1
#1: Key Concepts in Building Law Enforcement Legitimacy
Law enforcement legitimacy is very important for both the agencies and the communities they serve and protect. There must be public trust and confidence in the police for their overall mission and objectives to be attained. There must also be a sense of obligation and responsibility by the citizenry to accept police authority. For legitimacy to exist, a belief that police actions are morally justified and appropriate to the circumstances should be shared by the public. The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA) is just one organization in the U.S. that promotes the notion that when police are perceived to be procedurally just in their actions, public recognition of police legitimacy improved along with the ability of police to carry out their responsibilities effectively (http://www.icjia.state.il.us/articles/procedural-justice-in-policing-how-the-process-of-justice-impacts-public-attitudes-and-law-enforcement-outcomes).
#2: Prevailing Opinions of the Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the U.S.
Many general opinions on the legitimacy of law enforcement may be formed by the perception of police behavior being lawful vs. procedurally just. The general public have a limited understanding of the law as it pertains to statutes and the Constitution, but most people have a strong understanding of behavior that is considered procedurally just and unjust. In other words, an officer’s behavior may be within the legal scope of authority but completely wrong as being procedurally just. Officer behavior during traffic stops, searches, attitudes, verbal commands and overall interpersonal exchanges with the public all contribute to the public opinion of legitimacy in law enforcement (http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/RIC/publications/cops-p241-pub). Prevailing opinions among member of communities of color tend to be more negative toward legitimacy of law enforcement because of issues pertaining to racial profiling, higher arrest rates, mistreatment and over enforcement, in comparison to predominantly white communities.
#3: The Impact of Racial Profiling and Disproportionate Contact with Ethnic Groups
Both racial profiling and disproportionate contact with certain racial groups undermine legitimacy because it destroys trust between law enforcement and those respective racial groups. It erodes the belief that police actions are morally justified and should be supported and adhered to. Racial profiling also undermines the effectiveness of law enforcement by having the opposite affect on the goal of detecting and reducing crime. Policing efforts focused on race allows other important factors to go undetected when seeking to detect and reduce crime. If minority groups have lower hit rates compared to whites, an entire swath of criminal activity goes undetected to the detriment of the community. Additionally, the use of statistical discrimination have further advanced the not.
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
1. You are considering purchasing a consol that promises annual p.docxjeremylockett77
1. You are considering purchasing a consol that promises annual payments of $4.
(LO2)
a. If the current interest rate is 5 percent, what is the price of the consol?
b. You are concerned that the interest rate may rise to 6 percent. Compute the percentage change in the price of the consol and the percentage change in the
interest rate. Compare them.
c. Your investment horizon is one year. You purchase the consol when the interest rate is 5 percent and sell it a year later, following a rise in
2. As you read the business news, you come across an advertisement for a bond mutual fund—a fund that pools the investments from a large number of people and then purchases bonds, giving the individuals “shares” in the fund. The company claims its fund has had a return of 131⁄2 percent over the last year. But you remember that interest rates have been pretty low—5 percent at most. A quick check of the numbers in the business section you’re holding tells you that your recollection is correct. Explain the logic behind the mutual fund’s claim in the advertisement. (LO2)
3. Given the data in the accompanying table, would you say that this economy is heading for a boom or for a recession? Explain your choice. (LO4)
4. What are the advantages of holding stock in a company versus holding bonds is- sued by the same company? (LO1)
Paper Week 8
Paper Week 8 2
What do Travis and Stone suggest as the "new professionalism," and do you agree?
I believe that the over all suggestion from Travis and Stone is a revamp of how we approach the work place as Law Enforcement. There is a professional standard that almost all work places should use, in this case Travis and Stone have set rules and guidelines for Law Enforcement. Some of these guidelines are also words you hear in the popular news media such as Legitimacy, Transparency, and Accountability etc.
The current American public demands such action now a days compared to the long and drawn out investigations of the past. This has helped bridge many gaps with the American public that often when not given answers will conclude their own, that or be driven by popular new media outlets to dread the worst.
I agree that Law Enforcement must always be a standard in professionalism, times change and so does that standard, so I agree that Law Enforcement must chance with it.
What is the promise of "Democratic Policing Reform"?
The term “Policing Reform,” has been used by many different politicians throughout time in a effort to oversee police reform in a political manner. The issue is that when you hear these terms from most politicians there is no plan that follows these baseless claims, so as a civilians your hearing talking points with no merit, with no execution. There are many agencies throughout the United States that have over watch groups and government monitoring groups that over see operations, often after an incident.
The goal of this policing is that by reforming police departm ...
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine Submi.docxfestockton
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine
Submitted February 9, 2010
The Untruthful Employee - Is Termination the Only Response?
By: Chief Ronal Serpas and Captain Michael Hagar, Metropolitan Nashville
Police Department, Nashville, TN
Over the last many years law enforcement leaders have come under increasing
pressure to answer the question: “What do I do with a law enforcement employee
who has been proven to be untruthful in the work place?” Many departments
have also been confronted with significant and far reaching court decisions that
play a prominent role in this decision making process, as well as vigorous
debates and lengthy court battles with labor organizations around the issue of
truthfulness expectations in policy and disciplinary actions. Beyond court
decisions and day to day management issues, in recent years the US
Department of Justice has issued far reaching instructions on the conduct of
federal law enforcement cases that may involve local and state police employees
who have a history of being untruthful in the work place. There have been
articles titled, “Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad
Coming to Your Town?”1, “Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be
Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?”2 and similar discussions in this
magazine and others. In light of these critical and evolving issues, a recent
decision from the Tennessee Court of Appeals analyzing the procedures and
practices of the Metropolitan Police of Nashville Davidson County, TN can be
instructive. Without disregarding the import and consequences of Brady v
Maryland3 and Giglio v. United States4, this article proposes that it should be the
public policy of law enforcement agencies that untruthful conduct by a law
enforcement agency employee has a most damaging effect to the day to day
efficient and effective service of policing. Moreover, the use of untruthful
statements to avoid disciplinary action further undermines the efficient and
effective service expected of American police departments. Truthfulness by
employees is not only an issue of witness credibility in a court of law; it is the
fundamental nature of law enforcement service and strikes to the core of our
ability to provide effective and efficient service. As a result, untruthful conduct,
when found, must be met with the most serious of disciplinary action –
termination.
1 Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad Coming to Your Town?,
Police Chief Magazine, November, 2005.
2 Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?,
Police Chief Magazine, April, 2008.
3 Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
4 Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972)
Serpas and Hagar
Page 1 of 9
http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=744&issue ...
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine Submi.docxrossskuddershamus
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine
Submitted February 9, 2010
The Untruthful Employee - Is Termination the Only Response?
By: Chief Ronal Serpas and Captain Michael Hagar, Metropolitan Nashville
Police Department, Nashville, TN
Over the last many years law enforcement leaders have come under increasing
pressure to answer the question: “What do I do with a law enforcement employee
who has been proven to be untruthful in the work place?” Many departments
have also been confronted with significant and far reaching court decisions that
play a prominent role in this decision making process, as well as vigorous
debates and lengthy court battles with labor organizations around the issue of
truthfulness expectations in policy and disciplinary actions. Beyond court
decisions and day to day management issues, in recent years the US
Department of Justice has issued far reaching instructions on the conduct of
federal law enforcement cases that may involve local and state police employees
who have a history of being untruthful in the work place. There have been
articles titled, “Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad
Coming to Your Town?”1, “Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be
Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?”2 and similar discussions in this
magazine and others. In light of these critical and evolving issues, a recent
decision from the Tennessee Court of Appeals analyzing the procedures and
practices of the Metropolitan Police of Nashville Davidson County, TN can be
instructive. Without disregarding the import and consequences of Brady v
Maryland3 and Giglio v. United States4, this article proposes that it should be the
public policy of law enforcement agencies that untruthful conduct by a law
enforcement agency employee has a most damaging effect to the day to day
efficient and effective service of policing. Moreover, the use of untruthful
statements to avoid disciplinary action further undermines the efficient and
effective service expected of American police departments. Truthfulness by
employees is not only an issue of witness credibility in a court of law; it is the
fundamental nature of law enforcement service and strikes to the core of our
ability to provide effective and efficient service. As a result, untruthful conduct,
when found, must be met with the most serious of disciplinary action –
termination.
1 Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad Coming to Your Town?,
Police Chief Magazine, November, 2005.
2 Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?,
Police Chief Magazine, April, 2008.
3 Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
4 Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972)
Serpas and Hagar
Page 1 of 9
http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=744&issue.
150 words agree or disagreePolice discretion is the freedom or.docxdrennanmicah
150 words agree or disagree
Police discretion is the freedom or power of law enforcement officers exercise various alternative actions towards a person. Not all circumstances allow an officer to have discretion. Factors that affect police discretion are seriousness and nature of the crime, injury to the victim(s), prior contacts with the law, any weapons involved, sex, age. “There is no constitutional right to be treated with courtesy, respect or dignity by government officials, just as people are not entitled to receive particular outcomes. Constitutional models focus on the appropriate level of evidence that justifies each stage of contact with the police, i.e. stops, frisks, arrests, and the use of various levels of force all the way up to deadly force. The police frame their actions in terms of the Constitution and ask if they are entitled to legally engage in particular actions. They frequently do so instead of asking if their actions promote desirable goals, such as trust in the community. Actions can be legal but still undesirable when viewed against the goal of building community trust (Tyler, 2016).
Police officers have the authority to use force in situations where it is necessary for self-defense, to lawfully arrest a suspect, or to prevent criminal activity. Excessive force is defined as exceeding the minimum amount needed to achieve a given objective. National data on the incidence of excessive police force are lacking, and the problem likely varies by police department. Several institutional mechanisms have been proposed to control excessive police force. External controls include criminal prosecution, civil litigation, civilian review boards, and municipal control. Internal police department controls may be more appropriate than external controls but require a firm commitment by police management that misconduct, and brutality will not be tolerated. In addition, police recruits must be properly trained in how to deal with incidents in a manner that defuses the potential for violence. Proper supervision and discipline are also essential if excessive police force is to be prevented (Local, State, 2017).
Rufino
References
Local, State and National Law Enforcement: Hiring and Training. (2017, May 29). Retrieved from https://patimes.org/local-state-national-law-enforcement-hiring-training/
Tyler, Tom (2016) "Police Discretion in the 21st Century Surveillance State," University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 2016, Article 14. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol2016/iss1/14
.
Legitimacy and Procedural Justice A New El.docxsmile790243
Legitimacy and Procedural Justice:
A New Element of Police Leadership
A Report by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
March 2014
Edited by Craig Fischer
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance
This project was supported by Grant No. 2009-DB-BX-K030 awarded by the Bureau of Justice
Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs,
which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office
of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the SMART Office, and the Office for Victims
of Crime. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not
represent the official position or policies of the United States Department of Justice or of
individual members of the Police Executive Research Forum.
1
INTRODUCTION
The job of leading a local law enforcement agency has always been a complex one,
requiring skills in mastering complex policy issues, developing organizational structures and
systems, managing employees, and addressing the various and sometimes conflicting
expectations of the community, political leaders, agency employees, and the news media.
1
Many experienced police chiefs are saying that the 21
st
Century has brought a trend
toward even greater complexity in their jobs. New types of technology are revolutionizing how
police departments operate, and often the challenge is to make sound decisions about how to
integrate multiple forms of technology. The widespread adoption of community policing has
resulted in community members having higher expectations of accountability and efficiency in
their police departments. National and international economic conditions have strained local
police budgets. The workforce is changing in ways that affect police recruiting and retention.
