This document provides summaries of various indigenous Philippine epics and folktales from different ethnic groups across the country. It describes key characters, plots, locations, and events from stories such as the Maragtas from the Visayas, Biag ni Lam-ang from Ilocos, and Hinilawod from Panay. It also includes summaries of Muslim folktales like Bidasari and epics from Mindanao groups like the Manobo stories Tuwaang Attends the Wedding and Tuwaang and the Maiden of the Buhong Sky.

1. EPIKO
o Micro-epiko: birth  death
o Macro-epiko: birth  death  resurrection
o Meso-epiko: birth  many (branches out)
Ifugao
Alim
o Bundok Amuyaw: silangan; Wigan (boy)
o Bundook Kalawitan: kanluran; Bugan (girl)
o Pagitan ay kung saan naninirahan ang mga
tago; tabi ng isang gubat at isang ilog
o Bayyak: isang uri ng masaganang katas ng
inumin
o Drought, then too much rain
o After 3 days of searching, Wigan gave up
looking for other people.
o Makanungan: bathala ng mga Ipugaw
o Wigan + Bugan = 9 kids (5 boys, 4 girls)
o Igon: anak na walang asawa
o Daga: unang handog kay Makanugan
Hudhud
Tribo
Pinuno
Anak
Ina
Kapatid
Hannanga
Amtalao
Aliguyon
Daulayan
Aginaya
Haligdigan
Pangaiwan
Pumbakhayon
Dangunay
Bugan
Bikol
Ibalon
o Baltog: founder of Ibalon
o Tandayag: baboy-ramo
o Paniniason and Asog: tribes that came to
celebrate
o Handiong and the mangingisda people
o Sa Poron: higanteng may isang mata (10
buwan)
o Sa Tiburon: isdang lumilipad
apgabesamis
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Tamaraw mas malaki pa sa elepante
Buwayang mas malaki pa sa bangka
Oriol: serpente
Isarog: lugar itinatag ni Handiong
Ginantong: invented araro
Hablon: made clothes out of Abaka
Dinahan: made kitchen stuff
Sural: alphabet
Hanti, Kolasi, Isarog: volcanoes erupted
Kabot: half man, half animal
Bantong killed Kabot
Ilokano
Biag ni Lam-ang
o Nalbuan (La Union)
o Don Juan x Namongan  Lam-ang
o Don Juan umalis para parusahan ang isang
pangkat ng mga Igurot
o 9 months old: Pumunta si Lam-ang sa
bundok para hanapin ang ama, but he
dreamt that Igurots were celebrating his
dad’s death
o Amburayan: river where he bathed
o Ines Kannoyan: girl he liked
o Sumarang: love rival
o Puting tandang and aso: companions
o Kalanutian: Ines’ place
o Rarang: fish he had to catch
o Berkakan: shark that killed him
o Ines sent maninisid to collect Lam-ang’s
bones
o Tandang, aso, Ines: cared for Lam-ang until
he got revived.
Bisaya
Maragtas
o Sultan Makatunao: evil dude Borneo

