Scaling and root planing is a procedure to remove plaque, calculus, and infected cementum from tooth roots. It aims to produce smooth, clean roots and restore gingival health. While it reduces bacteria and inflammation, it may not fully eliminate infection in deep pockets. A study found that 70% of patients had transient bacteremia after the procedure. Scaling and root planing lowers the risk of future periodontal disease by creating an environment less conducive to pathogenic bacteria. It is an important part of periodontal therapy but may need to be supplemented by other treatments to fully resolve inflammation in some cases.