These are just a few of the challenges that must be understood and constructively managed by
today’s chief executives in policing.
In fact, perhaps the greatest job qualification for today’s police executives is the ability
to recognize and respond to the swiftly changing issues and opportunities facing them. Police
chiefs often speak of their role as being “agents of change.” Never before has managing change
been a larger element of their jobs.
Today’s police departments appear to be succeeding, at least by the measure of crime
rates. Violent crime rates nationwide are half what they were two decades ago, and many
1
Leadership Matters: Police Chiefs Talk About Their Careers. Police Executive Research Forum, 2009.
2
jurisdictions are experiencing record low crime rates not seen since the 1960s. In addition, there
are indications that a variety of types of wrongful police behaviors, ranging from corruption to
unlawful shootings, are at lower levels ...
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
1. You are considering purchasing a consol that promises annual p.docxjeremylockett77
1. You are considering purchasing a consol that promises annual payments of $4.
(LO2)
a. If the current interest rate is 5 percent, what is the price of the consol?
b. You are concerned that the interest rate may rise to 6 percent. Compute the percentage change in the price of the consol and the percentage change in the
interest rate. Compare them.
c. Your investment horizon is one year. You purchase the consol when the interest rate is 5 percent and sell it a year later, following a rise in
2. As you read the business news, you come across an advertisement for a bond mutual fund—a fund that pools the investments from a large number of people and then purchases bonds, giving the individuals “shares” in the fund. The company claims its fund has had a return of 131⁄2 percent over the last year. But you remember that interest rates have been pretty low—5 percent at most. A quick check of the numbers in the business section you’re holding tells you that your recollection is correct. Explain the logic behind the mutual fund’s claim in the advertisement. (LO2)
3. Given the data in the accompanying table, would you say that this economy is heading for a boom or for a recession? Explain your choice. (LO4)
4. What are the advantages of holding stock in a company versus holding bonds is- sued by the same company? (LO1)
Paper Week 8
Paper Week 8 2
What do Travis and Stone suggest as the "new professionalism," and do you agree?
I believe that the over all suggestion from Travis and Stone is a revamp of how we approach the work place as Law Enforcement. There is a professional standard that almost all work places should use, in this case Travis and Stone have set rules and guidelines for Law Enforcement. Some of these guidelines are also words you hear in the popular news media such as Legitimacy, Transparency, and Accountability etc.
The current American public demands such action now a days compared to the long and drawn out investigations of the past. This has helped bridge many gaps with the American public that often when not given answers will conclude their own, that or be driven by popular new media outlets to dread the worst.
I agree that Law Enforcement must always be a standard in professionalism, times change and so does that standard, so I agree that Law Enforcement must chance with it.
What is the promise of "Democratic Policing Reform"?
The term “Policing Reform,” has been used by many different politicians throughout time in a effort to oversee police reform in a political manner. The issue is that when you hear these terms from most politicians there is no plan that follows these baseless claims, so as a civilians your hearing talking points with no merit, with no execution. There are many agencies throughout the United States that have over watch groups and government monitoring groups that over see operations, often after an incident.
The goal of this policing is that by reforming police departm ...
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine Submi.docxfestockton
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine
Submitted February 9, 2010
The Untruthful Employee - Is Termination the Only Response?
By: Chief Ronal Serpas and Captain Michael Hagar, Metropolitan Nashville
Police Department, Nashville, TN
Over the last many years law enforcement leaders have come under increasing
pressure to answer the question: “What do I do with a law enforcement employee
who has been proven to be untruthful in the work place?” Many departments
have also been confronted with significant and far reaching court decisions that
play a prominent role in this decision making process, as well as vigorous
debates and lengthy court battles with labor organizations around the issue of
truthfulness expectations in policy and disciplinary actions. Beyond court
decisions and day to day management issues, in recent years the US
Department of Justice has issued far reaching instructions on the conduct of
federal law enforcement cases that may involve local and state police employees
who have a history of being untruthful in the work place. There have been
articles titled, “Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad
Coming to Your Town?”1, “Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be
Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?”2 and similar discussions in this
magazine and others. In light of these critical and evolving issues, a recent
decision from the Tennessee Court of Appeals analyzing the procedures and
practices of the Metropolitan Police of Nashville Davidson County, TN can be
instructive. Without disregarding the import and consequences of Brady v
Maryland3 and Giglio v. United States4, this article proposes that it should be the
public policy of law enforcement agencies that untruthful conduct by a law
enforcement agency employee has a most damaging effect to the day to day
efficient and effective service of policing. Moreover, the use of untruthful
statements to avoid disciplinary action further undermines the efficient and
effective service expected of American police departments. Truthfulness by
employees is not only an issue of witness credibility in a court of law; it is the
fundamental nature of law enforcement service and strikes to the core of our
ability to provide effective and efficient service. As a result, untruthful conduct,
when found, must be met with the most serious of disciplinary action –
termination.
1 Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad Coming to Your Town?,
Police Chief Magazine, November, 2005.
2 Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?,
Police Chief Magazine, April, 2008.
3 Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
4 Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972)
Serpas and Hagar
Page 1 of 9
http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=744&issue ...
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine Submi.docxrossskuddershamus
Article Submission to the IACP – Police Chief Magazine
Submitted February 9, 2010
The Untruthful Employee - Is Termination the Only Response?
By: Chief Ronal Serpas and Captain Michael Hagar, Metropolitan Nashville
Police Department, Nashville, TN
Over the last many years law enforcement leaders have come under increasing
pressure to answer the question: “What do I do with a law enforcement employee
who has been proven to be untruthful in the work place?” Many departments
have also been confronted with significant and far reaching court decisions that
play a prominent role in this decision making process, as well as vigorous
debates and lengthy court battles with labor organizations around the issue of
truthfulness expectations in policy and disciplinary actions. Beyond court
decisions and day to day management issues, in recent years the US
Department of Justice has issued far reaching instructions on the conduct of
federal law enforcement cases that may involve local and state police employees
who have a history of being untruthful in the work place. There have been
articles titled, “Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad
Coming to Your Town?”1, “Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be
Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?”2 and similar discussions in this
magazine and others. In light of these critical and evolving issues, a recent
decision from the Tennessee Court of Appeals analyzing the procedures and
practices of the Metropolitan Police of Nashville Davidson County, TN can be
instructive. Without disregarding the import and consequences of Brady v
Maryland3 and Giglio v. United States4, this article proposes that it should be the
public policy of law enforcement agencies that untruthful conduct by a law
enforcement agency employee has a most damaging effect to the day to day
efficient and effective service of policing. Moreover, the use of untruthful
statements to avoid disciplinary action further undermines the efficient and
effective service expected of American police departments. Truthfulness by
employees is not only an issue of witness credibility in a court of law; it is the
fundamental nature of law enforcement service and strikes to the core of our
ability to provide effective and efficient service. As a result, untruthful conduct,
when found, must be met with the most serious of disciplinary action –
termination.
1 Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense: Is a Liars Squad Coming to Your Town?,
Police Chief Magazine, November, 2005.
2 Chief's Counsel: Should Police Officers Who Lie Be Terminated as a Matter of Public Policy?,
Police Chief Magazine, April, 2008.
3 Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)
4 Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972)
Serpas and Hagar
Page 1 of 9
http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=744&issue.
150 words agree or disagreePolice discretion is the freedom or.docxdrennanmicah
150 words agree or disagree
Police discretion is the freedom or power of law enforcement officers exercise various alternative actions towards a person. Not all circumstances allow an officer to have discretion. Factors that affect police discretion are seriousness and nature of the crime, injury to the victim(s), prior contacts with the law, any weapons involved, sex, age. “There is no constitutional right to be treated with courtesy, respect or dignity by government officials, just as people are not entitled to receive particular outcomes. Constitutional models focus on the appropriate level of evidence that justifies each stage of contact with the police, i.e. stops, frisks, arrests, and the use of various levels of force all the way up to deadly force. The police frame their actions in terms of the Constitution and ask if they are entitled to legally engage in particular actions. They frequently do so instead of asking if their actions promote desirable goals, such as trust in the community. Actions can be legal but still undesirable when viewed against the goal of building community trust (Tyler, 2016).
Police officers have the authority to use force in situations where it is necessary for self-defense, to lawfully arrest a suspect, or to prevent criminal activity. Excessive force is defined as exceeding the minimum amount needed to achieve a given objective. National data on the incidence of excessive police force are lacking, and the problem likely varies by police department. Several institutional mechanisms have been proposed to control excessive police force. External controls include criminal prosecution, civil litigation, civilian review boards, and municipal control. Internal police department controls may be more appropriate than external controls but require a firm commitment by police management that misconduct, and brutality will not be tolerated. In addition, police recruits must be properly trained in how to deal with incidents in a manner that defuses the potential for violence. Proper supervision and discipline are also essential if excessive police force is to be prevented (Local, State, 2017).
Rufino
References
Local, State and National Law Enforcement: Hiring and Training. (2017, May 29). Retrieved from https://patimes.org/local-state-national-law-enforcement-hiring-training/
Tyler, Tom (2016) "Police Discretion in the 21st Century Surveillance State," University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 2016, Article 14. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol2016/iss1/14
.
Legitimacy and Procedural Justice A New El.docxsmile790243
Legitimacy and Procedural Justice:
A New Element of Police Leadership
A Report by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
March 2014
Edited by Craig Fischer
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance
This project was supported by Grant No. 2009-DB-BX-K030 awarded by the Bureau of Justice
Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs,
which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office
of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the SMART Office, and the Office for Victims
of Crime. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not
represent the official position or policies of the United States Department of Justice or of
individual members of the Police Executive Research Forum.
1
INTRODUCTION
The job of leading a local law enforcement agency has always been a complex one,
requiring skills in mastering complex policy issues, developing organizational structures and
systems, managing employees, and addressing the various and sometimes conflicting
expectations of the community, political leaders, agency employees, and the news media.
1
Many experienced police chiefs are saying that the 21
st
Century has brought a trend
toward even greater complexity in their jobs. New types of technology are revolutionizing how
police departments operate, and often the challenge is to make sound decisions about how to
integrate multiple forms of technology. The widespread adoption of community policing has
resulted in community members having higher expectations of accountability and efficiency in
their police departments. National and international economic conditions have strained local
police budgets. The workforce is changing in ways that affect police recruiting and retention.
These are just a few of the challenges that must be understood and constructively managed by
today’s chief executives in policing.
In fact, perhaps the greatest job qualification for today’s police executives is the ability
to recognize and respond to the swiftly changing issues and opportunities facing them. Police
chiefs often speak of their role as being “agents of change.” Never before has managing change
been a larger element of their jobs.
Today’s police departments appear to be succeeding, at least by the measure of crime
rates. Violent crime rates nationwide are half what they were two decades ago, and many
1
Leadership Matters: Police Chiefs Talk About Their Careers. Police Executive Research Forum, 2009.
2
jurisdictions are experiencing record low crime rates not seen since the 1960s. In addition, there
are indications that a variety of types of wrongful police behaviors, ranging from corruption to
unlawful shootings, are at lower levels ...