2. o Pabulanan: Datu Paiborong’s wife;
Makatunao’s new prospect
o Datu Bangkaya and Datu Paiborong went to
Sumakwel, but latter refused to take part in
the uprising
o Sumakwel went to Datu Puti, prime minister
of Makatunao. They decided to leave Borneo
o 10 datu’s left
o Biniday/barangay: means of transpo
o Sumakwel x Kapinangan
o Bangkaya x Katorong (Sumakwel’s sister)
o Paiborong x Pabulanan
o Domangsol x Kabiling
o Padihinog x Ribongsapaw
o Puti x Pinampangan
o Dominsel, Balensuela, Dumalogdog, Lubay
o Borneans: Bisya/Bisaya
o Panay (Aninipay)
o Marikudo: Panay’s leader
o Marikudo x Maniwantiwan (vain)
o Gift for Ati boys: itak, kampit, insenso
o Gift for Ati girls: kuwintas, panyo, suklay
o Marikudo: gintong salakot at batya
o Maniwantiwan: kuwintas
o Abril: buwang kiling
o Oktubre: buwan ng bagyo-bagyo
Kodigo
o Kalantiaw: Sumakwel’s grandson
CRIME
Kill; steal; do harm to
the aged
Do not pay debts on
time
Marry (too) young
women or more than he
can support
Disturb graves; does
not give respect to
cavees and trees
apgabesamis
PUNISHMENT
Be drowned in the river
or in boiling water
First time: 100 lashes
If large debt: Thrust
hand to boiling water
3x
Second time: beaten to
death
First time: swim for
three hours
Second time: beaten to
death with sharp
thorns
Killed by ants, or
beaten to death with
thorns
Not keep your word
Does not revere sights
held in respect (ex.
trees)
Kills trees of venerable
appearance; shoot
arrows at night at old
people; enters the
houses of Datu without
permission; kills a
shark or a streaked
Cayman
Steal away Datu’s
women; keep dogs that
bite the Datu; burns
others’ fields
Sing while traveling by
night; kill the Manaul;
tear Datu’s documents;
lie; mock the dead
Mother doesn’t prepare
daughter for
womanhood; men
punish womens when
she’s caught of
adultery
Mocked at and escaped
punshiments; killed
young boys; steal
elders’ women
Interfere with masters;
abuse themselves
through lust; destroy
religious icons
Kill black cat during
new moon; steal from
chiefs or agorangs
Hide beautiful
daughters from Datu
Eat diseased flesh of
beast held in respect,
or herb considered
good; wound/kill young
of the manaul, or the
white monkey
Break anitos of wood
and clay in alangans
and temples; destroy
daggers or break
drinking jars of
Catalonians
Profane sites where
anitos are kept, sites
where diwatas’ and
headmen’s sacred
things are buried
Do not cause these
rules to be obeyed
First time: Be beaten
for one hour
Second time: Be
exposed for one day
among ants
Pay with one month’s
work in gold or in
honey
Death
Slavery for a period of
time
Be beaten for two days
Be killed by being cut
to pieces and thrown
to the caymans
Burned
Drowned
Exposed to ants for
half a day
Slave for life
Be beaten
Fingers be cut-off
Killed
If you jebs there:
burned
If Datu: be stoned and
crushed to death
If agorangs: placed in
rivers to be eaten by

3. sharks and caymans
Hinilawod
o Alunsina, goddess of the eastern sky, “The
Unmarried One”
o Kaptan, king of gods
o Datu Paubari of Halawod
o Maklium-sa-t’wan, god of plains, called a
meeting of council of gods.
o Halawod was flooded.
o Suklang Malayon, Alunsina’s sister, guardian
of happy homes
o Siklot, things necessary for childbirth
o Bungot-Banwa, priest to perform rites in
Mount Madya-as for the good health of the
kids
o Alanghiran fronds, pinch of kamangayn 
burned
o Labaw Donggon: eldest
o Handug, where Angoy Ginbitinan lived
o Manalintad: monster for Labaw’s dowry
o Tarambang Butok, Abyang Durunuun
o Sikay Padalogdog: giant guarding the
bridgeIu
o At Gadlum: Malitong Yawa Singmaling Diwata,
bride of Saragnayan (lord of darkness)
o Birday nga inagta (black boat)
o Tulogmatian (seaside fortress)
o 7 years: Labaw Donggon submerged
Saragnayan
o Anoy Giniitinan’s kid: Aso Mangga
o Angoy Durunuun’s: Abyang Barunugon
o Humadapnon: Labaw Donggon’s brother
o too long shet
o Buyong Matanayon of Mount Matiula:
companion
o Biday nga rumba-rumba: sailboat
o 7 months after: Buyong Matanayon threw
ginger in fire, scaring sorceress away; he
struck Humadapnon unconscious and
dragged him away
o Piniling Tubig, ruled by Datu Umbaw
Pinaumbaw
o ^ his daughter married Humadapnon
o Goddess of greed: Burigadang Pada
Sinaklang Bulawan
o Buyong Makabagting, son of Datu
Balahidyong of Paling Bukid: wanted to
marry the goddess too
o Dumalapdap left for Burutlakan-ka-adlaw,
where Lubay-Lubyok Hanginun si
Mahuyokhuyokon lived
o Dumasig: companion, most powerful wrestler
in Madya-as
o Tarambuan-ka-banwa: where they
encountered Balanakon
o Balanakon: two-headed monster guarding the
narrow ridge leading to where the maiden
lived
o Uyutang: bat-like monster with sharp
poisonous claws
o 7th month of fighting: Dumalapdap stabbed
Uyutang under the armpit with his iwang
daniwan (magic dagger)
o Uyutang cried  earhquake  ridge broke
in half
o Ridge = ½Buglas island (Negros) and ½
Panay island
o Labaw Donggon  north
o Humadapnon  south
o Dumalapdap  west
o Datu Paubari (dad)  remained in east
Muslim
o Tarambang Buriraw  Talagas Kuting-tang
 Piganun, sorceress
apgabesamis
Bantugan
o Haring Madali

