When a lady visits her Obstetrician, she may be advised Ultrasonography Scan at some stage in pregnancy. It is a frequently asked question as to how many scans should she undergo during pregnancy? When? Why? (for what purpose?). I have explained this in simplified manner. Ultrasonography is an ideal and safe screening tool in pregnancy.
History and Examination in OBGYN Skill lab.pdfElhadi Miskeen
By the end of this presentation, students :
1. Should be able to refine communication and clinical care skills in taking a pertinent comprehensive medical history
2. Assessing risk and patient adherence to health care recommendations.
3. Should be able to use this information to formulate a diagnosis and management plan while communicating important findings and recommendations to the patient
incorporating her socioeconomic and cultural context
Gynaecological Examination, Per scapulum examination, Pelvic Examination, Yon...ramveer sharma
Gynaecological examination of Pelvis. Pelvic examination. Digital Vaginal examination. Per Scapulum Vaginal examination. Inspection of external & internal female Reproductive organ. Useful for all medical students and clinical practitioners.
When a lady visits her Obstetrician, she may be advised Ultrasonography Scan at some stage in pregnancy. It is a frequently asked question as to how many scans should she undergo during pregnancy? When? Why? (for what purpose?). I have explained this in simplified manner. Ultrasonography is an ideal and safe screening tool in pregnancy.
History and Examination in OBGYN Skill lab.pdfElhadi Miskeen
By the end of this presentation, students :
1. Should be able to refine communication and clinical care skills in taking a pertinent comprehensive medical history
2. Assessing risk and patient adherence to health care recommendations.
3. Should be able to use this information to formulate a diagnosis and management plan while communicating important findings and recommendations to the patient
incorporating her socioeconomic and cultural context
Gynaecological Examination, Per scapulum examination, Pelvic Examination, Yon...ramveer sharma
Gynaecological examination of Pelvis. Pelvic examination. Digital Vaginal examination. Per Scapulum Vaginal examination. Inspection of external & internal female Reproductive organ. Useful for all medical students and clinical practitioners.
Gynaecological Problems, Vaginal discharge, Leucorrhoea. Pathological Vaginal discharge. Vaginal defence mechanism. Causes, Signs, Symptoms, Investigation, Diagnosis & Treatment of Pathological Vaginal discharge.
Useful for all medical students and clinical practitioners.
Gynaecological Case Taking, Bimanual examination, Vaginal Digital examination...ramveer sharma
Gynaecological examination of Pelvis. Pelvic examination. Pelvic assessment during Pregnancy. Digital Vaginal examination. Palpation of external & internal female Reproductive organ. Bishop's score.
Useful for all medical students and clinical practitioners.
Breast examination, Stan Pariksha, Self Breast Examination, Gynaecological ca...ramveer sharma
Breast examination by self. Clinical breast examination. Palpation, Inspection and Investigation of Breast. Breast changes and diseases. Female medical healthcare. For medical students.
Gynaecological Case taking, Stree Rog Rogi Pariksha, History & General examin...ramveer sharma
History of present illness. Medical history. Menstrual history. Obstetrical history. Past surgical history. Case taking. Contraceptive history. This Examination is useful in all Gynaecological and Obstetric cases for diagnostic purpose.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
1.0 - Case History Taking.pdf
1. Gynaecological Case Taking
History Taking
&
General Examination
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
M.D. Ayu.(PT&SR)
PROF.& H.O.D.
Prasuti Tantra & Stree Roga Dep't.
M.M.M .Govt. Ayu. College UDAIPUR
Mob. 9414757932
Email. ramveersharma1960@gmail.com
Case History Taking
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
2. IMPORTANCE OF CASE TAKING
The main target of the medical science is –
To maintain the health of a society and
Cure the diseases if occur.
The history taking and sound clinical examination have
important role to proper diagnosis of a disease.
Without proper diagnosis of the diseases, complete cure can
not be achieved.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
3. ijh{;dkfj.kks fg dq”kyk HkofUrAAp-fo-AA
The person who examine the things properly, get success
surely in his field.
Method of examination - p-fp-30@306AA
eqgq%eqZgq”p - With patience, Systematically and Gradually.
jksxk.kka ¼vos{kekueoLFkk;ka½ - Types & Stages of the disease.
vkrqjL; ¼ vos{kekueoLFkk;ka ½ pAA Stages and conditions of the
patient.
vos{kekuLrqfHk’kd~ - Minorly observe – that physician
fpfdRlk;ka u eqº;frA II - Does not confused in treatment.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
4. Importance -
The Physician, who has repeatedly observed the stages and
types and stages of the disease and condition and stages of the
patient, that does not confused in manage of the disease.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
5. CASE TAKING
History Examination
Patient Disease Clinical Investigation
Personal history Family history
Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation
Chronicity Characters
Personal Medical Menstrual Marital Obstetric Contraceptive
Pathological Biochemical Histological Radiological etc.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
6. (1) Personal History:- In Gynaecological cases, the history
should be taken of both wife and husband simultaneously.
Name - ……………….W/O …………….
Age-Wife / Husband -……………….years,
Cast / Religion - Wife / Husband ……….
Marital status – Married / Unmarried / Divorcee
Occupation – Wife……..& Husband……..
Habits- Wife ……..& Husband ……….
Education - Wife ……..& Husband ……..
Residence (Habitat) ……………………. DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
7. (2) History of Disease or Present Complaints:-
Chief complaint with – Duration.
Occurrence – Sudden or Gradually.
Relating - Aggregative, Relieving factors.
Relation with –
Menstruation,
Micturition,
Defecation and other functions.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
8. (3) Past History – Medical History - Relation with complaints.
