This study evaluated the validity of furcation probing and radiographic assessment of furcation involvement compared to visual assessment during open flap surgery. 939 molars in 215 patients were examined. Agreement between furcation probing and open flap surgery was 56%, with 15% overestimated and 29% underestimated. Radiographic assessment showed 52% agreement with open flap surgery. Both methods underestimated class III furcations. Experience level and tooth anatomy affected radiographic accuracy. The study concluded that a combination of radiographs and probing provides the most reliable furcation assessment.
MCQs on Tooth Extraction (Exodontia) and ImpactionsRaman Dhungel
MCQs in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Tooth Extraction - Exodontia and Impactions
Practice these MCQs for MDS entrance preparation for AIIMS, COMEDK, AIPG, PGI, BHU, etc. Also useful for ADA, NBDE, NDEB and other dental board exams.
Please Share and Subscribe to Support us.
You can also visit our blog: https://dentaldevotee.blogspot.com/2017/04/mcqs-on-tooth-extraction-exodontia-and.html
and practice MCQs, all for free.
This document discusses anchorage, which refers to resistance to unwanted tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. It classifies anchorage as intraoral or extraoral, simple or compound, according to the teeth or jaws involved. Factors that affect anchorage include biological factors like tooth size and mechanical factors like friction. Means of increasing anchorage include extraoral traction, inclined bite planes, and palatal arches. Anchorage loss can be prevented by moving fewer teeth at a time and using more teeth for anchorage.
The document defines and describes the structure and function of alveolar bone. It contains the following key points:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that support the teeth and is composed of compact bone enclosing marrow cavities.
2. It has several functions including supporting tooth roots and embedding the fibers of the periodontal ligament.
3. Alveolar bone is made up of an inner alveolar bone proper region facing the tooth root and an outer supporting region including cortical plates and spongy bone.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dento-alveolar fractures involve avulsion, subluxation or fracture of the teeth associated with a fracture of the alveolus. They are commonly caused by road traffic accidents or falls and more frequently affect the maxillary central incisors in children. Treatment depends on the complexity and location of the injury, with goals of preserving damaged teeth when possible through splinting or endodontic treatment. Management may include extraction, repositioning displaced teeth, and repair of soft tissue or alveolar bone injuries.
This study evaluated the validity of furcation probing and radiographic assessment of furcation involvement compared to visual assessment during open flap surgery. 939 molars in 215 patients were examined. Agreement between furcation probing and open flap surgery was 56%, with 15% overestimated and 29% underestimated. Radiographic assessment showed 52% agreement with open flap surgery. Both methods underestimated class III furcations. Experience level and tooth anatomy affected radiographic accuracy. The study concluded that a combination of radiographs and probing provides the most reliable furcation assessment.
MCQs on Tooth Extraction (Exodontia) and ImpactionsRaman Dhungel
MCQs in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Tooth Extraction - Exodontia and Impactions
Practice these MCQs for MDS entrance preparation for AIIMS, COMEDK, AIPG, PGI, BHU, etc. Also useful for ADA, NBDE, NDEB and other dental board exams.
Please Share and Subscribe to Support us.
You can also visit our blog: https://dentaldevotee.blogspot.com/2017/04/mcqs-on-tooth-extraction-exodontia-and.html
and practice MCQs, all for free.
This document discusses anchorage, which refers to resistance to unwanted tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. It classifies anchorage as intraoral or extraoral, simple or compound, according to the teeth or jaws involved. Factors that affect anchorage include biological factors like tooth size and mechanical factors like friction. Means of increasing anchorage include extraoral traction, inclined bite planes, and palatal arches. Anchorage loss can be prevented by moving fewer teeth at a time and using more teeth for anchorage.
The document defines and describes the structure and function of alveolar bone. It contains the following key points:
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that support the teeth and is composed of compact bone enclosing marrow cavities.
