This document summarizes the reform of the U.S. patent system through the Leahy-Smith American Invents Act of 2011. It overhauled the previous "first to invent" system, replacing it with a "first inventor to file" system to harmonize U.S. patent law with other countries. Key changes include prioritizing the inventor who first files a patent application over those who may have invented first. The act aimed to reduce the backlog of patent applications and lawsuits by simplifying the patent process.
Unit 5 Intellectual Property Protection in CyberspaceTushar Rajput
Intellectual Property in Cyberspace, Linking, In lining and Framing, P2P Networking,
Webtesting, Domain Names, Management of IPRs in cyberspace, Liabilities of Internet Services Providers, Digital Rights Management, Search Engines and their
Abuse, Non-original Database
Professional Issues in IT - Intellectual Property Basics
Reference : Tavani, Herman T., “Ethics and technology: controversies, questions, and strategies for ethical computing” , 4th Edition.
Two related trends characterize the recent past: value propositions are migrating from the physical to the informational, and value creation is shifting from firms to consumers. These two trends meet in the phenomenon of “consumer-generated intellectual property” (CGIP). This article addresses the question: “How should firms manage the intellectual property that their customers create?” It explores how CGIP presents important dilemmas for managers and argues that consumers’ “intellectual property” should not be leveraged at the expense of their “emotional property.” It integrates these perspectives into a diagnostic framework and discusses eight strategies for firms to manage CGIP.
A Dozen and One Things to Know About CopyrightRogan Hamby
This is the original version of the presentation I did at SCLA in 2012. I still need to add citations and I'm already updating it for my next scheduled presentation of it since there were changes in the DMCA just last week!
Strumsky lobo (2011) does patenting intensity beget qualityivan weinel
This paper addresses the following research question: Is the quality of patents issued in a given metropolitan area related to the per capita rate of patent authorship (patenting intensity / productivity)? The authors conclude that there may be a small positive response of patent quality (avg. number of citations received per patent granted) to increases in patenting productivity. Highly productive inventors do not necessarily generate high quality patents.
Unit 5 Intellectual Property Protection in CyberspaceTushar Rajput
Intellectual Property in Cyberspace, Linking, In lining and Framing, P2P Networking,
Webtesting, Domain Names, Management of IPRs in cyberspace, Liabilities of Internet Services Providers, Digital Rights Management, Search Engines and their
Abuse, Non-original Database
Professional Issues in IT - Intellectual Property Basics
Reference : Tavani, Herman T., “Ethics and technology: controversies, questions, and strategies for ethical computing” , 4th Edition.
Two related trends characterize the recent past: value propositions are migrating from the physical to the informational, and value creation is shifting from firms to consumers. These two trends meet in the phenomenon of “consumer-generated intellectual property” (CGIP). This article addresses the question: “How should firms manage the intellectual property that their customers create?” It explores how CGIP presents important dilemmas for managers and argues that consumers’ “intellectual property” should not be leveraged at the expense of their “emotional property.” It integrates these perspectives into a diagnostic framework and discusses eight strategies for firms to manage CGIP.
A Dozen and One Things to Know About CopyrightRogan Hamby
This is the original version of the presentation I did at SCLA in 2012. I still need to add citations and I'm already updating it for my next scheduled presentation of it since there were changes in the DMCA just last week!
Strumsky lobo (2011) does patenting intensity beget qualityivan weinel
This paper addresses the following research question: Is the quality of patents issued in a given metropolitan area related to the per capita rate of patent authorship (patenting intensity / productivity)? The authors conclude that there may be a small positive response of patent quality (avg. number of citations received per patent granted) to increases in patenting productivity. Highly productive inventors do not necessarily generate high quality patents.
Legal Applications in Technology - Analyze the legal and professional impact ...Hansa Edirisinghe
The preliminary objective of this research is to analyze the legal and professional impact of patent transfer within a typical commercial setting. In the process the researcher provides a basic understanding about the patent license, the rights belongs to patent owner and how the patent owner can use his/her rights under the legal setting. - By Hansa Edirisinghe
Searching is one of the important operations in computer science. Retrieving information from
huge databases takes a lot of processing time to get the results. The user has to wait till the completion
of processing to find whether search is successful or not. In this research paper, it provides a detailed
study of Binary Search and how the time complexity of Binary Search can be reduced by using Odd
Even Based Binary Search Algorithm, which is an extension of classical binary search strategy. The
worst case time complexity of Binary Search can be reduced from O(log2N) to O(log2(N-M)) where
N is total number of items in the list and M is total number of even numbers if search KEY is ODD
or M is total number of odd numbers if search KEY is EVEN. Whenever the search KEY is given, first
the KEY is determined whether it is odd or even. If given KEY is odd, then only odd numbers from
the list are searched by completely ignoring list of even numbers. If given KEY is even, then only
even numbers from the list are searched by completely ignoring list of odd numbers. The output of
Odd Even Based algorithm is given as an input to Binary Search algorithm. Using Odd Even Based
Binary Search algorithm, the worst case performances in Binary Search algorithm are converted
into best case or average case performance. Therefore, it reduces total number of comparisons, time
complexity and usage of various computer resources.
