of 5000 people.
Random selection of houses in the survey area are selected. The survey is made without any bias
of occupation, religion (or) social class. Persons of all age-group, including men, women and
children staying in the same household are examined whether with (or) without manifestation of
apparent dental, skeletal and clinical fluorosis by making a door to door visit. This procedure
eliminated selection with respect to age and sex as every person available in the household got an
equal chance of being examined (George Joseph and Prasad. 1967).
The clinical examinations are performed by experienced dentists with otoscope, forceps, a
Community Peridontal Index (CPI) probe, as indicated by the WHO, and gauze for drying the
teeth before accomplishment of the dental fluorosis test. CPI probes (ball point pen) are used
especially in epidemiological surveys to remove debris over tooth, thus improving the
visualization (WHO 1997).
Dental fluorosis is assessed by the Dean’s classification system. Dental fluorosis has been defined
as follows: normal, questionable, very mild, mild, moderate, and severe (Dean, H.T. 1942).
3. Results And Discussion
The data obtained are summarized in Table 2, 3 and 4.
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4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Table.2. reveals the distribution of dental fluorosis cases on the basis of Dean’s Index. Of the 855 df
cases, 174 are noticed as questionable type and it comprises 20.35%. It is quite evident from the table
that, the number of questionable type male df cases are 66 (37.93%) and the females are 108 (62.07%).
There are 163 (48.22%) very mild male df cases and 175(51.78%) female df cases which denotes the
total very mild df cases as 338 (39.53%) in number. The total mild cases accounts for 197 (23.04%)
which includes 110 (55.84%) males and 87 (44.16%) females. 105 (12.28%) total moderate cases
include 42 (40%) males and 63 (60%) females. 41 denotes the total severe df cases (4.8%), which
includes 18 (43.9%) males and 23 (56.1%) females. Altogether there are 399 (46.67%) male df cases
and 456 (53.33%) females and the total number of df cases are 855 (Figure: 1).
Table.3. depicted in the severity of dental fluorosis by age in male subjects are 2262 are screened for
dental fluorsis and found that 399 individuals are having the disease at different levels. The male
subjects are grouped into 7 categories such as 8-10 yrs., 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and 60
plus yrs. Group. Of the 2262 males, 399 are having dental fluorosis and the rest 1863 individuals are
detected as normal. 17.64%disease prevalence is noticed among male subjects(Figure: 2).
The severity of the disease is classified as per Dean’s index. The inflected persons are grouped as
questionable, very mild, mild, moderate and severe cases. In toto there are 66 (16.54%) questionable,
163(40.85%) very mild, 110 (27.57%) mild, 42 (10.53%) moderate and 18 (4.51%) severe df cases.
The disease prevalence percentage in different age-groups such as 8-10 yrs., 11-20 yrs., 21-30 yrs., 31-
40 yrs., 41-50 yrs., 51-60 yrs., and 60 plus yrs. Are as follows: 21.12, 17.68, 13.91, 15.9, 14.72, 20.93
and 17.02.
The df cases detected under the age-group 8-10 yrs. is 83, which comprises 20.8% of the total diseased
cases in the male subjects. There are 9 questionable, 42 very mild, 29 mild and 3 severe df cases found
in this age-group. 203 reveals 50.88% of the total df male cases found under the age-group 11-20 yrs.
It includes 40 questionable, 105 very mild, 54 mild and 4 severe cases. Similarly the total number of df
cases noticed in the age-group 21-30 yrs. are 32, which includes 7 questionable, 7 very mild, 5 mild,
11 moderate and 2 severe cases.
There are 31 fluorosed subjects detected in the age-group 31-40 yrs., which constitutes 4 questionable,
2 very mild, 4 mild, 19moderate and 2 severe cases. The number of infected individuals seen under the
age-group 41-50 yrs. are 24, which shows 3 questionable, 2 very mild, 6 mild, 11 moderate and 2
severe cases. 2 questionable, 3very mild, 9 mild, 1 moderate and 3 severe cases (i.e.) 18 df cases have
been identified under the age-group 51-60 yrs. The 60 plus age-group has 8 infected males, out of
which 1 person is having questionable type of df, 2 subjects show very mild infection. 3 are with mild
disease, and the rest 2 are having severe infection.