2. It has several functions including supporting tooth roots and embedding the fibers of the periodontal ligament.
3. Alveolar bone is made up of an inner alveolar bone proper region facing the tooth root and an outer supporting region including cortical plates and spongy bone.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dento-alveolar fractures involve avulsion, subluxation or fracture of the teeth associated with a fracture of the alveolus. They are commonly caused by road traffic accidents or falls and more frequently affect the maxillary central incisors in children. Treatment depends on the complexity and location of the injury, with goals of preserving damaged teeth when possible through splinting or endodontic treatment. Management may include extraction, repositioning displaced teeth, and repair of soft tissue or alveolar bone injuries.
Composite materials are made of a resin matrix and filler particles. They have superior properties to their individual components. There are several types of composites classified by filler particle size: macrofilled (8-12 μm), small particle (1-5 μm), microfilled (0.04-0.4 μm), and hybrid (1 μm). Macrofilled composites have the largest particles and produce the roughest surfaces, while microfilled composites have the smallest particles and smoothest surfaces. Hybrid composites have a mixture of particle sizes. The different types have various indications for use depending on their mechanical properties and ability to be polished.
This document provides information on wrought metal alloys, including how they are made and their common uses and properties. Wrought alloys are cold worked metals that are plastically deformed through mechanical processes like rolling and drawing. This changes their shape and microstructure, improving properties like strength. Common wrought alloys used in dentistry include stainless steels, gold alloys, and titanium alloys. The document discusses the composition and processing of these materials.
A 36-year-old female presented with a 3-year history of a painless mass in her left buccal mucosa. Examination found a 1cm red-white firm nodule. Biopsy revealed stratified squamous epithelium overlying dense collagen bundles and fibroblasts, consistent with fibroma. Fibromas are common benign tumors of the oral cavity occurring most often in the buccal mucosa of females in the third to fourth decade of life. Histopathological examination is needed to differentiate fibromas from other similar lesions and confirm the diagnosis.
The document discusses various types of incisions used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It describes incisions used for accessing different anatomic regions including the mandible, maxilla, nose, and temporomandibular joint. Specific incisions are indicated for procedures like tooth extractions, nerve surgery, bone grafting, fracture repair, and tumor removal. Precautions are outlined to avoid injuring important structures like nerves, blood vessels and muscle insertions during incision placement.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
Glass ionomer cements are tooth-colored materials that bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period. They are composed of a powder made of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. When mixed, the acid in the liquid dissolves the glass particles, releasing ions that crosslink with the polyacid to form a silicate gel matrix. This setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass, precipitation of salts to form the initial set, and hydration of the salts over 24 hours as the cement matures. Glass ionomers bond to tooth structure, are biocompatible, and provide fluoride release, making them useful for restorations and
This document provides an overview of fractures of the middle third of the facial skeleton. It begins with an introduction defining this region and the bones it includes. It then discusses the physical characteristics, areas of weakness and strength, and classification of fractures. The document focuses on Le Fort fracture patterns, describing the clinical features and treatment approaches for each. It also covers diagnosing injuries, reducing fractures, treatment modalities including internal fixation techniques, surgical approaches, and considerations for combined fractures.
This document defines and discusses pyogenic granuloma. It begins by defining pyogenic granuloma as a smooth or lobulated exophytic lesion manifesting as small, red papules on a pedunculated or sessile base, which is common in pregnant women. It then lists the potential causes as external injury or trauma, poor oral hygiene, hormonal imbalance, dental implant inflammation, or long term irritation. Clinically, it most commonly occurs in the second decade of life in females on the gums. Histopathology shows granulation tissue with vascular channels and endothelial proliferation. Treatment options include topical medications, steroid injections, or surgical procedures like curettage, laser treatment, or excision.
The document discusses the diagnosis and surgical treatment of mandibular symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures. Key points include:
- These fractures are inherently unstable due to forces from muscles of mastication.
- Surgical treatment involves open reduction and rigid internal fixation using plates or screws to achieve anatomic reduction and stabilization.
- Techniques include using two miniplates or tension banding plates and accounting for torsional forces on the symphysis/parasymphysis region.
- Alternative methods like opposing lag screws require precise technique and planning for midline fractures.