Hydraulics now a days is a very distinguished area which has lot of major challenges often came in its
progress due to the realistic changes affecting on applicable working fluid viz. Water. Most occasions,
Water can be easily available but in certain times it may be scarce also. The available water vary according
to its properties. It exists in normal conditions as well as salty or hardy due to deposits. Majority of Water
is contaminated with minerals, dust or dirt. Often pure water which may be acidic or alkaline can be used
for making discharges through the Turbines
DOCUMENT RESUMEED 479 254 IR 022 044AUTHOR Alexander, .docxelinoraudley582231
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 479 254 IR 022 044
AUTHOR Alexander, Suann; Baird, Diane
TITLE The Wrinkle in Your Research and Teaching: Copyright, DMCA,
Guidelines, and Public Domain.
PUB DATE 2003-04-00
NOTE 10p.; In: Teaching, Learning, & Technology: The Challenge
Continues. Proceedings of the Annual Mid-South Instructional
Technology Conference (8th, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, March
30-April 1, 2003); see IR 022 027.
AVAILABLE FROM For full text: http://www.mtsu.edu/-itconf/proceed03/
98.html/.
PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) -- Reports Descriptive (141)
Speeches/Meeting Papers (150)
EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS *Copyrights; *Fair Use (Copyrights); *Federal Legislation;
Federal Regulation; Higher Education ; International Law;
Reprography
IDENTIFIERS Berne Convention; Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998;
*Public Domain; World Intellectual Property Organization
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an overview of copyright issues for
research and teaching. The first section provides historical background from
the origin of the concept of copyright in 1557 in Britain to the present. The
second section looks at fair use, including parameters and guidelines for
reproduction. The following sections discusses the Berne Convention, the WIPO
(World Intellectual Property Organization) Copyright Treaty Act, the DMCA
(Digital Millennium Copyright Act), the TEACH (Technology, Education, and
Copyright Harmonization) Act, and the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
of 1998. The final section addresses public domain. (Contains 22 references.)
(MES)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
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The Wrinkle in your Research and Teaching:
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By: Suann Alexander & Diane Baird
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DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
BEEN GRANTED BY
R.C. Jones
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
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The Wrinkle in Irgur Research and Teaching: Copyright, DMCA, Guidelines,...lic Domain I Mid-South Instructional Technology Conference I 7th Annual
Eighth Annual
Mid-South Instructional Technology Conference
Teaching, Learning, & Technology
The Challenge Continues
March 30-April 1, 2003
2003 Conference Proceedings
The Wrinkle in Your Research and Teaching:
Copyright, DMCA, Guidelines, and Public Domain
By: Suann Alexander, Diane Baird
Track 4 - Policies, Standards, and Issues
Interest: General :: Lecture/Presentation :: Level: Beginner
Abstract
Iron out the wrinkle created by copyright! Informati.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
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Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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provides the whole and sole rights to the owner of an invention to sell, to develop or to do
everything that an owner wills to do with the invention. In the present scenario, Intellectual
property is mainly divided into three streams viz. Patent, Copyright and Trademark. It is a
recent development in the technology and economy, which resulted in development of
intellectual property in various fields. IP is also seen to have vast potential in promoting
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as FDI grew from $4.4 billion in 1995 to $32.8 billion in
1996. This growth in FDI came as a result of the policy makers of emerging economic
powers recognizing the necessity and importance of IP in promoting private investment in
Research and Development (R&D). In 1967, the establishment of “World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO)”, one of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations,
with the objective to protect Intellectual property throughout the world as well as to stimulate
artistic and intellectual property, came into being by way of a succession to the “United
International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property”.
With the continuous efforts of various treaties, today intellectual property is like a big
pool and all the invention of various fields are a part of it. From a nominal Darjeeling tea to
giant machines, intellectual property has a very vital role to play. A patent can be granted
only to a new invention or technology which has not been published in any document or used
in the country or elsewhere in the world before the date of filing of patent application with
complete specification, i.e., the subject matter has not fallen in public domain or that it does
not form part of the state of the art. The definition states that an invention which is not
registered under the law or statutory body of any other country.