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5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Table.4. pictures out the total number of female subjects with severity of dental fluorosis by age. There
are 2738 females screened for dental fluorosis and it is observed that, 456 females are having df at
different levels. Dental fluorosis cases are detected based on the criteria of Dean’s index.
Of the 456 df female subjects, 108 (23.68%) are with questionable fluorosis, 175 (38.38%) are having
very mild form of disease, 87 (19.08%) are expressing mild form of disease, 63 (13.82%) shows
moderate level of df, and 23 (5.04%) are suffering from severe df. The disease prevalence percentage
in different age-groups such as 8-10 yrs., 11-20 yrs., 21-30 yrs., 31-40 yrs., 41-50 yrs., 51-60 yrs., and
60 plus yrs. are: 17.82, 25.3, 7.24, 8.19, 7.05, 7.87, and 16.13(Figure: 3).
Of the 85 (18.64%) df cases found under the age-group 8-10 yrs. 9 are having questionable form of
disease, 36 are with very mild df, 25 are showing mild disease, and 15 are having moderate level of df.
There are 278 (60.97%) females with df, of which 76 are with questionable type of df, 111 are showing
very mild disease, 49 shows mild disease, 30 are with moderate disease and 12 are having severe form
of disease. There are 27 df cases detected under the age-group 21-30, in which 7 are with questionable
form of df, 11 shows very mild df, 5 are with mild df, and 4 are having moderate type of df.
The number of df cases noticed under the age-group 31-40 yrs. are 19, of which 6 are having
questionable form of disease, 3 are with very mild, disease, 4 are having mild form of df, 4 females
have developed moderate df, and 2 are with severe form of df. In the age-group 41-50 yrs. the affected
females are 17, where in 5 are having questionable form of disease, 5 are showing very mild disease,
another 5 are with moderate df, and 2 are having severe df.
The number of df cases identified under the age-group 51-60 yrs. are 20, which includes 4 questionable
cases, 7 very mild cases, 2 mild cases, another 2 moderate cases and 5 severe cases. The number of df
cases, identified under the age-group 60 plus yrs. are 10, which comprises 1 question able case, 2 very
mild cases, 2 mild cases, 3 moderate cases and 2 severe cases. 16.65% disease prevalence is noticed
among the female subjects.
Many investigation showed that the prevalence of fluorosis was quite associated with the fluoride
concentration in drinking water and the prevalence is directly related to water fluoride concentration
(Segreto, V.A. Camann, D. Collins,E.M. Smith, C.T. 1984, Warren, J.J. Levy, S.M. Kanellis, M.J.
2001). Also some studies showed the prevalence is increasing with the increased water fluoride
concentrations. (Evans, R.W. 1989).
In the present study fluoride concentration in water sampled in Azhagappapuram area is 1.76 (Mg/L)
While the water fluoride concentration in other sampling site were less than 1 Mg/L.
4. Conclusion
The seasonal variations in ground water sources, low water fluoride induced dental fluorosis,
enrichment of fluoride in other sources such as food items, and the role of fluoride on biomarkers is
the main reasons for Dental Fluorosis.
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6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
5. Acknowledgements
The author express acknowledgements to all workers in this oral health survey.
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Bureav Of Indian Standards, (BITS) (1983), Code For Drinking Water, India. Indian Standards
Specification (IS). No. IS10500, 9.
Clark, DC. (1994), Community Den. Oral Epidemiol, 22, PP.148-152.
Choubisa, S. L(2001). “Fluoride”, 34 PP.61-70.
Dean, H.T. (1934). “Journal of American Dental Association” 21.1421 - 1426.