I will like to if you take these paper an put them into 8-10 pages a.docxflonayrton46696
I will like to if you take these paper an put them into 8-10 pages and it has to be done by 12pm tomorrow what ever the price let me know because i need this done asap also do you remeber the assignment. The last paper is what you wrote for me can you use the same outline thatis in the last paper when you do it. We all hve to be in this as a group. Thank you and send me a handshake soon can you put an astract.
Differential and inequitable treatments that are encountered by racial and ethnic groups in policing, courts and corrections comes in various forms against mainly those of a specific/different race then that of their own, different religions, ethnicities and minorities, regardless of the type of hardship that an individual may encounter, prejudice of this sorts is a violation of human rights. There needs to be more training, education and understanding of those individuals that are singled out by society as well as the justice system, focusing more on the individual then the ethnic background of that individual, understandingly this could play a factor in some instances but not all. People have the right to be treated with respect and have the right to understand what is happening to them and why, we need more individuals that can act as an interpreter for those of the non-English speaking minorities, there is also a need for workers within the system that are aware of these cultures with knowledgeable backgrounds of the cultures history, this would make it easier for minorities to understand the procedures/charges and what is going on with them as associated to the circumstance (NCJRS, 1994).
Contemporary issues in cultural diversity, crime and justice, with all of the situations that have risen over the past years and currently pertaining to different type of racism, labeling, bias and prejudices we have a great need for extended training along with understanding within the cultural diversity field. Community relations that are effective as well as trusting are very important when it comes to proper policing and police-community relations. (NCJRS, 1993).
The history of Race, Ethnicity and Social Classism within the Criminal Justice System dates back hundreds of years but has changed over time from what was considered to be that of explicit racism to that of a more surreptitious manifestations and outcomes The treatment of minorities being the most profound civil rights crisis facing the United States of America in the new century (Leadership Conference (2017).
We are in a time where an individual are able to have more opportunities than that of earlier years having more individuals in positions of leadership/authority than ever before and along with that comes a chance for education and employment opportunities both being free of discrimination although by no means are we at a point within society that discrimination does not exist, this is a category in which individuals as well as society as a whole .
1#1 Helping Community Relationships by Using Ethical Practi.docxjeremylockett77
1
#1: Helping Community Relationships by Using Ethical Practices in Uses of Force.
By use of ethical practices in the application of force, law enforcement agencies foster greater trust and legitimacy with the communities they serve. The message that is communicated to the community is that the use of force will be used in situations that are necessary where the use of force is sufficiently warranted to contain/stop a threat or danger. It also sends the message that a person’s civil rights and human dignity are principles that officers respect even in difficult and dangerous situations. An officer’s use of force that is consistent with the law and agency policy upholds the rule of law, and by doing so, affords a criminal suspect due process and preservation of their constitutional rights. Using an ethical approach in the use of force helps officers avoid traps of the “us vs them” mentality, as well as, a military style approach where officers view themselves as combat soldiers and criminal suspects are the enemy. By applying an ethical approach to the use of force, officers also avoid the mentality and belief that the ends justify the means as a utilitarian belief system (Elliott & Pollock, 2104).
#2: Compstat and Zero Tolerance - Challenges faced when pressured to reduce crime and produce certain outcomes in a short period.
Some of the challenges have to do with avoiding reactionary responses to crime. If there is pressure on a police agency to reduce crime and achieve certain outcomes in a short period of time, there may be a tendency to cut corners and fall into the trap of “by any means necessary” as pointed out by Elliott and Pollock in The Ethics of Force. Effective utilization of Compstat can help to avoid such pitfalls given that it provides real time data on which crimes are being committed and where they are happening. Police leadership can then deploy necessary resources and responses to affected areas of the community. By smartly using Compstat, Zero Tolerance enforcement becomes manageable and effective. Additional challenges occur if there is resistance toward the use of Compstat by rank and file officers, as well as, supervisors and command staff. Compstat must also be tailed-made to fit in with the particular culture and environment of the respective agency adopting its use. A one size fits all approach will not be affective nor embraced by staff in the long term.
#3: Specific Advantages of Police Community Partnerships in reducing crime.
Advantages in promoting police community partnerships start with the focus on the police being partners with the community they serve. Officers gain a level of trust by forming solid community partnerships. The fruits of those relationships lead to a better understanding of the role and mission of the police. It also strengthens a trusting relationship with the community where identifying and reducing crime becomes a shared responsibility between the police and the comm ...
CJ-4880 Police Brutality Increase in the unjustified .docxclarebernice
CJ-4880
Police Brutality: Increase in the unjustified use of force or in media coverage?
Introduction
Presently there has been an increase in attention on police forces around the United
States. It isn’t specifically centered in the areas typically known for crime or rogue police
officers, but it has hit home in the backyards of everyday Americans. These occasions of police
exercising force against citizens is plastering the media, and the coverage is endless. But the
question is about whether these officers are exercising their right to use force unjustly and truly
bringing fear into the hearts of Americans? Or is it the endless media coverage forcing it into the
lives of the people and using unsubstantiated facts to bring unnecessary damage to the officers
involved, the victims, and the general public? To answer these questions it is necessary to dive
into the minds of everyday citizens and the pure facts. This study intends to survey members of
the general public with specific age ranges with questions designed to provide information about
the perceptions of citizens and how they feel about police and the possibility of the increasing
occurrences of police brutality.
The Questions
Has police brutality truly increased and become a serious problem for the United States?
Are the officers who were meant to be serving and protecting destroying the trust in the police
forces? Or is the massive reach of the television giants reaching unjustified into the homes and
giving the public an incorrect assumption about the police? Few studies have directly answered
the above questions with most studies focusing on specific races in correlation of police brutality
and other focusing on rogue officers. This study is to focus on the possible correlation between
media coverage and the pubic believing that police brutality has increased. While the main
question is to determine whether the media has a direct effect on the opinion of officers, it is also
important to determine the facts about police brutality and bring those facts to the American
people to either change their perceptions or change the police. Those involved in this study will
play an important part to help the public reach an understanding about the facts of police
brutality and regain some trust in the law enforcement on the local and national levels.
Literature Review
The history of police brutality is deep and Americans are well versed in the stories of
Rodney King, Malice Green, and presently Michael Brown. Study after study has been
completed on police officers and racial discrimination but very few have focuses on the media
aspect. Police brutality is loosely defined as unethical behavior of a certified police officer who
uses excessive use of force, up to and including death. Public scrutiny of police use of force is
unavoidable (Alpert, 2009) The American public is expecting these officers to do their jobs with ...
1. 1250 Words (min) - 1450 Words (max), Bibliography and Titles no.docxkarisariddell
1. 1250 Words (min) - 1450 Words (max), Bibliography and Titles not counted.
2. It is a comparison essay.
3. 3+ outside academic sources (blogs, wikis, pop websites are permitted, but do not count for these 3 scholarly sources). Sources should be good journal articles or academic books.
4. Avoid Google. For academic articles, search https://onesearch.library.utoronto.ca/research/articles-databases Links to an external site.
Writing Tips:
—MLA or APA format required: quotes and paraphrasing need page numbers APA: (Smith, 2000, p. 235). MLA (Smith 235). Quotes are best. Avoid footnotes in any form, or the Chicago style of citation.
—State your thesis at the end of Paragraph 1 -- what will you claim?--Include a copy of small image as an Appendix after your Works Cited, if you analyze an ad or other visual item you want me to see (if I haven't likely seen it).
"Quote" if you can. Paraphrase secondarily. Introduce/integrate quotes. As Smith suggests, “Ads are a system...” that can “educate us...” (Smith, 2005, p. 5)
Quotes cannot stand alone.
Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and address that topic. The topic sentence tells readers what the topic is. For example: “Historically, ads were outdoors...” OR you can use a question “How did we move from a needs society to a wants society?...”
Use transitions between paragraphs. “But Farnsworth was not only the creator of TV, he also…”
Block quotes (more than 3 full lines) should NOT be used, or only in rare cases when you cannot summarize the gist, and almost never in short papers.
Topic:
DIGITAL MEDIA. Select 1 Historical or Current Example of Social Media being blamed for a social problem (ex: the cyber bullying of Amanda Todd), and 1 Example of Social Media being credited with improving life (ex: social movements). (See Chapter 2). Many people who examine ‘social media’ (such as Facebook and Twitter) say that these tools distract us from the important things in life. Similar things were said about television, and telephones, and the radio, and even of writing. Any communication technology can be used in a variety of ways, depending on who has access to them, and how creative they are. In your Compare and Contrast Essay, discuss one case or way in which social media get blamed for negative events or outcomes (loneliness, competitiveness, bullying, boasting, narcissism). Compare this side with the positive things people accomplish with social media (MeToo, BLM, organizing events, socializing, reading the day’s news). Give specific examples, and support your claims with research. You may also mention your own experiences, if relevant. For the negative side, a case study may be wise: the Grossman cyber bullying case, for example, or the BC politician who lost an election due to an old Facebook photo. Or you could identify a common criticism of social media, and explore it. For example: Are social media affecting news and political views based on this news today negatively? Examples.
1-Why is it the case that single men are prominently represented in .docxkarisariddell
1-Why is it the case that single men are prominently represented in the homeless? Is there a primary prevention program that could be a part of a public health initiative that would address this cohort specifically?
2- APA Style
3- 3 paragraphs 3 sentences each
4- 2 references
.
1-Think for a while about cultural practices and how they affect hea.docxkarisariddell
1-Think for a while about cultural practices and how they affect health or illness in your own family. They may be difficult to identify as such at first, but they do exist. What ideas about illness prevention does your family adhere to? What do you do when someone gets sick? What rituals does your family practice when someone dies?
2- APA style
3- 3 paragraphs 3 sentences each
4- 2 references
.
1-Holding everything else constant, an increase in the growth rate.docxkarisariddell
1-Holding everything else constant, an increase in the growth rate of the money supply will cause the AD curve to
not shift at all.
shift outward.
shift randomly.
shift inward.
2-In the AD-AS model, which curve would be irrelevant if prices and wages were perfectly flexible?
A. Long-Run Aggregate Supply
B. Long-Run Aggregate Demand
C. Short-Run Aggregate Supply
D. Aggregate Demand
3-An increase in the expected inflation rate will cause the LRAS curve to:
A. do nothing.
B. shift right.
C. flatten out.
D. shift left.
4-When consumers suddenly become more pessimistic about the economy, the stock shifts the:
A. LRAS curve outward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
B. AD curve inward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
C. AD curve outward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
D. LRAS curve inward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
5-Which of the following would cause the AD curve to shift to the left?
A. lower growth rate of output
B. decreased government purchases
C. higher government budget deficits
D. lower taxes
6-A temporary decrease in consumer spending causes:
A. a decrease in the economy's long-run potential growth rate
B. a decrease in velocity growth
C. an upward shift of the SRAS curve.
D. a decrease in money growth
7-Which of the following best describes the conditions of the Great Depression?
A. Real GDP growth was negative while inflation was very high.
B. Both real GDP growth and inflation were historically high.
C. Real GDP was high while inflation was negative.
D. Both real GDP growth and inflation were negative.
8- Menu costs are the costs associated with changing:
A. jobs.
B. wages.
C. prices.
D. expected inflation.
9-A temporary positive shock to spending growth will lead to an increase in:
A. output and inflation in the short run, but no change in either in the long run.
B. output in both the short and long run.
C. both inflation and output in the short run, but only output in the long run.
D. both inflation and output in the short run, but only inflation in the long run.
10- Which of the following describes the process through which a major decline in the stock market leads to a change in Aggregate Demand?