The document provides information about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including its anatomy, development, movements, epidemiology, and common disorders. It discusses the key anatomical structures of the TMJ, such as the mandibular condyle, articular disc, capsule, and ligaments. It also summarizes the blood supply, nerve innervation, and movements of the joint. Common TMJ disorders mentioned include myofascial pain, disc displacement, and arthritis. Treatment approaches include pain medication, physical therapy, injections, and exercises to improve joint mobility.
Recent advances in dental composites include materials with improved properties such as reduced polymerization shrinkage, increased strength and wear resistance, enhanced aesthetics, and additional therapeutic benefits. New composite formulations incorporate multi-methacrylate monomers, ultrarapid mono-methacrylates, and acidic monomers to address shrinkage. Novel polymerization mechanisms like polymerization-induced phase separation, thiol-ene photopolymerization, and hybrid/ring-opening polymerization aim to reduce shrinkage stress. Improved fillers and surface treatments enhance mechanical properties. New composite types have been introduced, including flowables, bulk-fill, packables, and gingival-shaded materials. Overall, ongoing research focuses on developing dental compos
Stress & Strain Properies of dental materials Drmumtaz Islam
This document discusses the properties of dental materials that are important to evaluate their performance. It explains that materials' properties depend on whether they are being tested unmixed on shelves, during mixing and setting, or as fully set materials. Key properties discussed include mechanical properties like stress, strain, tensile strength and compressive strength. The relationships between stress and strain are illustrated through stress-strain graphs. Other properties covered are modulus of elasticity, ductility, toughness, resilience, fatigue life, and different types of wear.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document describes the classification and treatment of Le Fort I fractures. Le Fort I fractures can be linear, unilateral comminuted, or bilateral comminuted. Treatment depends on the classification and includes observation for non-mobile fractures, closed treatment for minor malocclusions, and open reduction internal fixation for more severe fractures. Open reduction involves exposing the fracture, reducing it, and fixing it with plates placed along the vertical buttresses of the maxilla. Bone grafting may be needed for defects. The occlusion is checked after fixation and corrected if needed.
Le fort II fractures involve a pyramidal fracture through the central region of the facial skeleton from the nasal bones to the alveolar margins. They are caused by violent forces from the front. Clinically, they result in a moon face appearance with increased orbital distance and midfacial instability. Management involves closed reduction using wires or forceps when possible. Otherwise, open reduction using approaches like vestibular incisions and miniplates/screws or suspension wires for internal fixation or external fixation frames are used to stabilize the fractured midface segments.
McQs on development and growth of teethRaman Dhungel
This is a collection of Past MCQs of Oral Histology on the topic Development and Growth of Teeth. Very Useful for AIIMS, PGIMER, AIPGEE, COMEDK, NBDE, NDEB, ADA, etc
Clasps in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and chromium that is commonly used in orthodontic appliances. It exists in three forms - austenitic, martensitic, and ferritic - with austenitic stainless steel being the most corrosion resistant. Stainless steel was first developed accidentally in the early 1900s and introduced for dental and orthodontic use in the 1930s, where it is still widely used today for wires, brackets, and other components. While stainless steel has advantages like strength and cost-effectiveness, it has limitations such as lower springback than nickel-titanium alloys and needing more frequent activations during treatment.
1. The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation to most of the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
2. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers. It gives rise to the three divisions which have numerous branches that innervate the face, scalp, and oral cavity.
3. Clinical considerations for trigeminal nerve blocks and other procedures include risks of bleeding, infection, nerve injury, hematoma formation, and diplopia if local
Composite materials are made of a resin matrix and filler particles. They have superior properties to their individual components. There are several types of composites classified by filler particle size: macrofilled (8-12 μm), small particle (1-5 μm), microfilled (0.04-0.4 μm), and hybrid (1 μm). Macrofilled composites have the largest particles and produce the roughest surfaces, while microfilled composites have the smallest particles and smoothest surfaces. Hybrid composites have a mixture of particle sizes. The different types have various indications for use depending on their mechanical properties and ability to be polished.