Dean, H.T, (1942). “Fluorine and dental health” Washington DC PP. 6-11, 23-31.
Evans, R.W. (1989).” Changes in Dental Fluorosis following and Adjustment to the Fluoride Concentration
of Hong Kong’s water supplies.” Adv Dent Res, 3. PP. 154-160.
Jackson, RD., Kelly, S.A., Katz, B.P., et,al. (1995), J.Public Health Dentistry. 55: PP. 79-83.
George Joseph and Prasad. (1967) “Epidemiological studies on Filariasis In The Costal Belt of Kerala”
Bull. WHO, PP. 356-385.
Misra, A.K, Misra, A and Premraj, (2006). Fluoride , 39,PP.35-38.
Pareek, A- (1994) . “The Ind.J.Of Nutr and Dietetics,” 31, PP121-125.
Segreto, V.A. Camann, D.Collins, E.M.Smith, C.T. (1984). “A Current study of Mottled enamel in
Texas”. Journal of American Dental Association, 108. PP 56-59
Susheela, A.K.(2007) In, A Treatise on fluorosis. 3rd edition, Delhi. “Fluorosis Research and Rural
Development foundation”
Valdernaugh, J. (1993), Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol, 21, PP.15-18.
Warren, J.J. Levy, S.M. Kannellis, M.J. (2001). “Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis In The primary Dentition”
PP.87-91.
WHO, (1984), Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality, WHO Geneva. 2: 249.
WHO. (1997). “Oral Health Surveys”, Basic Method”. 4th edn Geneva.
6
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Table.1. Grading Of Dental Fluorosis (Dean, H.T. 1934)
The Modified Dean’s Index of Fluorosis was used. The classification is below
SL
Type Weight Description
.No
1 Normal 0 The enamel presents the usual translucent semivitriform type of structure. The surface
is smooth, glossy, and usually of a pale, creamy - white colour.
2 Questionable 0.5 Slight aberrations from the translucency of normal enamel seen, ranging from a few
fluorosis white flecks to occasional white spots. This classification is used in instances where a
definite diagnosis of the mildest form of fluorosis is not warranted and a classification
of “normal” not justified.
3 Very mild 1 Small opque, paper white areas scattered irregularly over the tooth but not involving
fluorosis as much as approximately 25% of the tooth surface. Frequently included in this
classification are teeth showing no more than about 1-2 mm of white opacity at the tip
of the summit of the cusps of the bicuspids or second molars.
4 Mild fluorosis 2 The white opaque areas in the enamel of the teeth are more extensive, but do not
involve as much as 50% of the tooth.
5 Moderate 3 All enamel surface of the teeth are affected and surfaces subject to attrition show
fluorosis market wear. Brown stain is frequently a disfiguring feature.
6 Severe 4 All enamel surface are affected and hypoplasia is so market that the general from of
fluorosis the tooth may be affected. The major diagnosis of this classification is the discrete or
confluent pitting. Brown stain are widespread, and teeth often present a corroded like
appearance.