2. CRITICS TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Presently ample amount of research is conducted in order to invent a product and to
obtain patent to protect a product from being altered. Hence patent is of crucial importance.
But it is not just about getting a patent and protecting the invention. Patent has far more
reaching effects then mere providing protection. The patents as well as trademark and
copyrights also very well affect the most vibrant sector of the world viz. “economy”.
Intellectual Property as economic booster has been subject to a lot of debate. Intellectual
property as economic booster has been subject to criticism especially by those who are a part
of the free culture movement because the Government categorizes intellectual property as
“Monopoly”. Rather than terming it as “Intellectual Property”, it has been termed as
“Intellectual Monopoly”. Moreover, according to article 27 of “Universal Declaration of
Human Rights,” has made it a accepted notion in terms of human rights, along with various
scholars like Ayn Rand in her works and John Locke.
3. U.S.A PATENT SYSTEM BEFORE ENACTMENT OF LEAHY SMITH
AMERICAN INVENTS ACT 2011
The patent system followed in the United States is said to be one of the most sought
after patent systems in the world. The congress is authorized to allocate patents under Section
8 of the United States Constitution. The following phrase is included in Section 8 of the
United States Constitution -
‘To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to
Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries’.
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Grant of Patents to Inventions is determined under the mandate of Sections 101-105
of Title 35 of the United States Code. Section 101 determines that can a substance be
potentially patented. Section 103 explains what is called as a Non obvious Substance which is
a necessary requirement for an invention to be patented and states the reason why it cannot be
patented. Initially the U.S Congress granted patents on a ‘first to invent’ basis which differed
from the rest of the national patent laws. Under this kind of a system, the true inventor was
the one who was the inventor of the particular subject matter first off, disregarding the fact
that who had filed for the patent first off. Nevertheless, In March 2013, this system was
substituted by the ‘first Inventor to file’ system by the 112th
Congress with the enactment of
the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. The U.S. Government through this aimed at
harmonization of the U.S. law with the laws of other countries.
An agency working within the Department of Congress of the United States is the
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) whose working and functioning is
accountable to the directives of the Secretary of Commerce. On the other hand, it possess the
authority to make decisions involving administrative and management issues and also possess
the power to make decisions regarding budget and expenditures, procurements, etc. with free
will under the due mandate of law. The policy and purpose of the congress to exercise the
patent system is to bring about application of inventions arising from federally assisted
research and development; to bring about fair amounts of participation of business firms in
research and development efforts; to encourage collaboration among commercial and non-
profit organizations alike including educational institutions and to ensure that fair and
legitimate competition is promoted and encouraged.
Before the enactment of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act 2011, the United
States patent system had its fair share of loopholes and even this widely admired system had
its loopholes. It was said to be primitive and feeble by many critics as under this system an
inventor had the authority to sue for transgression and infringement of a property, which, is
not patented. Moreover, it took forever for disputes to get resolved resulting in accumulation
of pending cases which ranges to being thousands in number. Getting into patent disputes
used to be an expensive affair in the U.S. System. A formidable patent system provides
companies with a host of benefits and gives them an edge to deal with the competitiveness,
which helps them announcing their products to the market and lure capital to raise the level
of investment. But under the U.S.A. patent system often described as ‘primitive’ by many, a
large number of patent applications remained pending for a long period of time and it took
forever for an invention to procure the patent stamp and hit the commercial market.
4. REFORM IN THE SYSTEM
To do away with such loopholes in the system, President of the United States Barack
Obama put pen to paper on a bill on September 16, 2011 aiming to bring reform to the patent
system. This is the first time such a bill was passed to reform the patent system since 1952.
The act is named as Leahy-Smith America Invents Act 2011and is named after Sen. Patrick
Leahy and Rep. Lamar Smith who are its lead sponsors.
The Act has bought about a conversion from a ‘first-to-invent’ system to a first-to-
file’ system. According to the USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office), allotting
patents to the one who first files for the particular patent is supposed to bring in more lucidity
in the system. It will also prevent inventors from coming out of the woodwork to challenge
pending patents. The act would also benefit the patent office from the financial point of view
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as it permits the patent office to fix its own fees and also decide themselves how to make use
of it as according to the act all the fees acquired is at their disposal. Prior to the Act, fees for
the filing of patents were directed to the Congress instead of the Patent Office and the patent
office is given only a fixed amount. As a result of such financial provision, there are
approximately 700,000 patent applications pending and 3 years to acquire a final it takes a
long waiting period of approximately three years for the patent office to pass the green light.