This document provides information on wrought metal alloys, including how they are made and their common uses and properties. Wrought alloys are cold worked metals that are plastically deformed through mechanical processes like rolling and drawing. This changes their shape and microstructure, improving properties like strength. Common wrought alloys used in dentistry include stainless steels, gold alloys, and titanium alloys. The document discusses the composition and processing of these materials.
A 36-year-old female presented with a 3-year history of a painless mass in her left buccal mucosa. Examination found a 1cm red-white firm nodule. Biopsy revealed stratified squamous epithelium overlying dense collagen bundles and fibroblasts, consistent with fibroma. Fibromas are common benign tumors of the oral cavity occurring most often in the buccal mucosa of females in the third to fourth decade of life. Histopathological examination is needed to differentiate fibromas from other similar lesions and confirm the diagnosis.
The document discusses various types of incisions used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It describes incisions used for accessing different anatomic regions including the mandible, maxilla, nose, and temporomandibular joint. Specific incisions are indicated for procedures like tooth extractions, nerve surgery, bone grafting, fracture repair, and tumor removal. Precautions are outlined to avoid injuring important structures like nerves, blood vessels and muscle insertions during incision placement.
Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws
Fibrous dysplasia
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
Ossifying fibroma
Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma
Cherubism
Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone architecture by collagen fibers and fibroblasts containing calcified tissue.
They include a wide variety of lesions of developmental, dysplastic and neoplastic origins with clinical and radiographic presentation and behavior.
Because of the histological similarities between diverse diseases, proper diagnosis requires correlation of history, clinical and radiographic findings.Fibrous Dysplasia
2. Reactive (dysplastic lesions arising in the tooth-bearing area (presumably of periodontal origin).
a. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
b. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3. Fibro-osseous neoplasms (widely designated as cementifying fibroma, ossifying fibroma or cemento-ossifying fibroma.Bone dysplasias
a. Fibrous dyspla i. Monostoticii. Polyostotic
iii. Polyostotic with endocrinopathy (McCune-Albright)
iv Osteofibrous dysplasia
b. Osteitis deformansc. Pagetoid heritable bone dysplasias of childhood
d. Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
2. Cemento-osseous dysplasias
a. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia b. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
3.Inflammatory/reactive processes
a. Focal sclerosing osteomyelitisb. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
c. Proliferative periostitis
4. Metabolic Disease: hyperparathyroidism
5. Neoplastic lesions (Ossifying fibromas)
a. Ossifying fibromab. Hyperparathyroidism jaw lesion syndrome
c. Juvenile ossifying fibroma i. Trabecular typeii. Psammomatoid type
d. Gigantiform cementomas
Glass ionomer cements are tooth-colored materials that bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period. They are composed of a powder made of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. When mixed, the acid in the liquid dissolves the glass particles, releasing ions that crosslink with the polyacid to form a silicate gel matrix. This setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass, precipitation of salts to form the initial set, and hydration of the salts over 24 hours as the cement matures. Glass ionomers bond to tooth structure, are biocompatible, and provide fluoride release, making them useful for restorations and
This document provides an overview of fractures of the middle third of the facial skeleton. It begins with an introduction defining this region and the bones it includes. It then discusses the physical characteristics, areas of weakness and strength, and classification of fractures. The document focuses on Le Fort fracture patterns, describing the clinical features and treatment approaches for each. It also covers diagnosing injuries, reducing fractures, treatment modalities including internal fixation techniques, surgical approaches, and considerations for combined fractures.
This document defines and discusses pyogenic granuloma. It begins by defining pyogenic granuloma as a smooth or lobulated exophytic lesion manifesting as small, red papules on a pedunculated or sessile base, which is common in pregnant women. It then lists the potential causes as external injury or trauma, poor oral hygiene, hormonal imbalance, dental implant inflammation, or long term irritation. Clinically, it most commonly occurs in the second decade of life in females on the gums. Histopathology shows granulation tissue with vascular channels and endothelial proliferation. Treatment options include topical medications, steroid injections, or surgical procedures like curettage, laser treatment, or excision.