A. Banking panics lead to a removal of deposit insurance and a negative AD shock.
B. A stock market bubble bursts, and this leads to a negative supply shock.
C. Reductions in consumer wealth produce a negative AD shock.
D. Increase in net exports produce a negative AD shock.
11-
A. 10%
B. 4%
C. 7%
D. 3%
12-
A. 3%
B. 7%
C. 4%
D. 10%
13-
A. -0.5%
B. 6.5%
C. 7%
D. 3%
14-
A. 6.5%
B. -0.5%
C. 0.5%
D. 2%
15-
A. Workers increase their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point A.
B. Workers decrease their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point C.
C. Workers increase their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point C.
D. Workers decrease their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point .
1-Please write the difference and examples between coccus, bacillus,.docxkarisariddell
1-Please write the difference and examples between coccus, bacillus, and vibrio. 2-What is a Nosocomial or a Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI)? Please write three examples. 3-Why viruses are not considered living structures? 4-Who was Carolus Linnaeus? What was his best contribution to Microbiology? 5-What is a Microbiota? Why are they important in our body? 6-What is a Primary Infectious Disease? What is a Secondary Infectious Disease? Please write examples of both types of Primary and Secondary infectious diseases? 7-Why is still important the knowledge of Gram stain? Which dyes are used in this type of coloration? 8-Who was Dr. Edward Jenner? What was his best contribution to Medicine? 9-Acute Infection, Chronic Infection, and Latent Infection. Please define each of them, and please write examples of them. 10-What is Herd Immunity? How is it possible to increase it in our current Pandemic of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 infection)
.
1-2 paragraphs for each person. There are 6 people.Everett.docxkarisariddell
1-2 paragraphs for each person. There are 6 people.
Everett
Overall what occurred in 2015 following the information of Volkswagen cheating the consumers, the market, and the EPA was fairly little in the grand scheme of things. The background surrounding Volkswagen essentially getting away with mass pollution and hoodwinking the industry for years is that a defeat device was installed within the vehicle’s engine that programmed it to run in a cleaner mode when hooked up to a test (Poeir, 2020). This obviously did not restrict the vehicle when performing on an open road. The device was eventually discovered and Volkswagen was billed for 25 billion dollars (Poier, 2020). However, the market share gained from this deception may have been worth it, as the vehicles outperformed all other competition in power and fuel economy that it resulted in the vehicles being ranked top in their respective classes that year (Poier, 2020).
However, what might Volkswagen do now to build back some of the trust within the corporate world? How can they redeem themselves economically? The first step arguably is to regain the trust of their shareholders and instill a set of ethics the likes of which cannot be questioned. Obviously, a drop in stock price is bad news, however, the company is by no means insolvent, and they quickly recovered following the incident. However ethics the company needs to advertise and explain to investors and to staff some sort of new ethical guidance that can convince people to purchase their products once again.
In regards to recovering legally, there’s been a fairly limited number of lawsuits, there were several major ones, however between the payouts of that and the fines levied against them from the EPA and other countries they seem to have paid the piper, the best way to address the issue legally and ethically would be to launch a voluntary recall in which people with the defeat devices may receive an upgrade at no cost to themselves. This would also address the philanthropic needs of the company. Additionally, many companies devote a sum of their profits to things that seem counter to their product, Coke for example sponsors huge numbers of athletic programs for children. Volkswagen may consider doing the same but planting some sort of forest to help deal with the carbon footprint. While I’m not the most creative individual in the world, it seems that there is any number of philanthropic things the company could do to earn them a “Subaru-Esque” reputation in the industry.
Andrea
The Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal has been widely covered. The corporation used a "defeat device" to fool an emissions government test (Jacobs & Kalbers, 2019). There have been major ethical concerns and significant environmental & financial consequences due to the device's release. The scandal has managed to ruin the reputation of Volkswagon. The image of the environmental friendly business has been destroyed. The vehicles had to be .
1-2 paragraphsapa formatreferencesneed in 8 hours!.docxkarisariddell
1-2 paragraphs
apa format
references
need in 8 hours!
Select one moral philosophy (teleology, deontology, relativist perspective, virtue ethics, or justice) that has influenced the outcome of an ethical dilemma that you have witnessed.
Provide one example of the way in which this moral philosophy influenced the outcome of an ethical dilemma in a past or present organization.
Note
: Please do not identify workplaces or leaders by name.
.
1. A In your viewpoint, what are the Humanities Formulate a de.docxkarisariddell
1. A:
In your viewpoint, what are the Humanities
? Formulate a definition of the Humanities.
B:
What is the relationship between Humanities and be nurse
?
This can be answer in one paragraph with 6 sentence.
2- What is the contribution of Philosophy to Humanities and humanity? Please explain by writing a well-developed paragraph of at least five sentences.
.
1-2 PAGESIdentify an ethical consideration besides establishin.docxkarisariddell
1-2 PAGES
Identify an ethical consideration besides establishing culturally relevant efforts that are consistent with recognizing that primary prevention is an act of premeditated intrusion into the lives and setting of individuals and groups and ask a question about this ethical consideration.
Suggest an additional mechanism or strategy to increase culturally relevant prevention programming and planning with African American teenagers, ages 13 through 21, spreading sexually transmitted infections.
Provide your colleague with feedback about how prevention as an act of premeditated intrusion into the lives and setting of individuals and groups on Diversity and Ethical Considerations could help bring about positive social change.
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Hage, S., & Romano, J. L. (2013). Best practices in prevention. In R. K. Conyne & A. M. Horne (Eds.). Prevention practice kit: Action guides for mental health professionals (pp. 32-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Vera, E. M., & Kenny, M. E. (2013). Social justice and culturally relevant prevention. In R. K. Conyne & A. M. Horne (Eds.). Prevention practice kit: Action guides for mental health professionals (pp. 1-59). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
American Counseling Association (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.counseling.org/Resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf
County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (2018). How healthy is your community? Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/.
Required Media
Walden Scholars of Change (2016). Giving incarcerated women a second chance. https://www.waldenu.edu/connect/video-and-multimedia/social-change/scholars-of-change/2016-winners/giving-incarcerated-women-a-second-chance
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
.
1-2 page single spaced pages in 12-point font. Reference Listed.docxkarisariddell
1-2 page single spaced pages in 12-point font.
Reference: Listed at the top of the paper in APA style.
INTRODUCTION should contain:
* A thorough literature review that establishes the nature of the problem to be addressed in the present study(the literature review is specific to the problem)
*The literature review is current (within 5 years)
A logical sequence from what we know (the literature review) to what we don't know (the unanswered questions raised by the review and what this study intended to answer)
* the purpose of the present study
*the hypothesis/research questions
*State the overall purpose of the paper
*What new ideas or info were communicated in the paper
*Why was it important to publish these ideas?
METHODS. The methods section has three subsections. It should contain:
* The participants and population they intended to represent
* The number of participants and how they were selected
*A description of the tools/measures used and research design employed
RESULTS: The results should contain a thorough summary of results of all analyses
DISCUSSION: The discussion is where the author "wraps up the research."
* A simple and easy to understand summary of what was found.
.
1-2 page typed (double space) research and reflection essay on a mus.docxkarisariddell
1-2 page typed (double space) research and reflection essay on a musical group or artist that reflects some of our class themes, such as Race, Ethnicity, Counter-narrative, Social Justice, and Power. Include your personal opinion and reflection on your chosen musical group or artist. What is one of your favorite songs or a song that resonates with you in connection with some of our class themes? Include the lyrics of the song! (lyrics are not counted for the 1-2 pages)
.
1. The law of demand implies that sellers will offer .docxkarisariddell
1. The law of demand implies that:
sellers will offer less on the market at lower prices.
consumers will buy more at lower prices.
sellers will offer more on the market at higher prices.
consumers are not responsive to price changes.
2. An increase in the demand for gasoline today caused by concerns that gasoline prices will be
higher tomorrow is most likely attributable to a change in:
consumer preferences.
consumer expectations.
income.
prices of other goods.
3. If the price of hamburger decreased, it would probably result in _____ in the demand for
hamburger buns.
random fluctuations
no change
an increase
a decrease
4. A decrease in supply is caused by:
an advancement in the technology for producing the good.
an increase in the price of goods that are used in production.
an increase in the number of producers.
suppliers' expectations of lower prices in the future.
5. Figure: The Demand and Supply of Wheat
Reference: Ref 3-6
(Figure: The Demand and Supply of Wheat) Look at the figure The Demand and Supply of
Wheat. If a price of $8 temporarily exists in this market, a _____ of _____ bushels will
result.
surplus; 6,000
surplus; 4,000
shortage; 2,000
shortage; 4,000
6. If the market for buffalo meat is in equilibrium, the price of buffalo meat will probably
_____ in the near future.
decrease
increase considerably
increase
not change
7. Figure: Four Markets for DVDs
Reference: Ref 3-9
(Figure: Four Markets for DVDs) Look at the figure Four Markets for DVDs. Which of the
graphs illustrates what may happen in the market for DVDs if D1 or S1 is the original curve
and D2 or S2 is the new curve and if the cost of producing DVDs falls?
C
D
A
B
8. Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply II
Reference: Ref 3-11
(Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply II) Look at the figure Shifts in Demand and Supply II.
The graph shows how supply and demand might shift in response to specific events. Suppose
scientists discover that eating pomegranates causes aging. Which panel BEST describes how
this will affect the market for pomegranates?
panel C
panel B
panel D
panel A
9. Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply III
Reference: Ref 3-12
(Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply III) Look at the figure Shifts in Demand and Supply
III. The figure shows how supply and demand might shift in response to specific events.
Suppose consumer incomes increase. Which panel BEST describes how this will affect the
market for designer boots, a normal good?
panel B
panel C
panel A
panel D
10. For consumers, pizza and hamburgers are substitutes. A rise in the price of a pizza causes
_____ in the equilibrium price of a hamburger and _____ in the equilibrium quantity of
hamburgers.
a rise; a decrease
a fall; an increase
a rise; an increase
a fall; a decrease .
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I will like to if you take these paper an put them into 8-10 pages a.docxflonayrton46696
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Differential and inequitable treatments that are encountered by racial and ethnic groups in policing, courts and corrections comes in various forms against mainly those of a specific/different race then that of their own, different religions, ethnicities and minorities, regardless of the type of hardship that an individual may encounter, prejudice of this sorts is a violation of human rights. There needs to be more training, education and understanding of those individuals that are singled out by society as well as the justice system, focusing more on the individual then the ethnic background of that individual, understandingly this could play a factor in some instances but not all. People have the right to be treated with respect and have the right to understand what is happening to them and why, we need more individuals that can act as an interpreter for those of the non-English speaking minorities, there is also a need for workers within the system that are aware of these cultures with knowledgeable backgrounds of the cultures history, this would make it easier for minorities to understand the procedures/charges and what is going on with them as associated to the circumstance (NCJRS, 1994).
Contemporary issues in cultural diversity, crime and justice, with all of the situations that have risen over the past years and currently pertaining to different type of racism, labeling, bias and prejudices we have a great need for extended training along with understanding within the cultural diversity field. Community relations that are effective as well as trusting are very important when it comes to proper policing and police-community relations. (NCJRS, 1993).
The history of Race, Ethnicity and Social Classism within the Criminal Justice System dates back hundreds of years but has changed over time from what was considered to be that of explicit racism to that of a more surreptitious manifestations and outcomes The treatment of minorities being the most profound civil rights crisis facing the United States of America in the new century (Leadership Conference (2017).