Moreover, the act provides for a post-grant review mechanism with an aim to resolve
potential legal disputes. This permits the inventor to challenge a patent’s validity till a time
period of nine months from the time it is issued. The patent office then inspects and analyzes
the matter. The essence of the act is to avoid costly and long patent disputes that go on
forever.
5. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EUROPEAN PATENT SYSTEM AND THE
U.S.A. PATENT SYSTEM
Another most sought after patent system is the patent system followed in Europe. The
patent law of Europe is based on a number of legislations i.e., national patent laws of
respective countries, European Patent Convention of 1973 which has been given accord by
27 countries around Europe, Strasbourg Convention, 1963 and many more. The European
Patent Law is also influenced a great deal by some of the International treaties and agreement
such as the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (‘TRIPS’)
and WIPO-WTO Cooperation, which comprises of the conclusion of the discussions at the
Uruguay Round of Multilateral trade negotiations and was ratified on April 15th
1994 at
Marrakech. Another International treaty influencing the European Patent Law is the Patent
Law Treaty (PLT), which was ratified on June 1, 2000 at Geneva. Its main objective is to
strengthen formal procedures of filling of patent applications and granting patents.
According to the European Patent System, the person to file the patent application
first is granted the patent. This holds true even if some other person comes up with the
invention first. The only factor here lies in the date of filing the Patent Application which is
similar to the U.S. Patent system, which is also a ‘First to Invent’ system since March 2013,
credit for this change again goes to the reform bought by the Leahy Smith American Invents
Act 2011. In the European Patent System a patent application stands dismissed if the
invention is leaked and is widely available to the public. This is under the mandate of Article
54 of EPC. An Invention is said to be available to the public when it is published in a
newspaper or a magazine or a lecture has been conducted about the Invention or even
represent it to someone without an NDA (Non Disclosure Agreement). Moreover, it does not
make a difference if the person exposing the invention in public is the Inventor or an
altogether and absolute third party who is completely unrelated to the invention. On the other
hand, U.S.A. provides for a grace period for as long as a year. This has been specified in
Section 102 of Title 35 of the United States Code. This provides considerable leeway to the
inventor and ensures that the inventor can publish his invention without any hindrance and no
fear to lose patent rights. This provision is only provided in the Patent System adopted in the
U.S.A. and such a behavior by an Inventor is in violation of the patent laws of Europe as well
as most countries in the world). The Leahy Smith American Invents Act bought certain
limitations to this grace period as it restricted the right to publications only with the inventor
himself or someone who has acquired the knowledge and information from the inventor
himself. A publication in relation to the invention by a third party is said to destroy the
originality of the Invention.
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Another point of difference between Patent Laws of U.S.A. and Europe is that
according to the Patent Laws of U.S.A, it is compulsory for the Inventor to provide the best
method to put the invention into effect. In this way, the Inventor cannot escape with the
patent without revealing something advantageous about the Invention to his benefit. This was
specified in Section 112 of Title 35 of the United States Code. But with the Leahy Smith
American Invents Act, this law has been repealed though the inventor should still reveal the
best mode of practice of the invention. On the other hand, Patent laws in the Europe do not
follow any such requirement; the only requirement here is to specify one of the ways to
practice the Invention. This has been specified in Article 83 of EPC.
In the United States, a patent is enforceable throughout its territory and ensures that
the patent holder has the authority to ward off someone from using or selling the invention,
which has been given the patent. This is specified in Title 35 of the United States Code. On
the other hand, the EPC (European Patent Convention) has been given accord by free will by
27 Countries, all of which being in the territory of Europe. These countries are namely
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark,
Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey and the
United Kingdom. All patents under the mandate of the European Patent Convention are
acknowledged and rightfully assigned by the EPO (European Patent Office), which is situated
in Munich, Germany. A European Patent under the EPC can be called as a ‘bundle’ of
national patents as a European patent ensures the inventor the same rights, as a national
patent would do in all those countries under the EPC, which the owner has chosen in the
patent application. Hence, once a patent is granted under the mandate of the EPC, it can only
be invalidated through various independent proceedings of each respective country. Another
point of difference between Patent System adopted by the U.S.A and the Europe is the
procedure followed to oppose after a patent has been granted. In European Countries, any
person can move to the European Patent Office to oppose a patent, which, has already been
granted within a time period of Nine months. This opposition must be accompanied with
adequate and competent arguments and evidence. In contrast to this, the United States
followed a primitive re-examination process to deal with opposition to patents in which, any
person can provide the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) with adequate
evidences and grounds against the invention which, has been patented and to object the
validity of the granted patent. Subsequently, the owner of the patent gets involved into a
conversation and deliberation with the USPTO and attempts to defend the genuineness of the
patent granted to him. The person who approaches the USPTO in the first place has no role to
play in the deliberations between the owner of the patent and the USPTO. But this process
only found its place before the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act was passed under which an
‘Inter Parties Examination’ was adopted in which the challenger could rightfully had an
important role to play throughout the discussions and deliberations. In the Patent System
adopted by the European System, there are two necessary pre-requisite requirements that
need to be fulfilled to secure a patent. These are that an Invention must be original and should
contain a ‘Inventive’ act. This has been specified in Article 52 of the European Patent
Convention. This can be compared to the United States patent system, where the requirement
to secure a patent is that the invention should be original and should be a non–obvious one.