7
8. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Table.2. Reveals the distribution of the population on the basis of
Dean’s index (n = 5000 individuals)
df cases
Sl. No. Dean’s Index Total
Male Female
4145
1 Normal 1863 (44.95) 2282 (55.05)
(100)
174
2 Questionable 66 (37.93) 1018 (62.07)
(20.35)
3 Very Mild 163 (48.22) 175 (51.78) 338 (39.53)
4 Mild 110 (55.84) 87 (44.16) 197 (23.04)
105
5 Moderate 42 (40) 63 (60)
(12.28)
6 Severe 18 (43.9) 23 (56.1) 41 (4.8)
7 Total 2262 2378 5000
(Figures in parentheses are percentage values
Table.3. Pictures out the total number of male subjects with severity of dental fluorosis by age
(n = 5000 individuals)
Dean’s Index
Disease
Sl. Age Questionable Very Mild Moderate Severe Total df
Examined Normal Prevalence
No group cases
Mild (%)
310 9 42 83
1 8-10 393 (17.37) 29 (26.36) - 3 (16.67) 21.12
(16.64) (13.64) (25.77) (20.8)
1148 945 105 54 4 203
2 40
11-20 (50.75) (50.72) (64.41) (49.09) - (22.22) (50.88) 17.68
(40.61)
230 198 7 7 5 11 2 32
3 21-30 (10.17) (10.63) (10.60) (4.29) (4.55) (26.19) (11.11) (8.02) 13.91
195 164 4 2 4 19 2 31
4 31-40 (8.62) (8.8) (6.06) (1.23) (3.64) (45.24) (11.11) (7.76) 15.9
163 139 3 2 6 11 2 24
5 41-50 (7.21) (7.47) (4.55) (1.23) (5.45) (26.19) (11.11) (6.02) 14.72
86 68 2 3 9 1 3 18
6 51-60 (3.8) (3.65) (3.03) (1.84) (8.18) (2.38) (16.67) (4.51) 20.93
47 39 1 2 3 2 8
7 60 Plus (2.08) (2.09) (1.51) (1.23) (2.73) - (11.11) (2.01) 17.02
66 163 110 42 18
8 Total 2262 1863 (16.54) (40.85) (27.57) (10.53) (4.51) 399
(Figures in parentheses are percentage values)
8
9. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Table.4. Pictures out the total number of female subjects with severity of dental fluorosis by age
(n = 5000 individuals)
Dean’s Index
Disease
Sl. Age Questionable Very Mild Moderate Severe Total df
Examined Normal Prevalence
No group cases
Mild (%)
392 9 36 85
1 8-10 477 (17.42) 25 (28.74) 15 (23.81) - 17.82
(17.18) (8.33) (20.57) (18.64)
821 76 12 278
2 1099 (40.14) 111 (63.43)49 (56.32) 30 (47.62) 25.3
11-20 (35.98) (70.37) (52.17) (60.97)
346 7 11 5 4 27
373 (13.62) - 7.24
3 21-30 (15.16 (6.48) (6.29) (5.75) (6.35) (5.92)
6 4 4 19
232 (8.48) 213 (9.33) 3 (1.71) 2 (8.70) 8.19
4 31-40 (5.56) (4.59) (6.35) (4.17)
241 5 5 2 17
224 (9.82) 5 (2.86) - 7.05
5 41-50 (8.8) (4.63) (7.94) (8.70) (3.73)
254 234 4 2 2 20
7 (4.00) 5 (21.73) 7.87
6 51-60 (9.28) (10.25) (3.70) (2.30) (3.17) (4.38)
62 1 2 3 2 10
52 (2.28) 2 (1.14) 16.13
7 60 Plus (2.26) (0.93) (2.30) (4.76) (8.70) (2.19)
108 175 23
2738 2282 87 (19.08) 63 (13.82) 456
8 Total (23.68) (38.38) (5.04)
(Figures in parentheses are percentage values)
Figure.1. Reveals the distribution of the population on the basis of Dean’s index
Severe, 4.8%
Moderate,
Questionable,
12.28%
20.35%
Mild, 23.04%
Very Mild,
39.53%
Figure.2. Pictures out the total number of male subjects with severity of dental fluorosis by age
9
10. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.4, 2011
Age 60Plus, Age 8-10
17.02% 21.12%
Age 51-60 , Age 11-20
20.93% 17.68%
Age 21-30
Age 41-50
13.91%
14.72%
Age 31-40
15.9%
Figure.3. Pictures out the total number of female subjects with severity of dental fluorosis by age
Age 8-10,
Age 60 Plus,
17.82%
16.13%
Age 51-60 ,
7.87%
Age 41-50,
7.05% Age 11-20,
25.3%
Age 31-40,
8.19%
Age 21-30,
7.24%
10
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