We are in a time where an individual are able to have more opportunities than that of earlier years having more individuals in positions of leadership/authority than ever before and along with that comes a chance for education and employment opportunities both being free of discrimination although by no means are we at a point within society that discrimination does not exist, this is a category in which individuals as well as society as a whole .
1#1 Helping Community Relationships by Using Ethical Practi.docxjeremylockett77
1
#1: Helping Community Relationships by Using Ethical Practices in Uses of Force.
By use of ethical practices in the application of force, law enforcement agencies foster greater trust and legitimacy with the communities they serve. The message that is communicated to the community is that the use of force will be used in situations that are necessary where the use of force is sufficiently warranted to contain/stop a threat or danger. It also sends the message that a person’s civil rights and human dignity are principles that officers respect even in difficult and dangerous situations. An officer’s use of force that is consistent with the law and agency policy upholds the rule of law, and by doing so, affords a criminal suspect due process and preservation of their constitutional rights. Using an ethical approach in the use of force helps officers avoid traps of the “us vs them” mentality, as well as, a military style approach where officers view themselves as combat soldiers and criminal suspects are the enemy. By applying an ethical approach to the use of force, officers also avoid the mentality and belief that the ends justify the means as a utilitarian belief system (Elliott & Pollock, 2104).
#2: Compstat and Zero Tolerance - Challenges faced when pressured to reduce crime and produce certain outcomes in a short period.
Some of the challenges have to do with avoiding reactionary responses to crime. If there is pressure on a police agency to reduce crime and achieve certain outcomes in a short period of time, there may be a tendency to cut corners and fall into the trap of “by any means necessary” as pointed out by Elliott and Pollock in The Ethics of Force. Effective utilization of Compstat can help to avoid such pitfalls given that it provides real time data on which crimes are being committed and where they are happening. Police leadership can then deploy necessary resources and responses to affected areas of the community. By smartly using Compstat, Zero Tolerance enforcement becomes manageable and effective. Additional challenges occur if there is resistance toward the use of Compstat by rank and file officers, as well as, supervisors and command staff. Compstat must also be tailed-made to fit in with the particular culture and environment of the respective agency adopting its use. A one size fits all approach will not be affective nor embraced by staff in the long term.
#3: Specific Advantages of Police Community Partnerships in reducing crime.
Advantages in promoting police community partnerships start with the focus on the police being partners with the community they serve. Officers gain a level of trust by forming solid community partnerships. The fruits of those relationships lead to a better understanding of the role and mission of the police. It also strengthens a trusting relationship with the community where identifying and reducing crime becomes a shared responsibility between the police and the comm ...
CJ-4880 Police Brutality Increase in the unjustified .docxclarebernice
CJ-4880
Police Brutality: Increase in the unjustified use of force or in media coverage?
Introduction
Presently there has been an increase in attention on police forces around the United
States. It isn’t specifically centered in the areas typically known for crime or rogue police
officers, but it has hit home in the backyards of everyday Americans. These occasions of police
exercising force against citizens is plastering the media, and the coverage is endless. But the
question is about whether these officers are exercising their right to use force unjustly and truly
bringing fear into the hearts of Americans? Or is it the endless media coverage forcing it into the
lives of the people and using unsubstantiated facts to bring unnecessary damage to the officers
involved, the victims, and the general public? To answer these questions it is necessary to dive
into the minds of everyday citizens and the pure facts. This study intends to survey members of
the general public with specific age ranges with questions designed to provide information about
the perceptions of citizens and how they feel about police and the possibility of the increasing
occurrences of police brutality.
The Questions
Has police brutality truly increased and become a serious problem for the United States?
Are the officers who were meant to be serving and protecting destroying the trust in the police
forces? Or is the massive reach of the television giants reaching unjustified into the homes and
giving the public an incorrect assumption about the police? Few studies have directly answered
the above questions with most studies focusing on specific races in correlation of police brutality
and other focusing on rogue officers. This study is to focus on the possible correlation between
media coverage and the pubic believing that police brutality has increased. While the main
question is to determine whether the media has a direct effect on the opinion of officers, it is also
important to determine the facts about police brutality and bring those facts to the American
people to either change their perceptions or change the police. Those involved in this study will
play an important part to help the public reach an understanding about the facts of police
brutality and regain some trust in the law enforcement on the local and national levels.
Literature Review
The history of police brutality is deep and Americans are well versed in the stories of
Rodney King, Malice Green, and presently Michael Brown. Study after study has been
completed on police officers and racial discrimination but very few have focuses on the media
aspect. Police brutality is loosely defined as unethical behavior of a certified police officer who
uses excessive use of force, up to and including death. Public scrutiny of police use of force is
unavoidable (Alpert, 2009) The American public is expecting these officers to do their jobs with ...
Similar to 1#1 Key Concepts in Building Law Enforcement Legitimac.docx (10)
1. 1250 Words (min) - 1450 Words (max), Bibliography and Titles no.docxkarisariddell
1. 1250 Words (min) - 1450 Words (max), Bibliography and Titles not counted.
2. It is a comparison essay.
3. 3+ outside academic sources (blogs, wikis, pop websites are permitted, but do not count for these 3 scholarly sources). Sources should be good journal articles or academic books.
4. Avoid Google. For academic articles, search https://onesearch.library.utoronto.ca/research/articles-databases Links to an external site.
Writing Tips:
—MLA or APA format required: quotes and paraphrasing need page numbers APA: (Smith, 2000, p. 235). MLA (Smith 235). Quotes are best. Avoid footnotes in any form, or the Chicago style of citation.
—State your thesis at the end of Paragraph 1 -- what will you claim?--Include a copy of small image as an Appendix after your Works Cited, if you analyze an ad or other visual item you want me to see (if I haven't likely seen it).
"Quote" if you can. Paraphrase secondarily. Introduce/integrate quotes. As Smith suggests, “Ads are a system...” that can “educate us...” (Smith, 2005, p. 5)
Quotes cannot stand alone.
Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and address that topic. The topic sentence tells readers what the topic is. For example: “Historically, ads were outdoors...” OR you can use a question “How did we move from a needs society to a wants society?...”
Use transitions between paragraphs. “But Farnsworth was not only the creator of TV, he also…”
Block quotes (more than 3 full lines) should NOT be used, or only in rare cases when you cannot summarize the gist, and almost never in short papers.
Topic:
DIGITAL MEDIA. Select 1 Historical or Current Example of Social Media being blamed for a social problem (ex: the cyber bullying of Amanda Todd), and 1 Example of Social Media being credited with improving life (ex: social movements). (See Chapter 2). Many people who examine ‘social media’ (such as Facebook and Twitter) say that these tools distract us from the important things in life. Similar things were said about television, and telephones, and the radio, and even of writing. Any communication technology can be used in a variety of ways, depending on who has access to them, and how creative they are. In your Compare and Contrast Essay, discuss one case or way in which social media get blamed for negative events or outcomes (loneliness, competitiveness, bullying, boasting, narcissism). Compare this side with the positive things people accomplish with social media (MeToo, BLM, organizing events, socializing, reading the day’s news). Give specific examples, and support your claims with research. You may also mention your own experiences, if relevant. For the negative side, a case study may be wise: the Grossman cyber bullying case, for example, or the BC politician who lost an election due to an old Facebook photo. Or you could identify a common criticism of social media, and explore it. For example: Are social media affecting news and political views based on this news today negatively? Examples.
1-Why is it the case that single men are prominently represented in .docxkarisariddell
1-Why is it the case that single men are prominently represented in the homeless? Is there a primary prevention program that could be a part of a public health initiative that would address this cohort specifically?
2- APA Style
3- 3 paragraphs 3 sentences each
4- 2 references
.
1-Think for a while about cultural practices and how they affect hea.docxkarisariddell
1-Think for a while about cultural practices and how they affect health or illness in your own family. They may be difficult to identify as such at first, but they do exist. What ideas about illness prevention does your family adhere to? What do you do when someone gets sick? What rituals does your family practice when someone dies?
2- APA style
3- 3 paragraphs 3 sentences each
4- 2 references
.
1-Holding everything else constant, an increase in the growth rate.docxkarisariddell
1-Holding everything else constant, an increase in the growth rate of the money supply will cause the AD curve to
not shift at all.
shift outward.
shift randomly.
shift inward.
2-In the AD-AS model, which curve would be irrelevant if prices and wages were perfectly flexible?
A. Long-Run Aggregate Supply
B. Long-Run Aggregate Demand
C. Short-Run Aggregate Supply
D. Aggregate Demand
3-An increase in the expected inflation rate will cause the LRAS curve to:
A. do nothing.
B. shift right.
C. flatten out.
D. shift left.
4-When consumers suddenly become more pessimistic about the economy, the stock shifts the:
A. LRAS curve outward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
B. AD curve inward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
C. AD curve outward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
D. LRAS curve inward, reducing the real growth rate in the short run.
5-Which of the following would cause the AD curve to shift to the left?
A. lower growth rate of output
B. decreased government purchases
C. higher government budget deficits
D. lower taxes
6-A temporary decrease in consumer spending causes:
A. a decrease in the economy's long-run potential growth rate
B. a decrease in velocity growth
C. an upward shift of the SRAS curve.
D. a decrease in money growth
7-Which of the following best describes the conditions of the Great Depression?
A. Real GDP growth was negative while inflation was very high.
B. Both real GDP growth and inflation were historically high.
C. Real GDP was high while inflation was negative.
D. Both real GDP growth and inflation were negative.
8- Menu costs are the costs associated with changing:
A. jobs.
B. wages.
C. prices.
D. expected inflation.
9-A temporary positive shock to spending growth will lead to an increase in:
A. output and inflation in the short run, but no change in either in the long run.
B. output in both the short and long run.
C. both inflation and output in the short run, but only output in the long run.
D. both inflation and output in the short run, but only inflation in the long run.
10- Which of the following describes the process through which a major decline in the stock market leads to a change in Aggregate Demand?
A. Banking panics lead to a removal of deposit insurance and a negative AD shock.
B. A stock market bubble bursts, and this leads to a negative supply shock.
C. Reductions in consumer wealth produce a negative AD shock.
D. Increase in net exports produce a negative AD shock.
11-
A. 10%
B. 4%
C. 7%
D. 3%
12-
A. 3%
B. 7%
C. 4%
D. 10%
13-
A. -0.5%
B. 6.5%
C. 7%
D. 3%
14-
A. 6.5%
B. -0.5%
C. 0.5%
D. 2%
15-
A. Workers increase their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point A.
B. Workers decrease their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point C.
C. Workers increase their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point C.
D. Workers decrease their inflationary expectations so that the economy moves to point .
1-Please write the difference and examples between coccus, bacillus,.docxkarisariddell
1-Please write the difference and examples between coccus, bacillus, and vibrio. 2-What is a Nosocomial or a Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI)? Please write three examples. 3-Why viruses are not considered living structures? 4-Who was Carolus Linnaeus? What was his best contribution to Microbiology? 5-What is a Microbiota? Why are they important in our body? 6-What is a Primary Infectious Disease? What is a Secondary Infectious Disease? Please write examples of both types of Primary and Secondary infectious diseases? 7-Why is still important the knowledge of Gram stain? Which dyes are used in this type of coloration? 8-Who was Dr. Edward Jenner? What was his best contribution to Medicine? 9-Acute Infection, Chronic Infection, and Latent Infection. Please define each of them, and please write examples of them. 10-What is Herd Immunity? How is it possible to increase it in our current Pandemic of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 infection)
.