The document discusses the diagnosis and surgical treatment of mandibular symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures. Key points include:
- These fractures are inherently unstable due to forces from muscles of mastication.
- Surgical treatment involves open reduction and rigid internal fixation using plates or screws to achieve anatomic reduction and stabilization.
- Techniques include using two miniplates or tension banding plates and accounting for torsional forces on the symphysis/parasymphysis region.
- Alternative methods like opposing lag screws require precise technique and planning for midline fractures.
The document provides information about the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), including its anatomy, development, movements, epidemiology, and common disorders. It discusses the key anatomical structures of the TMJ, such as the mandibular condyle, articular disc, capsule, and ligaments. It also summarizes the blood supply, nerve innervation, and movements of the joint. Common TMJ disorders mentioned include myofascial pain, disc displacement, and arthritis. Treatment approaches include pain medication, physical therapy, injections, and exercises to improve joint mobility.
Recent advances in dental composites include materials with improved properties such as reduced polymerization shrinkage, increased strength and wear resistance, enhanced aesthetics, and additional therapeutic benefits. New composite formulations incorporate multi-methacrylate monomers, ultrarapid mono-methacrylates, and acidic monomers to address shrinkage. Novel polymerization mechanisms like polymerization-induced phase separation, thiol-ene photopolymerization, and hybrid/ring-opening polymerization aim to reduce shrinkage stress. Improved fillers and surface treatments enhance mechanical properties. New composite types have been introduced, including flowables, bulk-fill, packables, and gingival-shaded materials. Overall, ongoing research focuses on developing dental compos
Stress & Strain Properies of dental materials Drmumtaz Islam
This document discusses the properties of dental materials that are important to evaluate their performance. It explains that materials' properties depend on whether they are being tested unmixed on shelves, during mixing and setting, or as fully set materials. Key properties discussed include mechanical properties like stress, strain, tensile strength and compressive strength. The relationships between stress and strain are illustrated through stress-strain graphs. Other properties covered are modulus of elasticity, ductility, toughness, resilience, fatigue life, and different types of wear.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document describes the classification and treatment of Le Fort I fractures. Le Fort I fractures can be linear, unilateral comminuted, or bilateral comminuted. Treatment depends on the classification and includes observation for non-mobile fractures, closed treatment for minor malocclusions, and open reduction internal fixation for more severe fractures. Open reduction involves exposing the fracture, reducing it, and fixing it with plates placed along the vertical buttresses of the maxilla. Bone grafting may be needed for defects. The occlusion is checked after fixation and corrected if needed.
Le fort II fractures involve a pyramidal fracture through the central region of the facial skeleton from the nasal bones to the alveolar margins. They are caused by violent forces from the front. Clinically, they result in a moon face appearance with increased orbital distance and midfacial instability. Management involves closed reduction using wires or forceps when possible. Otherwise, open reduction using approaches like vestibular incisions and miniplates/screws or suspension wires for internal fixation or external fixation frames are used to stabilize the fractured midface segments.
McQs on development and growth of teethRaman Dhungel
This is a collection of Past MCQs of Oral Histology on the topic Development and Growth of Teeth. Very Useful for AIIMS, PGIMER, AIPGEE, COMEDK, NBDE, NDEB, ADA, etc
Clasps in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and chromium that is commonly used in orthodontic appliances. It exists in three forms - austenitic, martensitic, and ferritic - with austenitic stainless steel being the most corrosion resistant. Stainless steel was first developed accidentally in the early 1900s and introduced for dental and orthodontic use in the 1930s, where it is still widely used today for wires, brackets, and other components. While stainless steel has advantages like strength and cost-effectiveness, it has limitations such as lower springback than nickel-titanium alloys and needing more frequent activations during treatment.
1. The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation to most of the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
2. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers. It gives rise to the three divisions which have numerous branches that innervate the face, scalp, and oral cavity.
3. Clinical considerations for trigeminal nerve blocks and other procedures include risks of bleeding, infection, nerve injury, hematoma formation, and diplopia if local