This has been specified in Section 102 and 103 of Title 35 of the United States Code. The
patent cooperation treaty under whose mandate the filing of patents is executed also believe
that an invention must comprise of an inventive step, but also affirms that being non –
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obvious does satisfy the condition of an inventive step. On the other hand, the European
Patent Convention has a different and a more rigid approach, as a patent application in the
Europe comprises of an inventive act In a case where the issue or problem has been dealt
with in an non – obvious way. But this gives rise to two new requirements to be dealt with
that it must be a solution to a pending issue or intricacy and that particular issue must be of a
technical kind and not an economic one.
6. CONCLUSION
In my opinion, the Leahy Smith American Invents Act 2011 has rightfully reformed
the United States Patent Law, which was in much need for a transformation as it was accused
of being ‘primitive’ and ’feeble’. Before the enactment of the abovementioned act, long
patent dispute and long waiting pending patent applications were a common phenomenon.
Moreover, the Patent office was not given financial transparency and found it difficult to
manage their expenditures and this resulted in a long waiting period for grant of patents. The
abovementioned act has bought in some welcome changes into the fray, which are as follows:
1. The act has led to a transformation from a ‘First to Invent’ system to a ‘First to file’
system. Such a transformation was well needed as it as helps reduce confusion a great
deal and prevents inventors to come out of the woodwork to challenge patents.
2. The act has given financial autonomy to the patent office, which now have the power
to fix their fees on their own and gives all the capital accumulated at their disposal.
This can help end the long waiting period for grant of patents and can bring efficiency
to the process.
3. The act has introduced a post grant review mechanism, which can help avoid potential
patent disputes as it restricts an inventor to challenge a patent’s validity only until a
time period of nine months. The essence of this change is to avoid costly and long
drawn patent disputes.
4. Before the abovementioned act was passed the inventors had to reveal the best
method to put the invention into effect. The act modified this clause and it is no
longer compulsory for an inventor to reveal the best method to put the invention into
effect. In my opinion this has given the inventors some advantage that they deserve
and should be free to keep the best method to their advantage if they wish to.
5. The act also changed the process of opposition to a patent through the USPTO, as
before the act was passed the challenger did not play an active role in the discussions
and deliberations, which was likely to adversely affect the outcome of dispute. The
abovementioned act permits the challenger to actively participate in the deliberations
and discussions of the dispute such that the USPTO arrives at a fair and just decision.
Furthermore, in respect to a comparison between the U.S.A Patent Law and the
European Patent Law, In my opinion the U.S.A Patent Law gives much more leeway to the
inventor that European Patent Law does as it provides for a one year grace period before the
issue of the patent to the Inventor to publish his Invention without any hindrances and fear of
losing patent rights. But this right is only given to the inventor or to someone who has
acquired knowledge directly from the Inventor.
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REFERENCES
1. Hayat Sindi, Saudi patent system set to fuel economy, Arab News, (13th May 2013),
http://www.arabnews.com/node/451416.
2. Robin Gross, World Intellectual Property Organization, Global Information Society
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3. The Patents Act, 1970.
4. United Nations, Article 27 (2), Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 6, (1948).
5. U.S. CONST. art.1, sec 8,cl. 8.
6. 35 U.S.C. sec. 101.
7. 35 U.S.C. sec. 103.
8. 35 U.S.C. Sec. 1.
9. Wendy H. Schacht, John R. Thomas, The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act :
Innovation Issues, Congressional Research Service, (January 15, 2013),
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42014.pdf.
10. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (‘TRIPS’)
and WIPO-WTO Cooperation, World Intellectual Property Handbook, 345, 2004
Second Edition (Reprinted 2008).
11. The Patent Law Treaty, World Intellectual Property Handbook, 301, 2004 Second
Edition (Reprinted 2008).
12. Amoud Engelfriet, Difference between US and European Patents, Ius mentis,
http://www.iusmentis.com/patents/uspto-epodiff/.