1-2 paragraphs for each person. There are 6 people.Everett.docxkarisariddell
1-2 paragraphs for each person. There are 6 people.
Everett
Overall what occurred in 2015 following the information of Volkswagen cheating the consumers, the market, and the EPA was fairly little in the grand scheme of things. The background surrounding Volkswagen essentially getting away with mass pollution and hoodwinking the industry for years is that a defeat device was installed within the vehicle’s engine that programmed it to run in a cleaner mode when hooked up to a test (Poeir, 2020). This obviously did not restrict the vehicle when performing on an open road. The device was eventually discovered and Volkswagen was billed for 25 billion dollars (Poier, 2020). However, the market share gained from this deception may have been worth it, as the vehicles outperformed all other competition in power and fuel economy that it resulted in the vehicles being ranked top in their respective classes that year (Poier, 2020).
However, what might Volkswagen do now to build back some of the trust within the corporate world? How can they redeem themselves economically? The first step arguably is to regain the trust of their shareholders and instill a set of ethics the likes of which cannot be questioned. Obviously, a drop in stock price is bad news, however, the company is by no means insolvent, and they quickly recovered following the incident. However ethics the company needs to advertise and explain to investors and to staff some sort of new ethical guidance that can convince people to purchase their products once again.
In regards to recovering legally, there’s been a fairly limited number of lawsuits, there were several major ones, however between the payouts of that and the fines levied against them from the EPA and other countries they seem to have paid the piper, the best way to address the issue legally and ethically would be to launch a voluntary recall in which people with the defeat devices may receive an upgrade at no cost to themselves. This would also address the philanthropic needs of the company. Additionally, many companies devote a sum of their profits to things that seem counter to their product, Coke for example sponsors huge numbers of athletic programs for children. Volkswagen may consider doing the same but planting some sort of forest to help deal with the carbon footprint. While I’m not the most creative individual in the world, it seems that there is any number of philanthropic things the company could do to earn them a “Subaru-Esque” reputation in the industry.
Andrea
The Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal has been widely covered. The corporation used a "defeat device" to fool an emissions government test (Jacobs & Kalbers, 2019). There have been major ethical concerns and significant environmental & financial consequences due to the device's release. The scandal has managed to ruin the reputation of Volkswagon. The image of the environmental friendly business has been destroyed. The vehicles had to be .
1-2 paragraphsapa formatreferencesneed in 8 hours!.docxkarisariddell
1-2 paragraphs
apa format
references
need in 8 hours!
Select one moral philosophy (teleology, deontology, relativist perspective, virtue ethics, or justice) that has influenced the outcome of an ethical dilemma that you have witnessed.
Provide one example of the way in which this moral philosophy influenced the outcome of an ethical dilemma in a past or present organization.
Note
: Please do not identify workplaces or leaders by name.
.
1. A In your viewpoint, what are the Humanities Formulate a de.docxkarisariddell
1. A:
In your viewpoint, what are the Humanities
? Formulate a definition of the Humanities.
B:
What is the relationship between Humanities and be nurse
?
This can be answer in one paragraph with 6 sentence.
2- What is the contribution of Philosophy to Humanities and humanity? Please explain by writing a well-developed paragraph of at least five sentences.
.
1-2 PAGESIdentify an ethical consideration besides establishin.docxkarisariddell
1-2 PAGES
Identify an ethical consideration besides establishing culturally relevant efforts that are consistent with recognizing that primary prevention is an act of premeditated intrusion into the lives and setting of individuals and groups and ask a question about this ethical consideration.
Suggest an additional mechanism or strategy to increase culturally relevant prevention programming and planning with African American teenagers, ages 13 through 21, spreading sexually transmitted infections.
Provide your colleague with feedback about how prevention as an act of premeditated intrusion into the lives and setting of individuals and groups on Diversity and Ethical Considerations could help bring about positive social change.
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Hage, S., & Romano, J. L. (2013). Best practices in prevention. In R. K. Conyne & A. M. Horne (Eds.). Prevention practice kit: Action guides for mental health professionals (pp. 32-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Vera, E. M., & Kenny, M. E. (2013). Social justice and culturally relevant prevention. In R. K. Conyne & A. M. Horne (Eds.). Prevention practice kit: Action guides for mental health professionals (pp. 1-59). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
American Counseling Association (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.counseling.org/Resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf
County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (2018). How healthy is your community? Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/.
Required Media
Walden Scholars of Change (2016). Giving incarcerated women a second chance. https://www.waldenu.edu/connect/video-and-multimedia/social-change/scholars-of-change/2016-winners/giving-incarcerated-women-a-second-chance
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
.
1-2 page single spaced pages in 12-point font. Reference Listed.docxkarisariddell
1-2 page single spaced pages in 12-point font.
Reference: Listed at the top of the paper in APA style.
INTRODUCTION should contain:
* A thorough literature review that establishes the nature of the problem to be addressed in the present study(the literature review is specific to the problem)
*The literature review is current (within 5 years)
A logical sequence from what we know (the literature review) to what we don't know (the unanswered questions raised by the review and what this study intended to answer)
* the purpose of the present study
*the hypothesis/research questions
*State the overall purpose of the paper
*What new ideas or info were communicated in the paper
*Why was it important to publish these ideas?
METHODS. The methods section has three subsections. It should contain:
* The participants and population they intended to represent
* The number of participants and how they were selected
*A description of the tools/measures used and research design employed
RESULTS: The results should contain a thorough summary of results of all analyses
DISCUSSION: The discussion is where the author "wraps up the research."
* A simple and easy to understand summary of what was found.
.
1-2 page typed (double space) research and reflection essay on a mus.docxkarisariddell
1-2 page typed (double space) research and reflection essay on a musical group or artist that reflects some of our class themes, such as Race, Ethnicity, Counter-narrative, Social Justice, and Power. Include your personal opinion and reflection on your chosen musical group or artist. What is one of your favorite songs or a song that resonates with you in connection with some of our class themes? Include the lyrics of the song! (lyrics are not counted for the 1-2 pages)
.
1. The law of demand implies that sellers will offer .docxkarisariddell
1. The law of demand implies that:
sellers will offer less on the market at lower prices.
consumers will buy more at lower prices.
sellers will offer more on the market at higher prices.
consumers are not responsive to price changes.
2. An increase in the demand for gasoline today caused by concerns that gasoline prices will be
higher tomorrow is most likely attributable to a change in:
consumer preferences.
consumer expectations.
income.
prices of other goods.
3. If the price of hamburger decreased, it would probably result in _____ in the demand for
hamburger buns.
random fluctuations
no change
an increase
a decrease
4. A decrease in supply is caused by:
an advancement in the technology for producing the good.
an increase in the price of goods that are used in production.
an increase in the number of producers.
suppliers' expectations of lower prices in the future.
5. Figure: The Demand and Supply of Wheat
Reference: Ref 3-6
(Figure: The Demand and Supply of Wheat) Look at the figure The Demand and Supply of
Wheat. If a price of $8 temporarily exists in this market, a _____ of _____ bushels will
result.
surplus; 6,000
surplus; 4,000
shortage; 2,000
shortage; 4,000
6. If the market for buffalo meat is in equilibrium, the price of buffalo meat will probably
_____ in the near future.
decrease
increase considerably
increase
not change
7. Figure: Four Markets for DVDs
Reference: Ref 3-9
(Figure: Four Markets for DVDs) Look at the figure Four Markets for DVDs. Which of the
graphs illustrates what may happen in the market for DVDs if D1 or S1 is the original curve
and D2 or S2 is the new curve and if the cost of producing DVDs falls?
C
D
A
B
8. Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply II
Reference: Ref 3-11
(Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply II) Look at the figure Shifts in Demand and Supply II.
The graph shows how supply and demand might shift in response to specific events. Suppose
scientists discover that eating pomegranates causes aging. Which panel BEST describes how
this will affect the market for pomegranates?
panel C
panel B
panel D
panel A
9. Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply III
Reference: Ref 3-12
(Figure: Shifts in Demand and Supply III) Look at the figure Shifts in Demand and Supply
III. The figure shows how supply and demand might shift in response to specific events.
Suppose consumer incomes increase. Which panel BEST describes how this will affect the
market for designer boots, a normal good?
panel B
panel C
panel A
panel D
10. For consumers, pizza and hamburgers are substitutes. A rise in the price of a pizza causes
_____ in the equilibrium price of a hamburger and _____ in the equilibrium quantity of
hamburgers.
a rise; a decrease
a fall; an increase
a rise; an increase
a fall; a decrease .
1-2 page critique of the film after selecting a character in the mov.docxkarisariddell
1-2 page critique of the film after selecting a character in the movie (main character most of the time) and completing a diagnostic impression as it best reflects the character’s clinical syndrome and how the character(s) meets the diagnostic criteria for the particular disorder(s).
Main Character: Ben Sanderson
**** Use the DSM-5 to develop the character impression. Provide your opinion with supporting details from the movie and the DMS-V. Share your overall critique of the movie. Share your overall critique o the movie
.
1. Which of the following changes will result in a shift of the agg.docxkarisariddell
1. Which of the following changes will result in a shift of the aggregate demand curve, and which will result in a movement along the curve? If there is a shift, or a movement, be sure to explain in which direction, and why (either up or down, or, right or left). 1 pt each
a. The Fed lowers interest rates.
b. The price level in the economy falls.
c. Wealth decreases.
d. A foreign trading partner’s national income increases.
2. With a two panel diagram –one panel showing the aggregate expenditure diagram, and the other showing the AD curve – show how a decrease consumption shifts the AD curve.
2 pts
3. What will happen to the aggregate supply curve if the price of foreign oil decreases? Will it cause a movement along the curve or a shift of the curve? Explain clearly. 2 pts
4. Is there any difference between the aggregate demand curve and the demand curve for good x? Explain .
.
1-2 page critique of the film after analyzing the main character (Jo.docxkarisariddell
1-2 page critique of the film after analyzing the main character (Jones) and completing a diagnostic impression as it best reflects the character’s clinical syndrome and how the character meets the diagnostic criteria for the particular disorder(s).
**** Use the DSM-5 to develop the character impression. Provide your opinion with supporting details from the movie and the DMS-V. Share your overall critique of the movie. Share your overall critique o the movie.
.
1. John, a 15 year old who loves skateboarding, wants to buy th.docxkarisariddell
1. John, a 15 year old who loves skateboarding, wants to buy the new hyped magenta 3000 skateboard. He finds the last one on-line at his local sports store. He uses his debit card to purchase the board and the $500 is taken directly from his bank account. In order to avoid a delivery fee, he selects “pick up” as his shipping option.
When he arrives at the store to pick up the skateboard, the manager tells him he has canceled the transaction because another customer has promised to pay $600 for the board. John offers to pay an additional $150 for the skateboard and the manager agrees. John pays the $150 by credit card and takes the board. As soon as John gets home, he calls the credit card company and cancels the transaction.
The store sues John for the $150 or the return of the skateboard. What result?