Medial – Systematic, Metabolic, Endocrinal Disorders if any ?
Causative disease - Complain
Diabetes - Vaginal Candidacies?
Hyper tension - Heavy menstruation, Abortion, Leucorrhoea?
STD - Infertility, Miscarriage?
Tuberculosis - Oligomenorrhoea, Infertility.
PID - Congestive dysmenorrhoea.
Puerperal sepsis -PPH, - Amenorrhoea.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
9. Surgical History – Abdominal surgery for –
Caesarean Section, Appendix, Ovarian cyst etc ?
May be formed Adhesions.
And results in
Abdominal pain,
Backache,
Dyspareunia,
RV Fixed uterus
Infertility and
Menstrual disorders.
(c) H/O - Histopathological findings.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
10. (4) Family History:-
Blood related –
Specially female – Grandmother, Mother, Nani, Mousi, Sister
etc.
Enquire for - hereditary and Psychosomatic disorders.
Contact related –
Husband, Friends & colleagues – Contact diseases?
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
11. (4) Family History:-
Enquire for -
Menstrual pattern – Delay Menarche, Dysmenorrhoea,
Menorrhagia, Premature Menopause.
Ovarian cancer.
Diabetes mellitus.
Hypertension.
Hyper- Hypo Thyroidism,
Allergic diathesis.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
12. (5) Marital and Sexual History :-
Marital status - Married / Unmarried / Widow/ Separated.
Marriage life – Enquire for –
Frequency and duration of coitus / Week ?
Dyspareunia, Frigidity or Vaginismus?
Achieve of orgasm,
Libido- Less, Excess, Impaired.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
13. (6) Contraceptive History:-
Type of contraceptives –
Natural,
Hormonal - Oral, Transplants, Injectable,
Barrier, Local chemical,
Intra uterine device etc.?
Duration of using.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
14. (7) Menstrual History:-
FMP. (Menarche) - 12 - 16 years.
Duration R (Regular) / IR (irregular)
PMP (Past menstrual Period) PF (Painful ) / PL (Painless)
Interval N. – Normal, Sc. –Scanty, Ex.
4 -5 Days R. Or I
PMP (Present Menstrual Period) PL or PF
28 - 30 Days N. or Sc. or Ex.
LMP – Last menstrual Period.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
15. Terms are used -
Menorrhoea – Interval –N, Amount, Duration High?
Metrorrhagia - Interval –disturbed, Amount, Duration High?
Poly Menorrhoea - Epi Menorrhoea – Frequent Menses?
Polymenorrhagia – Frequent – Heavy, Prolong?
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
16. (8) Obstetric History:-
Gravidity – Presents by G
G - Total numbers of pregnancy,
G1 – Primi,
G2 – Multiparae,
G5 - Grandparae.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
17. (8) Obstetric History:-
Parity - Number of parturition – Presents by P.
P0 – Primiparae – Have first pregnancy, No parturition before.
P1 – Second Para – Have second pregnancy, one parturition
before.
P2 – P4 - Multiparae – Have 3- 4th pregnancy, parturition
before more than two children.
> P4 or P5 - Grand Para- Have fifth pregnancy.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
18. (8) Obstetric History:-
Type of delivery or parturition –
According to gestational age –
Full term (F.T.) – 40 weeks.
Pre term (P.T.) – Before 28 weeks.
Post term (Po.T.) – After 42 weeks.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
19. Nature of parturition
N.D. - Normal Delivery.
Breech or Transverse presentation,
Obstructed or Delayed labour – Forceps delivery ?
Third stage – Placental separation ? Normal or intact.
State of born baby –
L – Live birth. Present as – L1, L2, L3
S.B. - Still Birth?
Note the cause of baby death.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
20. Abortion: Present – A - A1 or A2 –Numbers of abortion.
Note the type of abortion.
Spontaneous or induced with cause.
Time month of Abortion – First term, Second term?
Miscarriage – Second term - Sex of foetus should be noted.
Puerperium –
Normal /Abnormal with type of abnormalities.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
21. Presentation:-
G1- P0 – Primi.
G2 – P1 / FT / ND / L1 / O. – Second pregnancy / Parturient
once before / Full term / Normal Delivery / Live one baby /
Male.
G3 – P2 / FT1, PT1 / LSCS / L2 / O + O – Third pregnancy /
Two Parturition before / One Full term & Second Pre term /
Lower segment caesarean section / Live baby / One Male and
Second Female.
Nature of parturition and Abnormality of the born should be noted.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
22. Presentation:-
L.D. - Last delivery – Date of last delivery.
For future pregnancy / Contraceptive and Treatment planning.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
Case History Taking
24. EXMINATION
( a) GENERAL -
Built – Obese / Thin/ Average ?
Nutrition – Average /Over/ Poor ?
Stature – Average / Short/ Large ?
Secondary sex characters –
- Present and development ?
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
General Examination
25. Appearance –
Pink (Normal),
Pallor (Anaemic),
Yellowish (Jaundice),
Blackish.
Teeth, Gums, Tonsils,
Neck- Thyroid gland, Lymph nodes
Legs – Oedema or any deformity (Delivery problems).
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
General Examination
26. Systematic:- Cardio vascular (Pulse, BP.).
Respiratory,
Digestive system,
Endocrine,
Excretory etc. Should be properly checked.
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
General Examination
27. Abdomen: - Steps –
1. Empty Bladder – Empty by herself or catheterization?
2. Position of the Patient - Flat on back
Physician on Right side.
Inspection –
Skin colour ?
Condition of Umbilicus,
Any scar mark – Previous operation?
DR. RAMVEER SHARMA
General Examination