4. o Prinsipe Bantugan
o Kaharian: Bumbaran
o Loro: nagsabi ang nakaburol na prinsipe ay
si Bantugan
o Prinsesa Datimbang: nagpumilit na madala sa
Bumbaran si Bantugan
Indarapatra at Sulayman
o Haring Indarapatra
o Prinsipe Sulayman
o Mga Halimaw

Kurita - maraming paa at napakaganid
na hayop

Tarabusaw 9bundok Matutum)

Pah (bundok ng Bita) - ibong malaki

Ibon na may pitong ulo (bundok ng
Karayan)
Bidasari
o Malay, not Moro
o Chauncey C. Starkweather, A. B., LL. B.:
English translator
o 4 Awit
o Kembaya’t: where Bidasari was born
o Garuda: ibon na lumusob sa Kembaya’t
o Diyuhara: kumupkop kay Bidasari
o Indrapura: where Bidasari grew up
o Sultan Mongindra ng Indrapura + Lila Sari =
2 years
o Kuwintas: isdang-ginto
o Sinapati  biological sibling ni Bidasari
o May kapatid na lalaki si Bidasari
(stepbrother from Diyuhara?)
o Blade and dagger, shield and spear
o Kawkawangan grassland: where he meets
gungutan bird
o Monawon: wedding place
o Young Men of Panayangan, Liwanon, and the
Rising Sun
o Groom: Young Man of Sakadna
o “Red leaves”  heroes
o Savakan: dowry paid by groom’s family
o Two most costly: one given the value of
ancient gong with ten bosses and nine
relief-rings; other redeemable only by a
golden guitar and a golden flute
o Six gallants + Young Man of Sakadna
o Tuwaha’: god of the underworld
o Kuaman: where Tuwaang + bride rules
forever
Tuwaang and the Maiden of the Buhong Sky
o Tuwaang: craftsman adept at making leglets
o Batooy: in his country is where a maiden is
hiding
o He meets Young Man of Pangavukad in
Pinanggayungan
o Maiden of the Buhong Sky
o Young Man of Pangumanon: maiden’s pursuer
o Pangumanon’s patung: span-long iron bar
o Tuwaang’s patung: skein of gold
o Kuaman: Tuwaang’s country
o After resting for 5 days: Tuwaang has to
fight again
o After another 5 days: he takes his people to
Katuusan
o Sinalimba: airboat
Bagobo
Bukidnon
Tuwaang attends the Wedding
o Manobo
o Maiden of Monawon’s wedding
o Heart-shaped basket  activates the
lightning, which he’ll use to go to the venue
apgabesamis
Nalandagan
o Nalandagan: kaharian
o Datu Agyo
o Undayag: ina ni Datu Agyo

5. o Matabagka: kapatid na babae ni Agyo
o Imbununga: bad guy!!
o Taklubu  malakas na buhawi
o Baklaw  pinakamatinding ipu-ipu
o Libon, babaeng taga-Bukidnon
o Sulinday: panglipad ni Matabagka
o Tomulin: pamangkin ni Agyo, hepe ng mga
mandirigma
o Aplaya
Agyu
o 7 episodes
o Ayuman: country
o Banlak, Agyu, Kuyasu: Pamulaw’s sons
o Agyu had 4 other sisters, but only
Yambungan and Ikawangan were mentioned
o Mugan: Banlak’s wife
o Kamu: lumps of beeswax
o Kuyasu killed the Moro datu
o Ilian mountain  new refuge
o Pulangi’ River: where Moro warriors spotted
them
o Pinamatun mountain  newer refuge
o Lono’ + Yambugan + Ikawangan 
discovered honeycomb for the people
o Lono’: brought honey and meat back to
Mugan
o Pinipi: young rice?
o Mouth of Tigyandang, at the junction of
Mudan’udan  newer(er!!!) refuge
o
o
o
o
o
Bay of Linayahon: Agyu’s mean fought
Tanagyaw defeated enemies in 4 days
Buy’anon: Tanagyaw’s first admirer
Baklayon: going to be attacked by invaders
Bagsili’: datu’s son that challenged him, but
was killed
o Paniguan: datu’s persistent daughter that
succeeds in marrying him
apgabesamis