A. The store will win. John has to return the skateboard because he is a minor without the capacity to contract.
B. John will win. There was no consideration given in exchange for John’s payment of the $150.
C. The store will win under the doctrine of promissory estoppel.
D. The store will win because the store’s website did not create a valid offer.
B. John will win. There was no consideration given in exchange for John’s payment of the $150.
2. Rob, an elderly man, is dependent on his housekeeper, Larry, to care for him. Larry persuades Rob to withdraw $100,000 from the bank and make an interest free loan to him. Rob’s daughter, Erica, sues Larry on behalf of her father to avoid the transaction. Erica’s best claim is:
A. Unilateral mistake.
B. Undue Influence
C. Economic duress
D. Misrepresentation
B. Undue influence
3. Elise took out an ad in the newspaper to sell her car, fully described, for $17,000. Franklin saw the ad and called Elise, saying that he would like to see the car. Franklin met Elise, drove the car and said, “Okay, I’ll buy it.” Which of the following is true?
A. Elise made an offer, which Franklin accepted.
B. Franklin made an offer, which Elise may accept or reject.
C. Elise made an offer which Franklin may accept or reject.
D. Franklin made an offer, which Elise accepted.
B. Franklin made an offer, which Elise may accept or reject.
4. Colleen sold a house to Ben for $300,000. Before selling the house, Colleen forgot to tell Ben about a leaky faucet in a little-used sink in the basement, which would cost about $30 to fix. Ben inspected the house, but didn’t notice the faucet. Later, Ben tries to rescind the deal on the grounds of fraud or misrepresentation because of the leaky faucet. Which of the following is the best reason why Ben cannot rescind?
A. Because Colleen made no statement about the faucet.
B. Because Ben did not rely on any false statement
C. Because the condition of the faucet is not material to the contract.
D. Because Colleen did not conceal the condition of the faucet.
C. Because the condition of the faucet is not material to the contract
5. Ana, a 19-year-old immig.
1-Read and print the data from the brain.csv file2-Extraxt t.docxkarisariddell
1-Read and print the data from the brain.csv file
2-Extraxt the HeadSzie and the BrainWeight into separate arrays (print as column vectors)
3- Find the average, max, and min values for the 2 data columns.
4- Plot the head size verses the brain weight
Please find the attachment for brain.csv file
.
1. Duncan Fisher (2019, march). Children of Divorce The Key Rol.docxkarisariddell
1. Duncan Fisher (2019, march). Children of Divorce: The Key Role of Self-Esteem in Recovering from The Trauma.
https://www.childandfamilyblog.com/child-development/children-of-divorce-self-esteem/
2. Hal Arkowitz, Scott O. Lilienfeld (2013, March 1). Is Divorce Bad for Children?
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-divorce-bad-for-children/
3. Judith S. Wallerstein (1989, Jan 22). CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE.
https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/22/magazine/children-after-divorce.html
4. Patrick F. Fagan and Aaron Churchill (2012, January 11). The Effects of Divorce on Children.
https://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF12A22.pdf
5. Wendy Paris (2015, March 17). Yes, You Can Raise Happy Children After Divorce.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/splitopia/201503/yes-you-can-raise-happy-children-after-divorce
Rashmitha Anugu
Discussion 7
7 hours ago
Q1. What should Mark have done if Jack still was not able to resolve the problem?
McRoy Aerospace was into building freight planes and refueling tankers. Be that as it may, they needed to contend in a market of building business airplane. McRoy could be an effective rival in the matter of assembling business airplane on the off chance that they could discover an answer for the issue of having a instrument for every one of the four sets of entryways in the airplane.
Jack has been an accomplished specialist and most important asset for McRoy Aerospace, and Mark was persuaded that Jack was the one in particular who could discover an answer for the issue. Mark depended excessively on one representative, which is constantly dangerous and is never suggested while rivaling organizations like Boeing and Airbus. In the event that Jack couldn't think of an answer, Mark could direct or an open test where workers and ongoing alumni can take an interest and take care of the issue independently.
Q2. Would it make sense for Mark to assign this problem to someone else now after Jack could not solve the problem the second time around?
In the wake of giving Jack adequate time, depending on him, and pushing him to concoct an answer, it looks bad to drive Jack further, and it would be a smart thought to relegate this issue to another person. While rivaling solid contenders like Boeing, it's better not to depend on one worker. Mark should locate some other official with exceptional and hands-on understanding, who is happy to respond to the call and is certain to think of an answer.
References
Kerzner, Harold. (2013) Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, John Wiley & Sons. 14-600. Newyork, NY.
Thomaz, J. (2014). Knowledge Management on PMO’s Perspective: A Systematic Review. European Conference on Knowledge Management, 1, 233.
Jeevan Manda
Discussion 7
5 days ago
1 reply
Last 3 days ago
What should Mark have done if Jack still was not able to resolve the problem?
Mark has an extensive measure of want on Jack. He figured Jack would think about a blueprint for using all.
1. When Thomas Paine writes about reconciliation, he is referring .docxkarisariddell
1. When Thomas Paine writes about reconciliation, he is referring to (1 point)
the southern Colonies staying peacefully connected to the northern Colonies.
the Colonies staying peacefully connected with Great Britain.
the Colonists staying peacefully connected to Native Americans.
Great Britain staying peacefully connected with Europe.
2. Which of the following statements about Common Sense is NOT true? (1 point)
Common Sense was written the same year as the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense to persuade colonists to fight for independence.
The printing press enabled the wide circulation of Common Sense.
Thomas Paine was hanged for treason after writing Common Sense.
3. Thomas Paine believed America should be (1 point)
an asylum, a safe place, for all people.
a British colony.
a continent of many nations.
a city on a hill.
Asylum is a word with multiple meanings. Read the following sentence from Common Sense.
“This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious livery from every part of Europe.”
4. In this context, does asylum have a positive or negative connotation? (1 point)
positive
negative
5. Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense to (1 point)
Revolutionary War soldiers.
colonists in 1776, prior to the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
the British monarchy.
women seeking the right to vote.
.
1-This discussion question is based on pp. 135-158 ofThe E.docxkarisariddell
1-
This discussion question is based on pp. 135-158 of
The Essential Theater, 10th ed.
, by Oscar G. Brockett and Robert J. Ball.
Topics you should know before answering this question:
1. Neoclassical rules of theater in France (pp. 123-124)
2. The rebellion against neoclassicism and the appreciation of Shakespeare (pp. 136-138)
3. Sturm and Drang movement in Germany (pg. 136)
4. The connection between Romanticism and melodrama (pp. 139-146)
5. Realism and Heinrick Ibsen (pp. 146-158)
6. Realism in acting (Stanislavsky) (pp. 158-160)
Describe the differences between the Romantic movement and the Realism movement in theater. Give specific details and use plays discussed in your book and class as examples. Finally, describe which kind of play you would be more likely to go see and why.
2-
This discussion question is based on pp. 161-250 of
The Essential Theater, 10th ed.
, by Oscar G. Brockett and Robert J. Ball.
Topics you should know before answering this question:
1. Psychological Realism in American theater (pp. 183-188)
2. Stanislavsky method of acting (pp. 175-178)
3. African American theater (pp. 224-228)
4. Latino theater (pp.229-233)
5.
A Raisin in the Sun, Ma Rainey's Black Bottom,
and
Lydia
Compare African American Theater, Latin Theater and Asian-American theater. How are these traditions similar? How are they different? Be specific. Use the names of playwrights and/or their work.
3-
This discussion question is based on pp. 135-158 of
The Essential Theater, 10th ed.
, by Oscar G. Brockett and Robert J. Ball.
Heinrich Ibsen's
A Doll's House
ends with Nora Helmer leaving her husband and children for the purpose of finding out who she is outside the tight confines of her marriage. This ending shocked 19th century audiences, and the play was often changed to have Nora remain with her family. In some places, like Britain,
A Doll's House
was simply banned outright.
In your opinion, what purpose was served by having
A Doll's House
censored, either by being rewritten or banned? Is censorship of a theatrical or cinematic work ever permissible? If so, under what conditions? If not, why not? Explain your position as clearly and thoroughly as you can and defend it against people who might disagree with you.
.
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1#1 Key Concepts in Building Law Enforcement Legitimac.docx
1. 1
#1: Key Concepts in Building Law Enforcement Legitimacy
Law enforcement legitimacy is very important for both the
agencies and the communities they serve and protect. There
must be public trust and confidence in the police for their
overall mission and objectives to be attained. There must also
be a sense of obligation and responsibility by the citizenry to
accept police authority. For legitimacy to exist, a belief that
police actions are morally justified and appropriate to the
circumstances should be shared by the public. The Illinois
Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA) is just one
organization in the U.S. that promotes the notion that when
police are perceived to be procedurally just in their actions,
public recognition of police legitimacy improved along with the
ability of police to carry out their responsibilities effectively
(http://www.icjia.state.il.us/articles/procedural-justice-in-
policing-how-the-process-of-justice-impacts-public-attitudes-
and-law-enforcement-outcomes).
#2: Prevailing Opinions of the Legitimacy of Law Enforcement
in the U.S.
Many general opinions on the legitimacy of law enforcement
may be formed by the perception of police behavior being
lawful vs. procedurally just. The general public have a limited
understanding of the law as it pertains to statutes and the
Constitution, but most people have a strong understanding of
behavior that is considered procedurally just and unjust. In
other words, an officer’s behavior may be within the legal scope
of authority but completely wrong as being procedurally just.
Officer behavior during traffic stops, searches, attitudes, verbal
commands and overall interpersonal exchanges with the public
all contribute to the public opinion of legitimacy in law
2. enforcement (http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/RIC/publications/cops-
p241-pub). Prevailing opinions among member of communities
of color tend to be more negative toward legitimacy of law
enforcement because of issues pertaining to racial profiling,
higher arrest rates, mistreatment and over enforcement, in
comparison to predominantly white communities.
#3: The Impact of Racial Profiling and Disproportionate Contact
with Ethnic Groups
Both racial profiling and disproportionate contact with certain
racial groups undermine legitimacy because it destroys trust
between law enforcement and those respective racial groups. It
erodes the belief that police actions are morally justified and
should be supported and adhered to. Racial profiling also
undermines the effectiveness of law enforcement by having the
opposite affect on the goal of detecting and reducing crime.
Policing efforts focused on race allows other important factors
to go undetected when seeking to detect and reduce crime. If
minority groups have lower hit rates compared to whites, an
entire swath of criminal activity goes undetected to the
detriment of the community. Additionally, the use of statistical
discrimination have further advanced the notion that use of
demographic information will assist law enforcement to pin-
point criminal behavior with certain racial/ethnic groups As
pointed out by Bernard Harcourt in Henry Louis Gates and
Racial Profiling, the Rachet Effect develops out of this scenario
where a specific group is profiled and targeted at a higher rate
than other groups, thereby producing a higher offending rate
within that targeted group. The affects are long term and have
economic impacts that are detrimental to that particular group,
as well as society overall.
#4: Building Law Enforcement Legitimacy with Probation,
Parole and other Law Enforcement
Building law enforcement legitimacy takes a united and
consistent effort on the part of all aspects of the criminal justice
3. system. Racial profiling that was used to identify certain racial
groups, in particular, African-Americans, lead to
disproportionate number of arrests that lead to their conviction,
placement on probation and/or incarceration and return to the
community on parole. By utilizing evidence-based programming
to increase their probability of meaningful employment,
training, schooling, etc. it will assist in eliminating distrust and
create a more cohesive partnership with affected groups. In
doing so, the negative economic and societal impacts can be
mitigated.
#5: Building Integrity and Legitimacy within the Organization –
Early Findings
My research paper is focused on auditing the active shooter
protocol and policies of the Salem State University campus
police. The audit will be focused on determining if their
policies and procedures are consistent with law enforcement
standards for such incidents and if they are adhering to them
during active shooter events. By doing so, the audit will reveal
a connection between policy, practices and the existence of any
discrepancies. The audit is hoped to also determine if their
protocol and policies create a relationship of trust and
confidence between the agency and the campus community in
instances of an active shooter incident.
I have given preliminary review of the campus police’s public
disclosure information on procedures for “shelter in place”. I
have yet to make any early findings given I am still in the
process of obtaining auditing data for the department’s policies
and procedures.
References
Harcourt, B.E.(2014). Chapter 14: Henry Louis Gates and
Racial Profiling. In B. D. Fitch (Ed.). Law Enforcement Ethics:
Classic and Contemporary Issues (pp.295-324). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage Publications.
http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/RIC/publications/cops-p241-pub
http://www.icjia.state.il.us/articles/procedural-justice-in-
4. policing-how-the-process-of-justice-impacts-public-attitudes-
and-law-enforcement-outcomes
EMPA 313 WEEK 5
EMPA 313 WEEK 5 2
What do you believe are the key concepts in building law
enforcement legitimacy?
The main focus of any professional agency regardless of it
being law enforcement or private company should be its
legitimacy. In the case of Law Enforcement the term legitimate
can mean multiple different things. There is also multiple
different names for Police Legitimacy, often referred to as
procedural justice, coined by the Obama administration. While
they mean two different things the same core ideas come to
mind. The main issue with these terminologies is more
semantics then anything else. While it is not just believed but
widely know the civilian populace wants a police force they can
trust, the term legitimacy means a different thing for each
person using it. For the police it is the right to exercise their
police powers in a positive manner, as for a minority
community that feels that most police interactions are un
warranted, the idea of legitimacy might mean something
different. For many small minority communities they believe
that legitimacy and accountability go hand in hand if not they
are the same thing.
The key concepts would be knowing what the community wants
from its police force and tailoring a system that works for that
community. That will be the legitimate trust that most people
are looking for in their police departments.
“Police legitimacy reflects the belief that the police ought to be
allowed to exercise their authority to maintain social order,
5. manage conflicts, and solve problems in their communities.
Legitimacy is reflected in three judgments. The first is public
trust and confidence in the police. Such confidence involves
the belief that the police are honest, that they try to do their
jobs well, and that they are trying to protect the community
against crime and violence. Second, legitimacy reflects the
willingness of residents to defer to the law and to police
authority, i.e. their sense of obligation and responsibility to
accept police authority. Finally, legitimacy involves the belief
that police actions are morally justified and appropriate to the
circumstances.
Research consistently shows that minorities are more likely than
whites to view law enforcement with suspicion and distrust.
Minorities frequently report that the police disproportionately
single them out because of their race or ethnicity. This
perception about the lawfulness and legitimacy of law
enforcement are an important criterion for judging policing in a
democratic society. Lawfulness means that police comply with
constitutional, statutory, and professional norms. Legitimacy is
linked to the public's belief about the police and its willingness
to recognize police authority.
Racial and ethnic minority perceptions that the police lack
lawfulness and legitimacy, based largely on their interactions
with the police, can lead to distrust of the police. Distrust of
police has serious consequences. Most importantly, it
undermines the legitimacy of law enforcement. Without
legitimacy, police lose their ability and authority to function
effectively.” -Police Officer Standardized Training California
What do you think are the prevailing opinions of the legitimacy
of law enforcement in the United States?
I believe that this is a loaded question, because the right answer
can be perceived as outdated and maybe in many circles
6. insensitive. It reminds me of moments before the 2016 election,
if you were to ask CNN who was about to win and how large the
margin of the win was going to be you would have received the
wrong answer. If you were to ask people based on what they
have seen on many popular new media stations if the police in
the United States were fair the answer would be undoubtably
no, but is that to say everyone in the United States believes that.
I believe again that the silent minority relay on Police and
Police services on a daily basis and walk away with a favorable
stance on their police officers. Remembering again that issues
such as race and racial profiling are but just a small part of a
larger puzzle that makes up the favorable or unfavorable of
police.
How does Racial Profiling or Disproportionate levels of contact
with specific ethnic groups’ effect law enforcement legitimacy?
This by far is the hardest question to answer given its first
already answered itself and second is a loaded question. If a
Police Department was to be caught or they openly racially
profiled there would be no reason for the civilian populace to
adhere their that police departments authority. While I
personally do not adhere to the basic ideas of the ractchet
effect, I do believe that statistics have a purpose in all of this. I
understand that FBI statics do not favor the African American
community in a positive light regarding the amount of crime
committed by such a small populace. Now that information can
be looked at a million different ways and it can be used to fit
almost any narrative you want. The high level of incarcerated
African Americans can be made to look like police are the issue
while others think the issues fall on the failed leadership of
inner cities. Regardless of the reason the outcome is still less
then positive. While we might not have any true idea on how to
prevent or change these numbers we do know that one of the
biggest factors in dividing the two communities have been the
false narrative news stories ran but popular media outlets.
7. How can probation, parole, and other law enforcement groups
build legitimacy in the community?
Any part of law enforcement can help the entire community. It
is actually up to every officer to make a difference on a daily
basis. Regardless of the title, rank or agency the same is true for
most if not all peace officer which is they represent something
larger then themselves and often the only thing anyone
recognized is the badge and a uniform regardless of who they
work for. So knowing full well the American public just sees a
badge and uniform it is up to all peace officers to establish and
build law enforcement legitimacy.
How will your audit (Research Paper) help build integrity in the
organization and ultimately legitimacy? What are some of your
early findings, if you have them?
The best part of my audit will be the transparency that the
Contra Costa County Sheriffs Office is willing to lend me and
the public in showing their policies and procedures. This
openness that they show only helps to build to their credibility
and integrity in the eyes of the public thus creating a more
legitimate apparel to their brand name.
References
State of California Commission. (0AD). Resources. Retrieved
from https://post.ca.gov/procedural-justice-and-police-
legitimacy.
8. Abstract
This week’s text centered on the tough subjects of racial
profiling, prejudice in law enforcement, and the effects these
issues have on legitimizing the law enforcement profession. We
cannot ignore the destruction racial prejudice has reaped across
our country for decades. When racial profiling and prejudices
creep into the law enforcement profession, agencies and the
criminal justice system lose legitimacy and the public’s trust.
While efforts are continually in play to counter this issue in a
proactive manner, the roots run deep and the statistical data has
not showed a hard shift away from public concerns on whether
racial profiling is still proliferating the streets.
The Three Pillars of Legitimacy
Legitimacy throughout the law enforcement profession is vital
in maintaining the public trust and ensuring officers are
supported by the community in exercising their authority to
maintain order, protect, and serve. The California Commission
on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) has a clear
image of what legitimacy is and how agencies should be
conducting themselves in order to maintain legitimacy as an
agency, which in turn supports the greater law enforcement
profession. California POST speaks to legitimacy as being
supported by three main pillars of focus. The first being public
trust and confidence in the police. This pillar recognizes the
importance of maintaining the public trust in that officers are
honest, they are passionate about doing their jobs to the best of
his or her abilities, and they have a sincere investment in caring
for and protecting the community they serve in against violence
and deviancy. The second pillar is built upon the tenant that
there must be a willingness for the community to defer to the
law and to police authority. Lastly, the third pillar of legitimacy
it built from the position that law enforcement conduct is moral
9. and justified throughout their duties. After reading the
California POST information on police legitimacy, I concur
with these three tenants and have a greater understanding of
how difficult it can be to maintain legitimacy in our social
climate where bad apples are given the media representation of
being members of a greater bad barrel. We can see through
these readings just how crucial transparency and proactive
efforts are for agency administrators as they work to preserve
legitimacy and the public trust (California POST, 2018).
Consensus on Legitimacy in Law Enforcement
When analyzing the current opinion and national position on
law enforcement legitimacy against our reading this week I
think it is important that we understand racial profiling is only
one aspect the public considers when assessing their trust in law
enforcement. While it is a critical element and concern, it
should not dominate the national dialog on how the public
accepts and supports police authority being practiced on the
population as a whole. With that said, the National Institute of
Justice published an article on how racial profiling and
disparity concerns fell into the national opinion on law
enforcement. The results were transparent on the fact that
statistics still support the presence of racial profiling and that it
remains a real issue law enforcement is continually trying to
address; the quality of interactions the public has with their law
enforcement professionals are positive and the majority are
supportive of law enforcement actions within their community
regardless of race, age, income, or education (National Institute
of Justice, 2013). Racial Profiling & Legitimacy 3
Disparity in Law Enforcement Contacts
In chapter fourteen of our text we read about the presence and
issues surrounding the Ratchet Effect. The Ratchet Effect
occurs from the use of statistical information to drive the
position of deviancy amongst a certain population. The
statistical information collected however, feeds into the
disparity between African Americans and other races through
10. hard numbers. This effect generates a ratchet that has additional
consequences throughout the justice system. While we have a
position to abolish racial profiling, the statistical supported
actions are still affectually supporting racial profiling through
the different name of statistical profiling. Law enforcement
contacts when addressed through a purely statistical lens can
generate a conclusion that one specific race is more deviant
than the other, this is the issue with utilizing statistics to dispel
racial profiling; instead of dispelling the issue it is exasperating
the problem (Sage Publications, 2014).
Building Legitimacy though Correctional Agencies
Legitimacy is not built and maintained solely through the
actions of the patrol officer responding to calls for service and
his or her interactions with the public. Correctional agencies
have a role to play in exhibiting actions that generate public
trust and support as well. Legitimacy is supported though
providing proactive and humanistic approaches toward
probation and parole programs that seek to reduce recidivism
and invest in offenders so that they might return to being
positive and contributing members of society. It is important for
the public to see that institutionalization is not the intent behind
the justice system and that agencies maintain a responsibility in
protecting its citizens from dangerous offenders, while also
providing rehabilitation programs for those capable of returning
to society (Sage Publications, 2014).
Connecting my Audit and Research to Building Legitimacy
The findings from my audit have the potential to identify best
practices in the hiring and selection criteria of police officers.
If a specific hiring policy is generating higher population of
quality officers, than these best practices will be looked at in
recommending adoption of similar policy. Currently, I have
completed the audit in policy and there is a clear difference in
the stringency of selection criteria between the federal
government and state agencies. The main contrast being that the
federal government does not specifically require a
psychological exams or any polygraph test. I am curious on
11. what the statistical information will be between federal and
state agency retention and numbers of adverse actions to see if
there is any relationship between selection criteria and long
term professionalism within each agency. These findings can
help build legitimacy through the understanding of what
selection criteria generates the most professional work force
amongst law enforcement. Racial Profiling & Legitimacy 4
Reference
California POST. (2018, December 19th). Procedural Justice
and Police Legitimacy. Retrieved from California Commission
on Peace Officer Standards and Training:
https://post.ca.gov/procedural-justice-and-police-legitimacy
National Institute of Justice. (2013, January 9th). Race, Trust
and Police Legitimacy. Retrieved from National Institute of
Justice: https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/race-trust-and-police-
legitimacy
Sage Publications. (2014). Chapter 14: Henry Louis Gates and
Racial Profiling. In B. E. Harcourt, Law Enforcement Ethics;
Classic and Contemporary Issues (pp. 295-324). Thousand
Oaks: Sage Publications.
